Relationship Between NLRP3 Inflammasome and Diabetic Cardiomyopathy and Intervention Effect of Traditional Chinese Medicine： A Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Diabetic cardiomyopathy （DCM） is one of the complications of diabetes. It refers to a specific type of idiopathic cardiomyopathy that occurs in individuals with diabetes， distinct from other cardiovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease， valvular heart disease， or congenital heart disease. It has also been identified as one of the leading causes of death in diabetic patients for many years. Research has shown that the pathogenesis of DCM is closely associated with insulin resistance， activation of various inflammatory responses， increased oxidative stress， impaired coronary microcirculation， and accumulation of advanced glycation end products （AGEs）. Among various inflammatory responses， the activation of the NOD-like receptor protein 3 （NLRP3） inflammasome can induce the secretion of a large amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines through the cascade reaction of inflammation， subsequently mediating cellular pyroptosis and promoting myocardial damage. Currently， extensive experimental studies on traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） have been conducted in China and abroad based on the significant role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the prevention and treatment of DCM. These studies have demonstrated that Chinese medicinal extracts， such as Astragalus polysaccharide and ginsenoside Rb1， single drugs like Coriolus and Cordyceps， and Chinese medicinal formulas like Didangtang and modified Taohe Chengqitang， as well as acupuncture and TCM exercise therapy， can regulate the relevant pathways of the NLRP3 inflammasome to inhibit its assembly or activation， reduce inflammatory responses， inhibit myocardial remodeling in DCM， and improve cardiac function. This article reviewed the relationship between the NLRP3 inflammasome and DCM， as well as the research progress on TCM in exerting anti-inflammatory effects in this field， aiming to provide new insights for the development of therapeutic approaches for DCM.

Involvement of Interleukin-1 β/Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 in Ameliorating Effects of Electroacupuncture on Myocardial Fibrosis Induced by Essential Hypertension / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) at Neiguan (PC 6) on myocardial fibrosis in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), and to explore the contribution of interleukin-1 β (IL-1 β), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and transforming growth factor β 1 (TGF- β 1) to the effects.@*METHODS@#Nine 12-weeks-old Wistar Kyoto (WKY) male rats were employed as the normal group. Twenty-seven SHRs were equally randomized into SHR, SHR+EA, and SHR + sham groups. EA was applied at bilateral PC 6 once a day 30 min per day in 8 consecutive weeks. After 8-weeks EA treatment at PC 6, histopathologic changes of collagen type I (Col I), collagen type 1 (Col 1) and the levels of IGF-1, 1L-1 β, TGF- β 1, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 were examined in myocardial tissure respectively.@*RESULTS@#After 8-weeks EA treatment at PC 6, the enhanced myocardial fibrosis in SHRs were characterized by the increased mean fluorescence intensity of Col I and Col 1 in myocardium tissue (P<0.01). All these abnormal alterations above in SHR + EA group was significantly lower compared with the SHR group (P<0.01). Meanwhile, the increased levels of IL-1 β, IGF-1, TGF-β 1 in serum or myocardial tissue of SHRs, diminished MMP 9 mRNA expression in SHRs were also markedly inhibited after 8 weeks of EA treatment (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Furthermore, the contents of IL-1 β, IGF-1, TGF-β 1 in myocardial tissue were positively correlated with the systolic blood pressure and hydroxyproline respectively (P<0.01).@*CONCLUSION@#EA at bilateral PC 6 could ameliorate cardiac fibrosis in SHRs, which might be mediated by regulation of 1L-1 β/IGF-1-TGF- β 1-MMP9 pathway.

