Ruta Chalepensis Full Extract and Organic Phases Exhibit Nematocidal Activity Against Haemonchus Contortus Eggs and Infective Larvae (L3).

The ovicidal and larvicidal effect of a full aqueous extract (FE) and two phases: an aqueous (Aq-Ph) and an ethyl acetate (EtOAc-Ph) from Ruta chalepensis (Rc) stems and leaves against Haemonchus contortus (Hc) were assessed. The egg hatching inhibition (EHI) assay and larval mortality (LM) test were performed by triplicate in 96-well micro-titration plates (n=4 wells). The FE against Hc eggs and larvae was assessed at 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 mg/mL; and 30, 60, 90, 120,150 and 200 mg/ mL, respectively. The ovicidal effect of Aq-F and EtOAc-F was assessed at 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 mg/mL. Plates were incubated at 28 °C for 48 (ovicidal assay) and 72 h (larvicidal assay). The EHI results were considered based on the mean number of eggs hatching failure after 48 h exposure. The LM was recorded after 72 h exposure to the Rc phases and expressed as mortality percentage. The Rc FE caused 96 and 100% EHI at 10 and 20 mg/mL, respectively; meanwhile, 74% LM was recorded at 200 mg/mL (p<0.05). The Aq-Ph showed 78.5% EHI at 2.5 mg/mL. Likewise, the EtOAc-Ph caused 100% EHI in almost all concentrations. Eighteen compounds including alkaloids, cumarins, triterpens, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and sterols were identified by GC-MS analysis. The results indicate that the aqueous extract from Rc possesses bioactive compounds with in vitro nematocidal activity against Hc; mainly in the EtOAc-Ph. Further studies should be performed to elucidate those compounds searching for alternative methods of control of the sheep haemonchosis.

Application of propolis extract, nanovitamin C and nanovitamin E to prevent alveolar osteitis after impacted lower third molar surgery. A randomized, double-blind, split-mouth, pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Propolis has anti-inflammatory, analgesic and healing properties. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a gel containing 2% of propolis extract, 0.2% of ascorbic acid and 0.2% of tocopherol acetate is effective in preventing surgical complications related to impacted lower third molar extractions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A randomized, double-blind, split-mouth study was performed. Fifteen patients were recruited who needed bilateral impacted lower third molar extractions with a similar surgical difficulty. A test or placebo gel was administered randomly inside post-extraction sockets. Each patient was instructed to apply the gel 3 times/day in the surgical wound for a week. After a month, the contralateral third molar was extracted, and the opposite gel applied. The following parameters were diagnosed/evaluated and then recorded: alveolar osteitis following Blum's criteria, swelling and trismus at day one, two, three and seven post-intervention, wound healing at day 7 post-intervention, and postoperative pain using a visual analog scale, as well as, the number of analgesic pill intake. RESULTS: A total of twenty-six surgical procedures were performed in 13 patients (mean age 20.67±2 years). Alveolar osteitis was reported in 3 patients from the placebo group (23.1%) and none in the test group (0%) (p=0.25). No statistically significant differences were reported in swelling, trismus, wound healing or analgesic pill consumption between two groups. But statistically lower postoperative pain during the 7 days after surgical extractions was found according to visual analog scale in test group compared to the placebo group (p=0.007). No side effects were reported. CONCLUSIONS: The application of this gel may be effective in preventing alveolitis and thus reducing postoperative pain after impacted third molar extractions. More randomized clinical trials with larger sample are needed to confirm these results.

Energetic metabolism, milk production, and inflammatory response of transition dairy cows fed rumen-protected glucose.

