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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Almond consumption has an inverse relationship with obesity and factors related to metabolic syndrome. However, the results of available clinical trials are inconsistent. Therefore, we analyzed the results of 37 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and evaluated the association of almond consumption with subjective appetite scores and body compositions. METHODS: Net changes in bodyweight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), fat mass (FM), body fat percent, fat-free mass (FFM), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and subjective appetite scores were used to calculate the effect size, which was reported as a weighted mean differences (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: This meta-analysis was performed on 37 RCTs with 43 treatment arms. The certainty in the evidence was very low for appetite indices, body fat percent, FFM, VAT, and WHR, and moderate for other parameters as assessed by the GRADE evidence profiles. Pooled effect sizes indicated a significant reducing effect of almond consumption on body weight (WMD: -0.45 kg, 95% CI: -0.85, -0.05, p = 0.026), WC (WMD: -0.66 cm, 95% CI: -1.27, -0.04, p = 0.037), FM (WMD: -0.66 kg, 95% CI: -1.16, -0.17, p = 0.009), and hunger score (WMD: -1.15 mm, 95% CI: -1.98, -0.32, p = 0.006) compared with the control group. However, almond did not have a significant effect on BMI (WMD: -0.20 kg m-2, 95% CI: -0.46, 0.05, p = 0.122), body fat percent (WMD: -0.39%, 95% CI: -0.93, 0.14, p = 0.154), FFM (WMD: -0.06, 95% CI: -0.47, 0.34, p = 0.748), WHR (WMD: -0.04, 95% CI: -0.12, 0.02, p = 0.203), VAT (WMD: -0.33 cm, 95% CI: -0.99, 0.32), fullness (WMD: 0.46 mm, 95% CI: -0.95, 1.88), desire to eat (WMD: 0.98 mm, 95% CI: -4.13, 2.23), and prospective food consumption (WMD: 1.08 mm, 95% CI: -2.11, 4.28). Subgroup analyses indicated that consumption of ≥50 g almonds per day resulted in a significant and more favorable improvement in bodyweight, WC, FM, and hunger score. Body weight, WC, FM, body fat percent, and hunger scores were decreased significantly in the trials that lasted for ≥12 weeks and in the subjects with a BMI < 30 kg/m2. Furthermore, a significant reduction in body weight and WC was observed in those trials that used a nut-free diet as a control group, but not in those using snacks and other nuts. The results of our analysis suggest that almond consumption may significantly improve body composition indices and hunger scores when consumed at a dose of ≥50 g/day for ≥12 weeks by individuals with a BMI < 30 kg/m2. CONCLUSION: However, further well-constructed randomized clinical trials are needed in order ascertain the outcome of our analysis.
Subject(s)
Appetite , Body Composition , Body Weight , Obesity , Prunus dulcis , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Humans , Body Composition/physiology , Appetite/physiology , Obesity/diet therapy , Body Mass Index , Dietary Supplements , Waist CircumferenceABSTRACT
Capparis zeylanica L. is a climbing shrub distributed in Indian subcontinent and Mediterranean region. Almost all parts of the plant are used in folk medicine and traditional practices to treat several human ailments. The present study was aimed to investigate the role of C. zeylanica L. root extract in preventing cancerous cells growth and proliferation, as well as promoting apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Methanolic extract of C. zeylanica L. (MECz) was prepared and characterized by LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. In vitro cytotoxicity and anti-proliferative activity of MECz was evaluated by MTT assay, while cell viability, apoptosis and cell cycle progression by Muse Cell analyzer. Furthermore, the mRNA and protein expressions of EMT markers were assessed using qRT-PCR and western blotting techniques, respectively. The MECz was found to be rich in phenolic compounds including chlorogenic acid, 6-gingerol, and certain triterpenes like ursolic acid etc. The apparent anti-metastasis activity of MECz was evident from IC50 value of 19.12 and 24.22 µg/mL, respectively, on MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells in MTT assay. An absolute decrease in cell viability (78.1-53.4% and 89.9-49.0%), augmented apoptosis (90.98-48.25% and 88.25-47.70%) and S phase, G2/M phase cell cycle arrest was found by MECz treatment on MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. The gene expression studies revealed that MECz could significantly (p < 0.001) regulate the expression of EMT markers such as snail, slug, zeb-1, twist-1, fibronectin, vimentin and E-cadherin at molecular level. These findings demonstrate that C. zeylanica L. root extract inhibits breast cancer cells growth and proliferation through regulating the expression of key EMT marker genes and proteins. Thus, MECz may be suggested as a potential anti-metastasis agent in the treatment of breast cancer.