Prevention and Treatment of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy by Chinese Medicine Through PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway： A Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy （DPN） is characterized by insidious onset， easy misdiagnosis， and progression to severe consequences such as diabetic foot ulcers， gangrene， and amputation. The main pathological features of DPN are nerve cell injuries， such as axonal degeneration and necrosis， segmental demyelination of nerve fibers， and apoptosis of Schwann cells. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase （PI3K）/protein kinase B （Akt） signaling pathway is a classical pathway that communicates intracellular and extracellular information and regulates biological activities such as cell proliferation， differentiation， apoptosis， autophagy， and migration. It widely affects various cells related to DPN. In recent years， numerous studies have found that the sustained high glucose environment causes abnormalities in the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. This， in turn， accelerates the occurrence and development of DPN by participating in the pathogenesis of DPN， such as glucose and lipid metabolism， oxidative stress， inflammation， autophagy， apoptosis， and angiogenesis. Therefore， regulating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is crucial for the treatment of DPN. Currently， there is a lack of effective measures to slow down or reverse DPN in clinical practice. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has unique advantages in preventing and treating DPN with multiple targets， effects， and components. A large number of animal and clinical studies of TCM treatment of DPN have shown that the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is an important target for TCM treatment of DPN. Regulating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway can promote myelin sheath repair and regeneration， delay the process of nerve cell death， and play a role in preventing and treating DPN. However， there is currently no systematic review and summary of this field in China and abroad. Therefore， this article summarized the regulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and its role in the pathogenesis of DPN， as well as the intervention of effective components of single Chinese medicine or compounds on the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. This study is expected to provide a reference for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of DPN with TCM， basic research， and drug development.

Application of spectral image processing with different dimensions combined with large-screen visualization in the identification of boletes species.

Boletes are favored by consumers because of their unique flavor, rich nutrition and delicious taste. However, the different nutritional values of each species lead to obvious price differences, so shoddy products appear on the market, which affects food safety. The aim of this study was to find a rapid and effective method for boletes species identification. In this paper, 1,707 samples of eight boletes species were selected as the research objects. The original Mid-Infrared (MIR) spectroscopy data were adopted for support vector machine (SVM) modeling. The 11,949 spectral images belong to seven data sets such as two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2DCOS) and three-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (3DCOS) were used to carry out Alexnet and Residual network (Resnet) modeling, thus we established 15 models for the identification of boletes species. The results show that the SVM method needs to process complex feature data, the time cost is more than 11 times of other models, and the accuracy is not high enough, so it is not recommended to be used in data processing with large sample size. From the perspective of datasets, synchronous 2DCOS and synchronous 3DCOS have the best modeling results, while one-dimensional (1D) MIR Spectrum dataset has the worst modeling results. After comprehensive analysis, the modeling effect of Resnet on the synchronous 2DCOS dataset is the best. Moreover, we use large-screen visualization technology to visually display the sample information of this research and obtain their distribution rules in terms of species and geographical location. This research shows that deep learning combined with 2DCOS and 3DCOS spectral images can effectively and accurately identify boletes species, which provides a reference for the identification of other fields, such as food and Chinese herbal medicine.

Involvement of ET-1/eNOS in the ameliorating effect of electroacupuncture on cardiac dysfunction in rats with spontaneously hypertensive / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) at "Neiguan" (PC 6) on cardiac function of ventriculus sinister in rats with spontaneously hypertensive (SHR), and to explore the mediation effect of endothelin-1 (ET-1)/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS).@*METHODS@#Six 12-week-old male Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were taken as the normal group. Eighteen 12-week-old SHR were randomly divided into a model group, an EA group and a sham EA group, 6 rats in each group. The rats in the EA group were treated with EA (disperse-dense wave, 2 Hz/15 Hz in frequency, 1 mA in current intensity) at "Neiguan" (PC 6), 30 min each time, once a day for 8 weeks. The rats in the sham EA group were treated with superficial needling at "Neiguan" (PC 6) with no electrical stimulation applied. After treatment, the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS) were tested by echocardiographic analysis. The left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), heart rate (HR), the maximum rate of increase/decrease of left ventricular pressure (±dp/dtmax) were detected. The serum content of ET-1 was detected by ELISA. Western blot was used to evaluate the expression of ETAR, eNOS in myocardial tissue of left ventricular.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the normal group, LVEF, LVFS, +dp/dtmax/LVSP and -dp/dtmax/LVSP were decreased (P<0.01, P<0.05), while LVSP, LVEDP, +dp/dtmax and -dp/dtmax were increased (P<0.01) in the model group. Compared with the model group, LVEF, LVFS, +dp/dtmax/LVSP and -dp/dtmax/LVSP were increased (P<0.01, P<0.05), and LVSP and LVEDP were decreased (P<0.01) in the EA group. Compared with the normal group, the serum content of ET-1 and the expression of ETAR in myocardial tissue were increased (P<0.01), whereas expression of eNOS was decreased (P<0.01) in the model group. Compared with the model group, the serum content of ET-1 and the expression of ETAR in myocardial tissue were decreased (P<0.05), whereas expression of eNOS was increased (P<0.05) in the EA group.@*CONCLUSION@#EA intervention may alleviate hypertensive cardiac function damage by up-regulating the expression of eNOS protein in myocardial tissue, down-regulating the serum content of ET-1 and the expression of ETAR protein in myocardial tissue.