Objectives were to evaluate the effects of rumen-protected glucose (RPG) supplementation on milk production, post-absorptive metabolism, and inflammatory biomarkers in transition dairy cows. Fifty-two multiparous cows were blocked by previous 305-d mature-equivalent milk (305ME) yield and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous treatments: (1) control diet (CON; n = 26) or (2) a diet containing RPG (pre-fresh 5.3% of dry matter and 6.0% of dry matter postpartum; n = 26). Cows received their respective dietary treatments from d -21 to 28 relative to calving, and dry matter intake was calculated daily during the same period. Weekly body weight, milk composition, and fecal pH were recorded until 28 d in milk (DIM), and milk yield was recorded through 105 DIM. Blood samples were collected on d -7, 3, 7, 14, and 28 relative to calving. Data were analyzed using repeated measures in the MIXED procedure (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) with previous 305ME as a covariate. Fecal pH was similar between treatments and decreased (0.6 units) postpartum. Dry matter intake pre- and postpartum were unaffected by treatment, as was milk yield during the first 28 or 105 DIM. Milk fat, protein, and lactose concentration were similar for both treatments. Blood urea nitrogen and plasma glucose concentrations were unaffected by treatment; however, results showed increased concentration of circulating insulin (27%), lower nonesterified fatty acids (28%), and lower postpartum ß-hydroxybutyrate (24%) in RPG-fed cows. Overall, circulating lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and haptoglobin did not differ by treatment, but at 7 DIM, RPG-fed cows had decreased lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and haptoglobin concentrations (31 and 27%, respectively) compared with controls. Supplemental RPG improved some biomarkers of post-absorptive energetics and inflammation during the periparturient period, changes primarily characterized by increased insulin and decreased nonesterified fatty acids concentrations, with a concomitant reduction in acute phase proteins without changing milk production and composition.

Efecto de bloques con propionato de calcio sobre respuestas productivas en corderos y GEI in vitro / Effect of blocks with calcium propionate on lamb productive performance and in vitro GHG

RESUMEN Objetivo. Evaluar bloques multinutricionales con y sin propionato de calcio (Pr-Ca) en la digestibilidad y cambios de peso de corderos y en la emisión de gases in vitro. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizaron doce borregos (20.17 ± 2.35 Katahdin x criollo) en tres tratamientos: Dieta basal (DB 70% paja de avena; 30% concentrado), DB+ Bloque sin Pr-Ca y DB + Bloque con 1.5% de Pr-Ca, por 50 días. Se midió producción de gas (PG) in vitro y parâmetros de cinética (Vmax, S, Lag). Se estimó la digestibilidad, CH4 y CO2 in vitro e in vivo. Resultados. El consumo de materia seca fue menor (p<0.0001) en borregos sin bloque (753 g/d) en comparación con bloque sin (839 g) o con Pr-Ca (828 g) al incluir bloques aumentó metano (16.16 y 16.18 g/d; 0 y 1.5% Pr-Ca respectivamente) que con DB (13.93 g/d). La PG in vitro fue mayor (p=0.0001) con la DB (380.76 ml) sin diferencias entre bloques (335.76 y 341.13 ml, 0 y 1.5% Pr-Ca respectivamente), y la DB tuvo mayor (p=0.0001) producción de CH4 (47.16 mol) y CO2 (200.04 mol) que con bloques (42.25 y 41.58 mol CH4; 179.21 y 176.39 moles CO2; 0 y 1.5% Ca-Pr respectivamente). Conclusiones. La suplementación con bloques mejora el consumo de materia seca. Los bloques disminuyeron la producción de gas in vitro e incrementaron la digestibilidad reduciendo CH4 y CO2.

ABSTRACT Objective. Evaluate multinutritional blocks with and without calcium propionate (Ca-Pr) on digestibility and live weight changes of lambs and in the green house emission in vitro. Materials and methods. Twelve lambs were used (20.17±2.35 Katahdin x criollo) in three treatments: Basal diet (BD 70% oat straw, 30% concentrate), BD+ Block without Ca-Pr and BD+ Block with 1.5% Ca-Pr in 50 days assay. In vitro gas production (GP) and kinetic parameters were estimated (Vmax, S, Lag). In vitro and in vivo, CH4, CO2 and digestibility were estimated. Results. The dry matter intake was the lowest (p<0.0001) in lambs without block (753 g/d) compared lambs supplemented with block without (839 g) or with Ca-Pr (828 g); including blocks increased methane (16.16 and 16.18 g/d; 0 and 1.5% Ca-Pr respectively) than BD (13.93 g/d). The GP in vitro was higher (p=0.0001) with BD (380.76, ml) than with blocks without differences among blocks (335.76 and 341.13 ml, 0 and 1.5% Ca-Pr respectively), and the BD had higher (p=0.0001) production of CH4 (47.16 mol) and CO2 (200.04 mol) than with blocks (42.25 and 41.58 mol CH4; 179.21 and 176.39 mol CO2; 0 and 1.5% Ca-Pr respectively). Conclusions. Block supplementation improved dry matter intake. Blocks reduced in vitro gas production and increased digestibility by reducing CH4 and CO2.

