Efficient Reprogramming of Canine Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells.

Forced coexpression of the transcription factors Oct3/4, Klf4, Sox2, and c-Myc reprograms somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). Such induced PSCs (iPSCs) can generate any cell type of the adult body or indefinitely proliferate without losing their potential. Accordingly, iPSCs can serve as an unlimited cell source for the development of various disease models and regenerative therapies for animals and humans. Although canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) can be easily obtained, they have a very low iPSC reprogramming efficiency. In this study, we determined the reprogramming efficiency of canine PBMCs under several conditions involving three types of media supplemented with small-molecule compounds. We found that canine iPSCs (ciPSCs) could be efficiently generated from PBMCs using N2B27 medium supplemented with leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and a small-molecule cocktail (Y-27632, PD0325901, CHIR99021, A-83-01, Forskolin, and l-ascorbic acid). We generated five ciPSC lines that could be maintained in StemFit® medium supplemented with LIF. The SeVdp(KOSM)302L vectors were appropriately silenced in four ciPSC lines. Of the two lines characterized, both were positive for alkaline phosphatase activity and expressed pluripotency markers, including the Oct3/4, Sox2, and Nanog transcripts, as well as the octamer-binding transcription factor (OCT) 3/4 and NANOG proteins, and the SSEA-1 carbohydrate antigen. The ciPSCs could form embryoid bodies and differentiate into the three germ layers, as indicated by marker gene and protein expression. Furthermore, one ciPSC line formed teratomas comprising several tissues from every germ layer. Our ciPSC lines maintained a normal karyotype even after multiple passages. Moreover, our new reprogramming method was able to generate ciPSCs from multiple donor PBMCs. In conclusion, we developed an easy and efficient strategy for the generation of footprint-free ciPSCs from PBMCs. We believe that this strategy can be useful for disease modeling and regenerative medicine in the veterinary field.

Generation of functional platelets from canine induced pluripotent stem cells.

Thrombocytopenia (TTP) is a blood disease common to canines and human beings. Currently, there is no valid therapy for this disease except blood transfusion. In this study, we report the generation of canine induced pluripotent stem cells (ciPSCs) from canine embryonic fibroblasts, and a novel protocol for creating mature megakaryocytes (MKs) and functional platelets from ciPSCs. The ciPSCs were generated using lentiviral vectors, and differentiated into MKs and platelets on OP9 stromal cells supplemented with growth factors. Our ciPSCs presented in a tightly domed shape and showed expression of a critical pluripotency marker, REX1, and normal karyotype. Additionally, ciPSCs differentiated into cells derived from three germ layers via the formation of an embryoid body. The MKs derived from ciPSCs had hyperploidy and transformed into proplatelets. The proplatelets released platelets early on that expressed specific MK and platelet marker CD41/61. Interestingly, these platelets, when activated with adenosine diphosphate or thrombin, bind to fibrinogen. Moreover, electron microscopy showed that the platelets had the same ultrastructure as peripheral platelets. Thus, we have demonstrated for the first time the generation of ciPSCs that are capable of differentiating into MKs and release functional platelets in vitro. Our system for differentiating ciPSCs into MKs and platelets promises a critical therapy for canine TTP and appears to be extensible in principle to resolve human TTP.

Expression of estrogen receptor alpha and beta genes in the mediobasal hypothalamus, pituitary and ovary during the canine estrous cycle.

Estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) and ERbeta mRNA levels were measured in the mediobasal hypothalamus, the anterior pituitary and the ovary of beagle bitches at various stages of the estrous cycle. With polymerase chain reaction analysis we detected ERbeta gene transcripts in all tissue samples. The levels of hypothalamic and pituitary ERalpha and beta mRNAs increased from mid anestrus to proestrus and declined thereafter. In the ovary, ERalpha mRNA levels increased from proestrus to diestrus and were positively correlated with plasma progesterone levels (r=0.62, P<0.01), whereas ERbeta mRNA levels increased from mid anestrus to proestrus and were positively correlated with plasma estradiol-17beta levels (r=0.73, P<0.001). These results suggest that the rise in hypothalamic and pituitary ERalpha and beta mRNAs is associated with termination of anestrus, and that increases in ovarian ERalpha and beta mRNAs may be involved in initiating development of the follicle or corpora lutea.