GAO Hong's clinical experience in treatment of tic disorder with acupuncture technique of cultivating the primary and regulating the mind / 中国针灸

The paper introduces the clinical experience of GAO Hong in treatment of tic disorder. GAO Hong believes that tic disorder results from the primary qi deficiency and mind disturbance. Acupuncture for cultivating the primary and regulating the mind is proposed specially for tic disorder. This acupuncture technique focuses on harmonizing and regulating governor vessel and conception vessel. In clinical practice, the conception vessel acupoints on the abdomen and the governor vessel acupoints on the head are selected particularly, e.g. Zhongwan (CV 12), Xiawan (CV 10), Qihai (CV 6) and Guanyuan (CV 4) on the abdomen; Baihui (GV 20), Shenting (GV 24), Benshen (GB 13) and Yintang (GV 24+) on the head. The needling sequence and the insertion depth are emphasized, which affect the curative effect and GV 20 is generally punctured first. Besides, considering to the type of disorder and the affected site, tic disorder is treated in view of both syndrome/pattern differentiation and symptom differentiation.

Relationship Between Podocyte Autophagy and Diabetic Nephropathy and Regulation of Traditional Chinese Medicine： A Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Diabetic nephropathy （DN） is one of the serious microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus （DM），and is the main cause of end-stage renal disease（ESRD） worldwide. Although lowering blood glucose and，lowering blood pressure and blocking the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system（RAAS） can reduce blood glucose，blood pressure and urinary protein to a certain extent，it is still difficult to prevent the progression of DN sometimes. The curative effect of traditional Chinese medicine on DN has been confirmed，but its mechanism is has not been fully clarified. Autophagy is a highly conserved lysosomal degradation pathway in mammals that removes protein aggregates and damaged organelles to maintain cell homeostasis. Podocyte，also known as glomerular epithelial cells，is an important component in maintaining the homeostasis of glomerular filtration barrier，and podocyte injury is considered to be a central link in the occurrence and development of DN. As a highly differentiated cell，podocyte maintains a high level of autophagy to maintain its homeostasis under physiological conditions. In DN state，mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR），AMP-activated protein kinase （AMPK），silent information regulator 1（SIRT1） and other nutritional signaling pathways as well as intracellular stress response signaling pathways such as oxidative stress，endoplasmic reticulum stress ，and hypoxia stress，etc.，affect podocyte autophagy of podocytes， and ultimately leading to podocyte injury and the progression of DN. In recent years，regulation of podocyte autophagy has become one of the hot spots in DN research，and has also received extensive attention in the field of Chinese medicine. A review and summary of the domestic and international literature in this field reveals that Chinese medicine can affect podocyte autophagy in multiple pathways and targets. Nevertheless， those studiesbut mainly focuses on two nutrient-sensing signaling pathways，mTOR and AMPK，and there lacks more comprehensive and in-depth mechanism studies. In addition，the current research mainly concentrates focuses on the field of Chinese medicine monomers and Chinese medicine compounds，and rarely studies multi-component Chinese medicinelacking research on Chinese medicine component drugs and single drugs，and the research still lacks there is a lack of hierarchy. The regulatory mechanism of Chinese medicine on podocyte autophagy of podocytes in DN state in Chinese medicine still needs to be further studied in depth and systematically.