A double-blind randomized controlled trial to assess the efficacy of daylight photodynamic therapy with methyl-aminolevulinate vs. Placebo and daylight in patients with facial photodamage / Ensayo clínico aleatorio controlado, doble ciego para valorar la eficacia de la terapia fotodinámica con luz de día con metilaminolevulinato frente a placebo y luz de día en pacientes con fotodaño facial

BACKGROUND: Daylight PDT (dPDT) is easy to use and does not require light equipment. Such therapy has been exhaustively proved to be successful in the treatment of actinic keratosis, but its use in skin photodamage remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate dPDT's efficacy in skin facial photodamage. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a parallel-group double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial. Sixty participants with symmetric facial photodamage were allocated to topical methyl aminolevulinate (MAL) and daylight vs. matching placebo and daylight. Primary outcome was global photodamage improvement/failure 1 month after the third session. Secondary outcomes included: pain evaluation; specific photodamage severity scores; sun irradiance quantification and Skindex-29 scores. Adverse events were also investigated. RESULTS: Primary analysis included all randomized patients. All patients sun-exposed for 120min in 3 sessions. The risk of failure was lower in the MAL-dPDT group than in the placebo plus daylight group (RR: 0.18; 95% CI: 0.08-0.41). Mean solar irradiance (W/m2) during the first, second and third sessions was 480.82, 430.07 and 435.84, respectively. Items 5 and 14 of Skindex-29 in the MAL-dPDT group showed statistical significant differences. Two patients in the MAL-dPDT group had serious and non-serious events not directly related to the product. CONCLUSION: dPDT with MAL was un-painful, effective and safe for the treatment of facial photodamage. Herpes simplex prophylaxis should be considered before sessions)

INTRODUCCIÓN: La terapia fotodinámica con luz-día (TFDd) es fácil de usar y no requiere de equipo alguno. Tal terapia ha demostrado ser útil en el tratamiento de las queratosis actínicas, pero su uso en el fotodaño no es claro. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la eficacia de la TFDd en el fotodaño facial. Pacientes y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un ensayo clínico doble-ciego controlado con placebo y con asignación aleatoria. Sesenta participantes con fotodaño facial simétrico se asignaron a recibir bien TFD con Metil-Aminolevulinato (MAL) y luz de día o placebo y luz de día. El resultado primario fue la mejoría/fracaso en el fotodaño facial global un mes después de la tercera sesión. Los resultados secundarios incluyeron: dolor; fotodaño específico, irradiancia recibida y la puntuación en el Skindex-29. RESULTADOS: Todos los pacientes se expusieron a la luz de día durante 120 minutos en 3 sesiones. El riesgo de fracaso fue menor en el grupo de TFD con MAL y luz de día que en el grupo placebo (RR:0,18; 95%; IC:0,08 a 0.41). La media de la irradiancia solar (W.m-2) durante la primera, segunda y tercera sesión fue de 480,82, 430,07 y 435,84, respectivamente. Los ítems 5 y 14 del Skindex-29 en el grupo de TFDd con MAL mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Dos pacientes en el mismo grupo presentaron eventos adversos serios y no serios pero estos no tuvieron relación directa con el producto evaluado. CONCLUSIÓN: La TFDd con MAL fue es un tratamiento indoloro, eficaz y seguro para el tratamiento del fotoenvejecimiento facial. La profilaxis del Herpes simple debe ser considerada antes de cada sesión