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ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Senna petersiana (Bolle) is a native South African medicinal shrub combined locally with other plant products to manage diabetes or used as a single therapy for several other ailing conditions. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study evaluated the antidiabetic and antilipidemic effects of S. petersiana leaf ethanol extract and its modulatory effects on dysregulated enzyme activities in fructose-fed streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six groups of 6-weeks old male Sprague Dawley rats were used in this study. Diabetes was induced in four of the groups by injecting (i.p.) 40 mg/kg of streptozotocin after a two-weeks feeding of 10% fructose via drinking water, while animals in the two normal groups were given similar volume of vehicle buffer and normal drinking water, respectively. After the confirmation of diabetes, treatment with 150 and 300 mg/kg body weight of the ethanolic leaf extract of S. petersiana proceeded for a period of 6 weeks. RESULTS: Oral administration of S. petersiana leaf extract significantly lowered blood glucose, food and liquid intake, glycosylhaemoglobin in blood, liver and cardiac biomarkers, and lipid profile in serum and atherogenic index (AIP) in both the low and high-dose treated animal groups. This was accompanied by a simultaneous increase in Homeostatic Model Assessment-beta (HOMA-ß) score, serum high-density lipoproteins cholesterol (HDL-c), and insulin levels. It also improved pancreatic and serum-reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, catalase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes activities with a simultaneous reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) concentrations. Moreover, the extract modulated dysregulated α-amylase, lipase, cholinesterase, and 5' nucleotidase enzyme activities in pancreatic tissue as well as glycogen metabolism in the liver. Analysis of the phytochemicals in the S. petersiana extract showed the presence of phytol, 4a,7,7,10a-tetramethyldodecahydrobenzo[f]-chromen-3-ol, phytol acetate, solasodine glucoside, cassine, veratramine and solasodine acetate. Amongst these compounds, solasodine glucoside had the best binding energy (ΔG) with the selected diabetes-linked enzymes via molecular docking simulation. CONCLUSION: Data from this study demonstrate the antidiabetic effects of S. petersiana leaf extract via the modulation of the dysregulated indices involved in type 2 diabetes and its associated complications. Although it has been shown safe in animals, further toxicological studies are required to ensure its safety for diabetes management in humans.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Drinking Water , Humans , Rats , Animals , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Streptozocin , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/chemically induced , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/therapeutic use , Fructose , Molecular Docking Simulation , Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Hypoglycemic Agents/analysis , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Homeostasis , Blood GlucoseABSTRACT
This present study investigated the antioxidative and antidiabetic properties of kolaviron by analysing its inhibitory effect on key metabolic activities linked to T2D, in vitro and ex vivo. Kolaviron significantly inhibited α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities, and intestinal glucose absorption dose-dependently, while promoting muscle glucose uptake. Induction of oxidative pancreatic injury significantly depleted glutathione level, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ATPase activities, while elevating malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels, acetylcholinesterase and chymotrypsin activities. These levels and activities were significantly reversed in tissues treated with kolaviron. Kolaviron depleted oxidative-induced metabolites, with concomitant restoration of oxidative-depleted metabolites. It also inactivated oxidative-induced ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, fructose and mannose metabolism, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, and arginine and proline metabolism, while reactivating selenocompound metabolism. These results depict the antidiabetic properties of kolaviron as indicated by its ability to attenuate oxidative-induced enzyme activities and dysregulated metabolisms, and modulated the enzyme activities linked to hyperglycaemia.