Influence of Endothelial Dysfunction on Diabetic Macroangiopathy： A Perspective from Theory of "Restraining Excessiveness to Acquire Harmony" / 中国实验方剂学杂志

The normal function of vascular endothelial cells is an important foundation for maintaining vascular permeability， restricting inflammatory activities of the vascular wall， and balancing the coagulation and fibrinolytic system. Endothelial dysfunction caused by persistent damage from pathological factors is considered as an early and prominent event of diabetic macroangiopathy. In traditional Chinese medicine， the classical theory of "restraining excessiveness to acquire harmony" was originally a condensed generalization of the rule of generation， restriction， replacement and evolution in the natural world， revealing the internal regulation mechanism of the stable operation of things. Then it gradually evolved into an important rule to explain the physiological phenomena and pathological mechanism of human body and guide the treatment. Corresponding to the nature， the body homeostasis also requires to achieve a state of strong viscera function and inexhaustible Qi and blood generation under the rule of restriction and generation. The pathogenesis of diabetic macroangiopathy is the process of "the predominant one failing to restrict and the hyperactive one becoming harmful". The loss of restriction and generation of the five organs leads to powerless Qi transformation and， as a result， the Qi， blood and body fluid cannot be dispersed. Therefore， the Qi， blood and body fluid turn into phlegm and blood stasis， such as glucose and lipid metabolism disorder， oxidative stress， inflammatory response and high blood viscosity， and finally block the veins. Excessive phlegm and blood stasis cannot be resolved， instead they become harmful and invade the blood vessel， causing endothelial dysfunction and further resulting in diabetic macroangiopathy. Under the guidance of the theory of "restraining excessiveness to acquire harmony"， the method of "harmonizing viscera， eliminating pathogen and removing turbidity" can effectively regulate the function of vascular endothelial cells， thus playing a positive role in preventing and treating diabetic macroangiopathy. The mechanism may be related to reducing oxidative stress， inhibiting inflammation， limiting vascular smooth muscle proliferation， and reducing platelet adhesion.

Pathogenesis and Treatment of Diabetic Macroangiopathy Based on Theory of Hidden Pathogen Damaging Collaterals / 中国实验方剂学杂志

The basic pathological change of diabetic macroangiopathy is atherosclerosis， and the metabolism legacy effect of hyperglycemia will cause continuous damage to the large vessels. Oxidative stress is a common mechanism for diabetes and its chronic complications and it is also the basis of the metabolism legacy effect which keeps damaging the large vessels. Anti-oxidant therapy can delay the course of diabetic macroangiopathy. According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， the pathogenicity of hidden pathogen is concealing， lingering， and refractory. On the basis of the syndrome and treatment of collateral diseases， vessel-collateral theory， and hidden pathogen theory of TCM， the pathological changes of diabetic macroangiopathy are summarized as pathogen concealment-accumulation of sugar and lipids leading to phlegm and blood stasis-accumulation of toxins-damage to vessels and collaterals-hardening vessels. The core pathogenesis is the hidden pathogen damaging the collaterals， and the basic pathological change is vessel hardening. The toxins of sugar， lipid， phlegm， and stasis are the pathological products and the key to be treated. According to this theory， the medicinal materials with the functions of activating blood to dredging collaterals， resolving phlegm to clearing collaterals， Promoting qi to unblocking collaterals and removing toxins to shunting collaterals can be selected for prescription. These medicinal materials can inhibit the generation of reactive oxygen species， affect the oxidase activity， and enhance the antioxidant capacity， thereby regulating the oxidative stress response， protecting the vascular endothelial function， reducing the damage of the large blood vessels， and slowing down the progression of the disease. Such therapy is of great significance in clinical practice and research， providing a new idea for the prevention and treatment of diabetic macroangiopathy.

Preliminary study on mechanism of electroacupuncture with the involvement of SERCA2a/PLB on the synergistic and attenuated effect of aconitine in treatment of heart failure / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the mechanism of electroacupuncture (EA) with the involvement of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca@*METHODS@#Thirty SPF-ranked SD rats were randomly divided into a control group, a model group, an EA group, an aconitine group and an EA plus aconitine group, with 6 rats in each group. The rat model of acute heart failure was established by infusion of high-dose propranolol hydrochloride solution into the right femoral vein. After stabilized for 10 min in the modeled rats, EA was exerted at "Neiguan" (PC 6), with disperse-dense wave, 2 Hz/15 Hz in frequency, 3 mA in intensity, for 30 min in the EA group and the EA plus aconitine group; aconitine solution (10 μg/kg) was injected from the left femoral veins in the rats in the aconitine group and the EA plus aconitine group. Hemodynamic indexes such as the left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP) and the maximum rate of increase/decrease of left ventricular pressure (±dp/dt@*RESULTS@#Compared with the control group, LVSP and ±dp/dt@*CONCLUSION@#The intervention with electroacupuncture achieves the synergism/ attenuation effect of aconitine for the improvements in heart failure probably by up-regulating the expression of SERCA2a and down-regulating the expression of PLB in myocardial tissue.