Fármacos biosimilares en psoriasis: informe de posicionamiento / The use of biosimilar drugs in psoriasis: a position paper

No disponible

Cosmovisión ancestral y comprensión de los conceptos salud, cuidado y enfermería en habitantes del resguardo muisca de Chía, 2010 / Ancestral worldview and understanding of the concepts of health, care and nursing in the population of a muisca reservation in Chía, 2010

El reconocimiento, fortalecimiento y recuperación de prácticas de cuidado en culturas diversas favorece la calidad de las acciones de enfermería; el Enfoque Biopsicosocial, cultural y espiritual y la teoría Transcultural aportan a este objetivo y sirven de soporte al diseño de estrategias orientadas a preservar, adaptar y reestructurar los cuidados culturales; acciones que desde la comprensión de la salud en este grupo, se propone sean lideradas por el profesional de enfermería. La investigación descriptiva cualitativa contó con la participación voluntaria de familias y líderes muiscas reconocidos como cuidadores por la comunidad; se presenta como abordaje metodológico que posibilita reconocer la comprensión actual de los conceptos salud, cuidado y enfermería. La información recolectada mediante la observación, encuestas y entrevistas, en las categorías enunciadas, se analizó por triangulación de fuentes y de investigadores. Se identificó un marcado proceso de aculturación en las tres categorías analizadas: el concepto “cuidado” guarda mayor proximidad con la cosmovisión ancestral; la comprensión de la salud no incorpora dimensiones reconocidas ancestralmente; y, la enfermería se identifica como un “quehacer” propio del género femenino que articula las dimensiones comunicacional, afectiva y de protección próximas a lo descrito como cuidado por los líderes en salud ancestrales.

Amlodipine and nifedipine used with cyclosporine induce different effects on gingival enlargement.

BACKGROUND: Gingival enlargement (GE) is a frequent side effect associated with the administration of cyclosporine (CsA) and the calcium channel blockers (CCB). The aims of this study were to determine and compare GE prevalence and severity in 3 groups of renal transplant recipients who had been medicated with CsA versus CsA in combination with nifedipine versus CsA in combination with amlodipine. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cohort of 93 patients included 31 medicated with CsA, 31 with CsA plus nifedipine, and 31 with CsA plus amlodipine. The presence and severity of GE were assessed using the index developed by Harris and Ewart. RESULTS: There were significant differences in GE prevalence and GE severity among the 3 groups. A greater proportion (90.3%) of the CsA-nifedipine group was categorized as having GE compared with the CsA-amlodipine group (58.1%) or the CsA group (51.6%). A greater percentage of subjects in the CsA-nifedipine group displayed severe GE (22.6%) when compared with the CsA (0%) or the CsA-amlodipine group (16.1%). CONCLUSION: The prevalence and severity of GE in subjects maintained on CsA-nifedipine was significantly greater than that among subjects treated with CsA-amlodipine or CsA only. The GE prevalence and severity was greater in the CsA-amlodipine group than the CsA group. This observation should lead clinicians to avoid the use of these drugs together with CsA or to choose amlodipine instead of nifedipine.

Interaction between Heliopsis longipes extract and diclofenac on the thermal hyperalgesia test.

Heliopsis longipes is an herbaceous plant found in Mexico, used traditionally for its analgesic and anesthetic activities. Plant extracts in combined use with synthetic drugs may represent a therapeutic advantage for the clinical treatment of pain, allowing the use of lower doses, and limiting side-effects. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to determine the possible pharmacological interaction between Heliopsis longipes ethanolic extract (HLEE) and diclofenac in the Hargreaves model of thermal hyperalgesia in the mouse. HLEE, diclofenac or fixed-dose ratio HLEE-diclofenac combinations were administered systemically to mice and the antihyperalgesic effect was evaluated using the thermal hyperalgesia test. All treatments produced a dose-dependent antihyperalgesic effect. ED(30) values were estimated for all the treatments and an isobologram was constructed. The derived theoretical ED(30) value for the HLEE-diclofenac combination was 54.4+/-9.4 mg/kg body wt, significantly higher than the actually observed experimental ED(30) value, 8.6+/-4.0 mg/kg body wt. This result corresponds to synergistic interaction between HLEE and diclofenac in the Hargreaves model of thermal hyperalgesia. Data suggest that low doses of the HLEE-diclofenac combination can interact synergistically at the systemic level and that this association may therefore represent a therapeutic advantage for the clinical treatment of inflammatory pain.

