ABSTRACT
The Yamnaya expansions from the western steppe into Europe and Asia during the Early Bronze Age (~3000 BCE) are believed to have brought with them Indo-European languages and possibly horse husbandry. We analyzed 74 ancient whole-genome sequences from across Inner Asia and Anatolia and show that the Botai people associated with the earliest horse husbandry derived from a hunter-gatherer population deeply diverged from the Yamnaya. Our results also suggest distinct migrations bringing West Eurasian ancestry into South Asia before and after, but not at the time of, Yamnaya culture. We find no evidence of steppe ancestry in Bronze Age Anatolia from when Indo-European languages are attested there. Thus, in contrast to Europe, Early Bronze Age Yamnaya-related migrations had limited direct genetic impact in Asia.
Subject(s)
Asian People/genetics , Domestication , Genetic Drift , Genome, Human , Horses , Human Migration/history , Animals , Asia , Chromosomes, Human, Y/genetics , DNA, Ancient , DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics , Europe , Grassland , History, Ancient , Humans , Language , Whole Genome SequencingABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: This phase II study combined aflibercept with preoperative chemoradiation for patients with stage II/III rectal cancer, followed by mFOLFOX6/aflibercept. METHODS: Patients received preoperative 5-FU (days 1-43), radiation (weeks 1-6), and aflibercept (days 1-15) each 28 day cycle for 6 weeks. Six weeks following the last aflibercept dose, patients underwent surgical resection. Four cycles of mFOLFOX6 plus aflibercept began 8 weeks after surgery. RESULTS: Common treatment-related toxicities included diarrhea, fatigue, and mucositis. The pCR rate was 23%. DISCUSSION: Afilbercept plus 5-FU-based chemoradiation was tolerated in patients with localized rectal cancer and showed a pCR rate within range of historical data.