Postoperative Survival of Triple Negative Breast Cancer Patients After High Exposure to Traditional Chinese Medicine： A Cohort Study / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the 3-year survival outcomes of postoperative patients after high exposure to traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） for triple negative breast cancer （TNBC）. Method:The complete 3-year follow-up data of 150 postoperative patients with stage I–III TNBC were retrospectively analyzed. All the patients received routine western medical treatments （surgery， chemotherapy， and/or radiotherapy） according to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network （NCCN） clinical practice guidelines in oncology as well as TCM. According to the degree of exposure to TCM， they were divided into the high- and low-exposure cohorts， with the oral administration of Chaihu Longmu Decoction with or without anti-cancer Chinese patent medicine for at least six months annually， or 18 months or more in the three years as the inclusion criterion for the former cohort. The metastatic sites of recurrent TNBC and the recurrent metastasis/death time were observed in both cohorts to compare the disease-free survival （DFS） and overall survival （OS）. The influences of onset age， pathological type， histopathological grade， vascular invasion， clinical stage， and exposure to TCM on survival were subjected to statistical analysis， followed by the observation of adverse effects. Result:There was no significant difference in the metastatic sites between the two cohorts （<italic>P</italic>>0.05）. The high-exposure cohort had a longer 3-year DFS than the low-exposure cohort， and the 3-year DFS rate in the high-exposure cohort was increased by 16.9% （χ²=6.995， <italic>P</italic>=0.008） as compared with that in the low-exposure cohort， exhibiting a significant difference （<italic>P</italic><0.05）. As revealed by the Cox proportional-hazards model， patients in the low-exposure cohort had a 3.724-fold as high risk of recurrent metastasis as that in the high-exposure cohort （95%CI 1.399~9.915）. There was no significant difference in the 3-year OS between the two cohorts （<italic>P</italic>>0.05）. The overall incidence of adverse effects in both groups was 7.3%， mainly manifested as gastrointestinal discomfort. Conclusion:High exposure to TCM contributes to reducing postoperative recurrence and metastasis and prolonging DFS.

Discussion on Regulating AGEs to Improve Diabetic Macrovascular Disease Based on Fu-xie Theory / 中国实验方剂学杂志

The long-term existence of hyperglycemia leads to the occurrence of metabolic memory effect， which is an important reason for the formation of diabetic macrovascular disease， so the early control of metabolic memory is the key to the prevention and treatment of diabetes and its complications. The excessive formation of advanced glycation end products （AGEs） is not only an important factor to cause metabolic memory， but also the core mechanism for diabetic macrovascular disease. It is believed in traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） that Fu-xie （incubative pathogen） is the key pathogenesis of the formation of diabetic vascular diseases， and it is necessary to adopt the principle of removing pathogenic factors and opening collaterals as early as possible to prevent and cure the disease. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period， the theory of Fu-xie was germinated， and got mature in the Ming and Qing dynasties after the continuous development. The so-called Fu-xie means that the pathogens are of a potential nature but not cause diseases immediately. The theory of Fu-xie first appeared in Huangdi Neijing， with an original meaning of epidemic febrile disease occurring after incubation， and then its meaning continues to expand， now referring to all potential pathogenic factors that would not immediately cause diseases. As the cause and pathogenesis of many diseases， the theory of Fu-xie is widely used in clinical practice to guide the treatment of diseases. In the body， the accumulation of AEGs can induce the subsequent cascade effect in the body， and finally promote the formation and development of diabetic macrovascular diseases. This is very similar to the process of inducing metabolic disorder and disease in TCM due to the accumulation of phlegm and silt. Therefore， under the guidance of Fu-xie theory， the mechanism of AEGs in blocking metabolic memory and preventing and treating diabetic macrovascular disease was analyzed in this paper. On the one hand， it will provide a scientific basis for the exploration of Fu-xie theory affecting the disease course of diabetic macrovascular disease by regulating the generation of AEGs. On the other hand， it can also provide the material change basis for the development of Fu-xie theory in the occurrence and development of diabetic macroangiopathy.