Effect of Citrus paradisi extract and juice on arterial pressure both in vitro and in vivo.

Citrus paradisi (grapefruit) consumption is considered as beneficial and it is popularly used for the treatment of a vast array of diseases, including hypertension. In the present study, the coronary vasodilator and hypotensive effects of Citrus paradisi peel extract were assessed in the Langendorff isolated and perfused heart model and in the heart and lung dog preparation. In both models, Citrus paradisi peel extract decreased coronary vascular resistance and mean arterial pressure when compared with control values (60 +/- 15 x 10(7) dyn s cm(-5) vs 100 +/- 10 x 10(7) dyn s cm(-5) and 90 mmHg vs 130 +/- 15 mmHg, respectively). These decreases in coronary vascular resistance and mean arterial pressure were blocked when isolated and perfused hearts and mongrel dogs were pre-treated with L-NAME. In humans, Citrus paradisi juice decreased diastolic arterial pressure and systolic arterial pressure both in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Citrus paradisi juice produced a greater decrease in mean arterial pressure when compared with Citrus sinensis juice, cow milk and a vitamin C-supplemented beverage. However, more detailed studies are required to isolate, purify and evaluate the chemical compounds responsible for this pharmacological effect and to clarify its possible role for treating hypertension.

Coronary vasodilator activity of vulgarenol, a sesquiterpene isolated from Magnolia grandiflora, and its possible mechanism.

The aim of this study was to investigate the biodynamic effects of vulgarenol, a sesquiterpene isolated from Magnolia grandiflora flower petals and its possible mechanism on the Langendorff isolated and perfused heart model. Vulgarenol (5 microm) caused a statistically significant decrease in coronary vascular resistance (15.21 +/- 6.00 dyn s cm(-5) vs 36.80 +/- 5.01 dyn s cm(-5), control group), increased nitric oxide release (223.01 +/- 8.76 pmol/mL vs 61.00 +/- 12.00 pmol/mL, control group) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate accumulation in left ventricular tissue samples (142.17 +/- 8.41 pmol/mg of tissue vs 43.94 +/- 5.00 pmol/mg of tissue, control group). Pre-treatment with 3 microm gadolinium chloride hexahydrate, 100 microm N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride, and 10 microm 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,2-a]quinoxalin-1-one significantly abolished the vulgarenol-induced coronary vascular resistance decrease, nitric oxide increased release and cGMP accumulation in left ventricular tissue samples. The results support the fact that nitric oxide and cyclic guanosine monophosphate are likely involved in the endothelium-dependent coronary vasodilation.

Dialysis outcomes in Colombia (DOC) study: a comparison of patient survival on peritoneal dialysis vs hemodialysis in Colombia.

