ABSTRACT
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Paternal high-fat diet prior to mating programmes impaired glucose tolerance in female offspring. We examined whether the metabolic consequences in offspring could be abolished by folate treatment of either the male rats before mating or the corresponding female rats during pregnancy. METHODS: Male F0 rats were fed either control diet or high-fat, high-sucrose and high-salt diet (HFSSD), with or without folate, before mating. Male rats were mated with control-diet-fed dams. After mating, the F0 dams were fed control diet with or without folate during pregnancy. RESULTS: Male, but not female offspring of HFSSD-fed founders were heavier than those of control-diet-fed counterparts (p < 0.05 and p = 0.066 in males and females, respectively). Both male and female offspring of HFSSD-fed founders were longer compared with control (p < 0.01 for both sexes). Folate treatment of the pregnant dams abolished the effect of the paternal diet on the offspring's body length (p Ë 0.05). Female offspring of HFSSD-fed founders developed impaired glucose tolerance, which was restored by folate treatment of the dams during pregnancy. The beta cell density per pancreatic islet was decreased in offspring of HFSSD-fed rats (-20% in male and -15% in female F1 offspring, p Ë 0.001 vs controls). Folate treatment significantly increased the beta cell density (4.3% and 3.3% after folate supplementation given to dams and founders, respectively, p Ë 0.05 vs the offspring of HFSSD-fed male rats). Changes in liver connective tissue of female offspring of HFSSD-fed founders were ameliorated by treatment of dams with folate (p Ë 0.01). Hepatic Ppara gene expression was upregulated in female offspring only (1.51-fold, p Ë 0.05) and was restored in the female offspring by folate treatment (p Ë 0.05). We observed an increase in hepatic Lcn2 and Tmcc2 expression in female offspring born to male rats exposed to an unhealthy diet during spermatogenesis before mating (p Ë 0.05 vs controls). Folate treatment of the corresponding dams during pregnancy abolished this effect (p Ë 0.05). Analysis of DNA methylation levels of CpG islands in the Ppara, Lcn2 and Tmcc2 promoter regions revealed that the paternal unhealthy diet induced alterations in the methylation pattern. These patterns were also affected by folate treatment. Total liver DNA methylation was increased by 1.52-fold in female offspring born to male rats on an unhealthy diet prior to mating (p Ë 0.05). This effect was abolished by folate treatment during pregnancy (p Ë 0.05 vs the offspring of HFSSD-fed male rats). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Folate treatment of pregnant dams restores effects on female offspring's glucose metabolism induced by pre-conception male founder HFSSD.
Subject(s)
Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects , Folic Acid/therapeutic use , Pregnancy, Animal , Animal Feed , Animals , DNA Methylation , Female , Gene Expression Profiling , Glucose Tolerance Test , Liver/embryology , Liver/metabolism , Male , Pancreas/metabolism , Pregnancy , RNA/analysis , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Sodium Chloride/chemistry , Spermatogenesis , Sucrose/chemistry , Triglycerides/metabolism , Up-RegulationABSTRACT
Diabetic nephropathy is one of the most frequent, devastating and costly complications of diabetes. The available therapeutic approaches are limited. Dipeptidyl peptidase type 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors represent a new class of glucose-lowering drugs that might also have reno-protective properties. DPP-4 exists in two forms: a plasma membrane-bound form and a soluble form, and can exert many biological actions mainly through its peptidase activity and interaction with extracellular matrix components. The kidneys have the highest DPP-4 expression level in mammalians. DPP-4 expression and urinary activity are up-regulated in diabetic nephropathy, highlighting its role as a potential target to manage diabetic nephropathy. Preclinical animal studies and some clinical data suggest that DPP-4 inhibitors decrease the progression of diabetic nephropathy in a blood pressure- and glucose-independent manner. Many studies reported that these reno-protective effects could be due to increased half-life of DPP-4 substrates such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and stromal derived factor-1 alpha (SDF-1a). However, the underlying mechanisms are far from being completely understood and clearly need further investigations.