Explore Ying and Wei Regulating Therapy on Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy from Perspective of Neural Microenvironment / 中国实验方剂学杂志

A good neural microenvironment is an important basis for improving the damaged nerves and promoting axonal repair and regeneration. The destruction of neural microenvironment， closely related to the lack of neurotrophic factors， microcirculation disorders and immune abnormalities， is the key pathogenesis leading to diabetic peripheral neuropathy （DPN）. In traditional Chinese medicine， disharmony between Ying and Wei is considered as the key pathology in the development of DPN. It may be manifested as Ying and Wei deficiency， or Ying and Wei impassability， or Ying， Wei， Qi and blood intersection disorders， all of which may cause body fluid condensed into phlegm， blood into blood stasis， further leading to the mutual knot of phlegm and blood stasis， meridian obstruction， numbness and pain of limbs. "Regulating Ying and Wei and tonifying spleen and stomach" is the main therapeutic idea to promote intersection between Ying and Wei and unblock Qi and blood. The method has a significant effect on DPN. However， the current studies on the mechanism of regulating Ying and Wei in the treatment of DPN are still in lack of in-depth discussion， and the studies are mostly limited to the microcirculation disorders. Numerous studies have confirmed that the courses and distribution， physiological characteristics， functions of Ying and Wei are closely related to nerve， immune， metabolic substances and microcirculation. Based on the modern medicine essence of Ying and Wei， the author thinks that the discussion on connotation of the Ying and Wei from the perspective of neural microenvironment has a scientific basis， and regulating Ying and Wei is not only inherited from the traditional Chinese medicine theory， but also conforms to the modern understanding on DPN pathogenesis and treatment. Regulating Ying and Wei and smoothing middle-jiao can improve neural microenvironment and give play to the role of restoring damaged nerve， and its mechanism may be related to regulating neurotrophic factors， immune active substances， metabolites， and microcirculation dysfunction.

Mechanism of Therapeutic Methods for Activating Blood and Removing Blood Stasis in Treatment of Cerebral Hemorrhage / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) refers to the primary non-traumatic parenchymal hemorrhage, which is one of the common cerebrovascular diseases, with a high incidence, rapid development, slow recovery and high disabling rate. After intracerebral hemorrhage, a series of pathological changes occur in the brain tissue, such as local hematoma and its space occupying effect, secondary cerebral edema, death of brain cells and destruction of blood-brain barrier, which may lead to brain injury and neurological defects, seriously affect the quality of life of patients, and even endanger the life. Therefore, it is great medical value to find effective therapeutic methods and drugs, explore the mechanisms and targets for improving neurological function, reduce sequelae and improve the quality of life of patients. According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), cerebral hemorrhage belongs to " abnormal flow of the blood" , which equals to blood stasis. In recent years, scholars conducted extensive research on drugs for promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis with modern scientific methods, and made in-depth discussion for the mechanism, and found that therapies for activating blood and removing blood stasis, plays a key role in intervening a series of physiological and pathological changes after cerebral hemorrhage, with significant curative effects in removing hematoma, improving the microcirculation and reducing the mortality and morbidity. This article summarized drugs for promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis (Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Hirudo), formulas (Buyang Huanwu Tang, Didangtang, Naoxueshu oral liquid, Tongqiao Huoxuetang) and compound injections (Danhong injection) for the treatment of cerebral hemorrhage targets, and discussed the experimental research progress TCM for promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis in treatment of cerebral hemorrhage in terms of promoting hematoma absorption, reducing brain edema and apoptosis, promoting angiogenesis, inhibiting the inflammatory response, and promoting the repair and regeneration of nerve tissue in nearly five years, and summarized the therapeutic mechanism, so as to provide scientific basis for clinical application of the therapeutic methods for activating blood and removing stasis to treat cerebral hemorrhage and the modern scientific research.