The goal of the Dialysis Outcomes in Colombia (DOC) study was to compare the survival of patients on hemodialysis (HD) vs peritoneal dialysis (PD) in a network of renal units in Colombia. The DOC study examined a historical cohort of incident patients starting dialysis therapy between 1 January 2001 and 1 December 2003 and followed until 1 December 2005, measuring demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical variables. Only patients older than 18 years were included. As-treated and intention-to-treat statistical analyses were performed using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazard model. There were 1094 eligible patients in total and 923 were actually enrolled: 47.3% started HD therapy and 52.7% started PD therapy. Of the patients studied, 751 (81.3%) remained in their initial therapy until the end of the follow-up period, death, or censorship. Age, sex, weight, height, body mass index, creatinine, calcium, and Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) variables did not show statistically significant differences between the two treatment groups. Diabetes, socioeconomic level, educational level, phosphorus, Charlson Co-morbidity Index, and cardiovascular history did show a difference, and were less favorable for patients on PD. Residual renal function was greater for PD patients. Also, there were differences in the median survival time between groups: 27.2 months for PD vs 23.1 months for HD (P=0.001) by the intention-to-treat approach; and 24.5 months for PD vs 16.7 months for HD (P<0.001) by the as-treated approach. When performing univariate Cox analyses using the intention-to-treat approach, associations were with age > or =65 years (hazard ratio (HR)=2.21; confidence interval (CI) 95% (1.77-2.755); P<0.001); history of cardiovascular disease (HR=1.96; CI 95% (1.58-2.90); P<0.001); diabetes (HR=2.34; CI 95% (1.88-2.90); P<0.001); and SGA (mild or moderate-severe malnutrition) (HR=1.47; CI 95% (1.17-1.79); P=0.001); but no association was found with gender (HR=1.03, CI 95% 0.83-1.27; P=0.786). Similar results were found with the as-treated approach, with additional associations found with Charlson Index (0-2) (HR=0.29; Cl 95% (0.22-0.38); P<0.001); Charlson Index (3-4) (HR=0.61; Cl 95% (0.48-0.79); P<0.001); and SGA (mild-severe malnutrition) (HR=1.43; Cl 95% (1.15-1.77); P<0.001). Similarly, the multivariate Cox model was run with the variables that had shown association in previous analyses, and it was found that the variables explaining the survival of patients with end-stage renal disease in our study were age, SGA, Charlson Comorbidity Index 5 and above, diabetes, healthcare regimes I and II, and socioeconomic level 2. The results of Cox proportional risk model in both the as-treated and intention-to-treat analyses showed that there were no statistically significant differences in survival of PD and HD patients: intention-to-treat HD/PD (HR 1.127; CI 95%: 0.855-1.484) and as-treated HD/PD (HR 1.231; CI 95%: 0.976-1.553). In this historical cohort of incident patients, there was a trend, although not statistically significant, for a higher (12.7%) adjusted mortality risk associated with HD when compared to PD, even though the PD patients were poorer, were more likely to be diabetic, and had higher co-morbidity scores than the HD patients. The variables that most influenced survival were age, diabetes, comorbidity, healthcare regime, socioeconomic level, nutrition, and education.

AINEs como tratamiento coadyuvante de la enfermedad periodontal / NSAIDs in the treatment of periodontal disease

Se presenta una revisión bibliográfica acerca de la aplicación de antiinflamatorios de forma coadyuvante en el tratamiento periodontal. Tras una breve introducción, se establecen las bases inmunológicas de la inflamación y destrucción periodontal, centrándonos en el metabolismo del ácido araquidónico y los cuatro mediadores más implicados actualmente en la destrucción periodontal: prostaglandina E2 (PGE2), prostaglandina F2alfa (PGF2alfa), leucotrieno B4 (LTB4) y factor activador de plaquetas (PAF), y estableciendo su mecanismo de acción, su relación con la destrucción periodontal a través de las metaloproteinasas (MMPs) y su relación con algunas interleuquinas de la cascada inflamatoria también relacionadas con la destrucción tisular. Después se expone una relación de los fármacos más empleados en la literatura para la inhibición de todos estos mediadores (Antiinflamatorios no esteroideos o AINEs, ácidos grasos omega3, tetraciclinas y bifosfonatos), explicando su mecanismo de acción y los estudios que los han investigado y posteriormente se ha llevado a cabo una recopilación de los escasos estudios que realizan mediciones clínicas para finalizar estableciendo una serie de conclusiones (AU)

A review about the application of antiinflammatories as an aid for the periodontal treatment is presented. After a brief introduction, we explain the immunological bases of periodontal inflamation and tissue destruction, focusing on arachidonic acid metabolism and the four most important inflammatory mediators now in periodontal tissue resorption: prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha), leucotriene B4 (LTB4) and platelet activation factor (PAF), and explaining their actions and role in inflammation through matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) and their relation with some other mediators in the inflammatory chain also related with tissue resorption. After, we expound some of the most used drugs for the inhibition of all of these mediators (non-steroid antiinflammatory drugs or NSAIDs, omega3 fatty acids, tetracyclines and bisfosfonates), explaining their action and the papers wich investigated them and later we have made a compilation of the few studies making clinical measurements to finish establishing some conclusions (AU)

TRPV1 receptors in the CNS play a key role in broad-spectrum analgesia of TRPV1 antagonists.

Vanilloid receptor type 1 (TRPV1) is a ligand-gated nonselective cation channel that is considered to be an important integrator of various pain stimuli such as endogenous lipids, capsaicin, heat, and low pH. In addition to expression in primary afferents, TRPV1 is also expressed in the CNS. To test the hypothesis that the CNS plays a differential role in the effect of TRPV1 antagonists in various types of pain, the analgesic effects of two TRPV1 antagonists with similar in vitro potency but different CNS penetration were compared in vivo. Oral administration of either A-784168 (1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]-N-[4-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)phenyl]-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-4-carboxamide) (good CNS penetration) or A-795614 (N-1H-indazol-4-yl-N'-[(1R)-5-piperidin-1-yl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl]urea) (poor CNS penetration) blocked capsaicin-induced acute pain with the same potency. In complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced chronic inflammatory pain, oral administration of either compound blocked thermal hyperalgesia with similar potency. Furthermore, intraplantar or intrathecal administration of A-784168 blocked CFA-induced thermal hyperalgesia, suggesting that both peripheral and CNS TRPV1 receptors may play a role in inflammatory thermal hyperalgesia. The effects of the two TRPV1 antagonists were further assessed in models presumably mediated by central sensitization, including CFA- and capsaicin-induced mechanical allodynia and osteoarthritic pain. In these models, the potency of the two compounds was similar after intrathecal administration. However, when administered orally, A-784168, with good CNS penetration, was much more potent than A-795614. Together, these results demonstrate that TRPV1 receptors in the CNS play an important role in pain mediated by central sensitization. In addition, these results demonstrate that significant CNS penetration is necessary for a TRPV1 antagonist to produce broad-spectrum analgesia.

Effect of zinc replacement on lipids and lipoproteins in type 2-diabetic patients.

Abnormal zinc and lipid plasma levels occur more frequently in metabolically uncontrolled diabetic patients. These lipid alterations are key factors in the emergence of microvascular complications, which lead to death in those patients. Yet, zinc sulfate supplementation may be a therapeutical resource to recover some functioning and improve life span. This article reports the assessment of lipid profile from type 2-diabetes mellitus patients treated with hypoglycemic therapy drugs, who additionally presented zinc levels lower than average in Mexican reference. The patients received a 100 mg zinc sulfate treatment in a crossover double-blind design of clinically controlled study with starch as placebo. The diabetic patients had changes in their lipid profile after a 12-week zinc treatment as compared with placebo treatment. The 100 mg zinc sulfate treatment was well tolerated, significantly reduced total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations, and increased those corresponding to zinc as well as HDL cholesterol in the bloodstream. Thus, using this treatment the cardiovascular involvement is expected to decrease in the type 2-diabetes mellitus patients, especially those with myocardial infarction and stroke, which are the main death causes in Mexico.

Ferulizaciones diente-implante / Tooth to implant splinting

Se presenta una revisión sobre la posibilidad terapéutica del empleo de la ferulización entre dientes e implantes. Tras una breve introducción, se establece una serie de diferencias biomecánicas entre dos estructuras tan dispares como son el diente y el implante. Posteriormente, se exponen una serie de puntos que los distintos autores han achacado a este sistema protésico para luego describir los distintos diseños que se pueden aplicar (rígidos y semirrígidos). A continuación, se efectúa una revisión bibliográfica acerca de la evolución a corto y largo plazo de estos sistemas. Por último, se elabora una relación de ventajas, desventajas e indicaciones de la ferulización diente-implante, para terminar estableciendo unas conclusiones (AU)