Effect of electroacupuncture postconditioning on expression of microRNA-1 in rats with arrhythmia induced by myocardial ischemia-reperfusion / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the effect of electroacupuncture postconditioning on the expression of microRNA-1 (miRNA-1) in rats with arrhythmias induced by myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R).Methods:Twenty-four clean-grade healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 2-3 months, weighing 280-320 g, were divided into 3 groups ( n=8 each) using a random number table method: sham operation group (S group), I/R group and electroacupuncture postconditioning group (EP group). The model of myocardial reperfusion arrhythmia was established by ligating the left anterior descending branch of coronary artery for 30 min followed by 30-min reperfusion in anesthetized rats.The artery was only isolated without ligation after thoracotomy in group S. Bilateral Neiguan acupoints were stimulated for 30 min starting from the time point immediately after reperfusion in EP group.The occurrence of arrhythmia during reperfusion was recorded.The rats were sacrificed at 30 min of reperfusion, and hearts were removed for examination of the pathological changes of the myocardium and for determination of miRNA-1 expression (by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction) and expression of Kir2.1 and connexin 43 (Cx43) (by Western blot). Results:Compared with S group, the incidence of arrhythmia was significantly increased, the expression of miRNA-1 was up-regulated, and the expression of Kir2.1 and Cx43 was down-regulated in I/R and EP groups ( P<0.05). Compared with I/R group, the incidence of arrhythmia was significantly decreased, the expression of miRNA-1 was down-regulated, and the expression of Kir2.1 and Cx43 was up-regulated in EP group ( P<0.05). The pathological changes of myocardium were accentuated in I/R and EP groups when compared with S group, and the pathological changes were significantly attenuated in EP group when compared with I/R group. Conclusion:The mechanism by which electroacupuncture postconditioning reduces the occurrence of reperfusion arrhythmia is related to up-regulation of Kir2.1 and Cx43 expression after down-regulation of miRNA-1 expression in rats.

Effect of electroacupuncture on electrophysiological characteristics of ventricular myocardium during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion in rats / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on electrophysiological characteristics of ventricular myocardium during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in rats.Methods:Twenty-four clean-grade healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 280-320 g, were divided into 3 groups ( n=8 each) using a random number table method: sham operation group (group SH), I/R group and group EA.The model of myocardial I/R injury was established by ligating the left anterior descending branch of coronary artery for 30 min followed by 30-min reperfusion in anesthetized rats.Bilateral Neiguan acupoints in forelimbs were stimulated for 30 min during the period of reperfusion in group EA.Heart rate (HR), monophasic action potential amplitude (MAPA), maximum depolarization rate (V max), and monophasic action potential duration at 90% repolarization (MAPD 90) were recorded.The development of arrhythmias and arrhythmias score were recorded during reperfusion. Results:Compared with group SH, HR was significantly decreased, MAPA and V max were decreased, MAPD 90 was prolonged, and the incidence of ventricular premature beat, ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation and arrhythmias score were increased at T 1, 2 in I/R and EA groups ( P<0.05). Compared with group I/R, HR was significantly increased, MAPA and V max were increased, MAPD 90 was shortened, and the incidence of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation and arrhythmias score were decreased at T 2 in EA group ( P<0.05). Conclusion:EA can accelerate myocardial depolarization and shorten repolarization, thus decreasing the occurrence of reperfusion arrhythmia in rats.

Establishment of quality control method for biological activity of Honghua injection / 中国药理学通报

Aim To establish a method for determining the antithrombotic biological activity of Honghua injection, which can be used to evaluate and control its quality. Methods Collagen-adrenalin was used to induce mouse acute cerebral thrombosis model and hemiplegic protection rate of Honghua injection in mice as an index to investigate the antithrombotic activity of Honghua injection. The experimental conditions of the administration dosage, inducer dosage, and different strains of mice were investigated, and the experimental conditions were optimized by orthogonal design. Results Honghua injection which was made by 5. 0 g crude drug · kg-1and continuously ip for 3 d, had obvious protective effect on collagen-adrenalin-induced acute cerebral thrombosis in mice. The established biological activity limit method showed a good repeatability, intermediate precision, and reproducibility. Each sample showed different degrees of differences in biological activity. Conclusions The thrombus test in mice can be used as a method for measuring the biological activity of Honghua injection. It is recommended to use 5. 0 g crude drug · kg-1dose as the limit for bioactive process optimization and product quality controlment of Honghua injection.

Clinical Efficacy Evaluation of Abdominal Acupuncture plus Cervical Curvature Traction for Cervical Spondylosis of Vertebral Artery Type / 上海针灸杂志

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of abdominal acupuncture plus cervical curvature traction in treating cervical spondylosis of vertebral artery type. Method Eighty patients with cervical spondylosis of vertebral artery type were divided by the random number table into two groups, with 40 cases in each group. The treatment group was intervened by abdominal acupuncture plus cervical curvature traction, and the control group was given oral administration of flunarizine. The two groups were compared before and after treatment in terms of clinical symptom score, cervical vertigo symptom and function assessment scale, and hemodynamics, etc. Result Both groups attained significant efficacy, and the total effective rate was 92.5％ in the treatment group, markedly higher than 77.5％ in the control group (P<0.05); the score of cervical spondylosis symptom scale in the treatment group was higher than that in the control group after treatment, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05); after treatment, the evaluations of vertigo, neck-shoulder pain, headache, daily living and work, mental and social adaptation were significantly improved in both groups (P<0.01). Conclusion Abdominal acupuncture plus cervical curvature traction can obviously improve symptoms such as vertigo, neck-shoulder pain, headache, daily living and work, and mental and social adaptation, and boost the blood flow velocity of vertebrobasilar artery in patients with cervical spondylosis of vertebral artery type. The achievement of therapeutic efficacy is associated with the improvement of vertebrobasilar blood supply.

Analysis on the dominant diseases treated with spreading moxibustion therapy based on randomized controlled trials / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the indications and dominant diseases of the spreading moxibustion therapy.@*METHODS@#By retrieving 7 databases of both Chinese and English version, such as CNKI, WANFANG, VIP and PubMed, the eligible articles of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) treated with spreading moxibustion therapy were collected. The number of annual publications, the number of each disease system, the indications and dominant diseases involved in the related articles were analyzed statistically, as well as the number of cases and the corresponding clinical effective rates.@*RESULTS@#A total of 182 articles were included, including 40 indications for the spreading moxibustion and covering 9 major disease systems. Specially, the indications in the motor system were maximal in number, accounting for 17.50% (7/40) of the total number of indications. The number of indications in the digestive system was on the second top, accounting for 15.00% (6/40). The dominant diseases were mainly distributed in motor system, respiratory system, nervous system and gynecological system. There were 3 dominant diseases in motor system, i.e. ankylosing spondylitis, back pain and rheumatoid arthritis; 1 dominant disease, i.e. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the respiratory system, 1 dominant disease, i.e. primary dysmenorrheal in the gynecological system and 1 dominant disease, i.e. post-stroke paralysis in the nervous system.@*CONCLUSION@#At present, the indications of the spreading moxibustion therapy are widely distributed and the dominant diseases are concentrated, representatively by ankylosing spondylitis. But, the indications and the dominant diseases of spreading moxibustion are changeable dynamically and the disease spectrum of spreading moxibustion needs to be further explored.

Relationship between acupuncture sensations of and different organizational structures of acupoint area / 中国针灸

Acupuncture sensation, as one of the essential signs of (arrival of ), is closely associated with curative effect. With systematically reviewing the literature regarding relationship between acupuncture sensations of and different organizational structures of acupoint area (skin, connective tissue, muscles, nerves and blood vessels), it is believed that acupuncture sensation of is the product of various organizational structures in acupoint area, which is closely related to the nervous system. The sensations sensed by the hands of acupuncturists, which is called sense of needle stagnation, maybe caused by the contraction of muscles in the acupoint area during the process of needle manipulation. By system review, this paper puts forward a new research idea to explore the role of different manipulations of needling in generating the sense of -generating needle based on different acupoint structure and brain function response system, which could provide some reference for clarifying the scientific mechanism and clinical application of acupuncture sensations of .