A review about the tooth-implant splinting therapeutic option is presented. After a brief introduction, it begins with some biomechanical aspects. Then, some critical points about this kind of frames are shown in order to, afterwards; describe de different design that can be applied. A short and long-term evolution of these systems is also made and, finally, we can see some advantages, disadvantages and indications for the splinting option, to finish establishing some conclusions (AU)

Influence of polymeric enteral nutrition supplemented with different doses of glutamine on gut permeability in critically ill patients.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of glutamine-supplemented polymeric enteral formulas on the recovery of gut-permeability abnormalities in critically ill patients. METHODS: Twenty-three patients were randomized to receive a conventional casein-based enteral formula (ADN), ADN plus glutamine in a dose of 0.15 g x kg(-1) x d(-1) or ADN plus 0.30 g x kg(-1) x d(-1) of glutamine for 8 d. The lactulose mannitol permeability test (L/M) was performed at baseline and at the end of the study. Nineteen healthy volunteers served as controls for the L/M test. RESULTS: An increase in permeability compared with control subjects was observed in patients at baseline (mean +/- standard error of the mean; L/M ratio: 0.11 +/- 0.03 and 0.025 +/- 0.004, respectively; P < 0.02). The L/M ratio improved after the period of enteral nutrition as a whole (initial L/M: 0.11 +/- 0.03, final L/M: 0.061 +/- 0.01; P < 0.03), but no difference was found between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Even though polymeric enteral nutrition was associated with a significant improvement in the L/M ratio, glutamine supplementation did not show a specific influence in improving recovery of gut permeability in critically ill patients.

Estrogen modulates norepinephrine-induced accumulation of adenosine cyclic monophosphate in a subpopulation of immortalized luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone secreting neurons from the mouse hypothalamus.

A subpopulation of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH)-producing cells that express the intermediate filament protein vimentin and the neuronal marker neurofilament 145, but not neurofilament 200 nor glial fibrillary acidic protein, has been isolated from GT1-7 cultures. These cells express the mRNA encoding estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) and respond to physiological concentrations of 17beta-estradiol (E2) by reducing the accumulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate induced by norepinephrine, but not that induced by direct activation of adenylate cyclase. These results indicate that the activity of LHRH-producing neurons may be directly modulated by estrogen. In addition, they are suggestive of an estrogen-dependent desensitization of the beta-adrenoceptor in these cells.

[Value of the detection of serum thyroglobin and I-131 scintigraphy in the follow-up of differentiated thyroid cancer]. / Valor de la determinación de la tiroglobulina sérica y de la gammagrafía mediante I-131 en el seguimiento del cáncer diferenciado de tiroides.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this work has been to know the sensitivity of serum thyroglobulin and I-131 scintigraphy in the detection of thyroid remnants or metastases, and to evaluate the predictive value of serum thyroglobulin in the follow-up of differentiated thyroid cancer patients. METHODS: We have carried out a retrospective study of 218 patients with differentiated thyroid cancer, with detection of serum thyroglobulin levels and I-131 scintigraphy in clinical status of hypothyroidism, after to perform thyroidectomy and between six and nine months later. We have rejected 16 and 14 patients who have had presented high serum levels of thyroglobulin, or an incomplete follow-up. RESULTS: Our results showed a good correlation of both parameters (92%). The sensitivity of TG and I-131 scan was 85% and 90% respectively, and superior to 90% for both procedures in the diagnosis of the osseous and lung metastases. The sensitivity of I-131 scan and TG was 100% and less to 70% in the detection of thyroid remnants and regional lymphatic nodes. The positive and negative value of TG was 99% and 91%, respectively, with a total of 24 false negative results. CONCLUSIONS: Considering this study, we believe that both techniques are complementary, with a lower sensitivity of serum TG in the detection of thyroid remnants and regional lymphatic involvement, and a negative predictive value that does not permit to accomplish the follow-up of differentiated thyroid cancer patients, considering exclusively the results of this tumoral marker.