Subject(s)
Acetylcholinesterase , Glucose , Glucose/metabolism , Acetylcholinesterase/metabolism , Oxidative Stress , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Antioxidants/metabolism , Flavonoids/pharmacology , Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology , Muscles , Plant Extracts/pharmacologyABSTRACT
The antidiabetic potentials of the dichloromethene, ethyl acetate, butanol and aqueous fractions of Bridelia ferruginea leaves were investigated using in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo models. In vitro and ex vivo antidiabetic activities revealed the butanol (BFBF) to be the most active of the fractions, and thus selected for in vivo study. Diabetes was induced using the fructose-streptozotocin model. Treatments with BFBF significantly reduced blood glucose level and improved glucose tolerance, serum insulin level and sensitivity as well as suppressed hyperlipidaemia and serum nephropathy markers. Histopathological analysis revealed the ability of BFBF to protect and regenerate pancreatic ß-cells. BFBF significantly elevated glutathione level, catalase and superoxide dismutase activities, while depleting MDA level in serums and kidney of diabetic rats. Phenols, steroids, terpenoids, aliphatic and aromatic compounds were identified in the fractions following GC-MS analysis. Overall, results from this study propose that BFBF possess potent antidiabetic activity.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental , Glucose , Rats , Animals , Glucose/metabolism , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Butanols , Blood Glucose/metabolismABSTRACT
There are increasing concerns on the rising cases of diabetes mellitus with type 2 diabetes (T2D) being of major interest as well as the cost of its treatment. Plant phenolic compounds are natural and potent antioxidants that have been widely reported for their antidiabetic activities properties, one of which is ferulic acid. The effect of ferulic acid (FA) on major diabetogenic activities and pancreatic architecture linked to T2D was investigated in T2D rats. T2D was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats using the fructose-streptozotocin model. Diabetic rats were treated with FA at 150 or 300 mg/kg bodyweight (bw). Normal control consisted of rats administered with food and water, while diabetic control consisted of untreated diabetic rats. Metformin was used as the standard drug. The rats were humanely sacrificed after 5 weeks of treatment. Their blood, liver, and pancreas were collected for analysis. Total glycogen content and carbohydrate metabolic enzymes activities were analyzed in the liver, while the pancreas and serum from blood were analyzed for oxidative stress biomarkers, purinergic and cholinergic enzyme activities, and amylase and lipase activities. The pancreatic tissue was further subjected to microscopic and histological examinations. FA caused a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in blood glucose level, with concomitant increase in serum insulin level. Treatment with FA also led to elevated levels of GSH, HDL-c, SOD, and catalase activities, while concomitantly suppressing malondialdehyde, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-c, NO, ALT, AST, creatinine, urea, and uric acid levels, acetylcholinesterase, ATPase, ENTPDase, 5'-nucleotidase, lipase, glycogen phosphorylase, glucose-6-phosphatase, and fructose-1,6-biphosphatase activities. Histology analysis revealed an intact pancreatic morphology in FA-treated diabetic rats. While transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed an intact pancreatic ultrastructure and increased number of insulin granules in ß-cells. Taken together, these results portray that the antidiabetic potentials of ferulic acid involves modulation of major diabetogenic activities and maintenance of the pancreatic ultrastructure architecture.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Rats , Animals , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Acetylcholinesterase/metabolism , Acetylcholinesterase/pharmacology , Acetylcholinesterase/therapeutic use , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Pancreas , Insulin/metabolism , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Homeostasis , Lipase/metabolism , Lipase/pharmacology , Lipase/therapeutic use , Glucose/metabolism , Blood Glucose , Plant Extracts/pharmacologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The effect of Alstonia boonei fractions on glucose homeostasis was investigated via in vitro enzyme inhibition activity, ex vivo glucose uptake assay, and in vivo methods in diabetic rats. METHODOLOGY: A. boonei fractions were subjected to in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory assay and then ex vivo glucose uptake activity. The butanol fraction of the leaves (ABBF) was picked for the in vivo assay since it showed more activity in the initial tests conducted. ABBF was administrated via oral dosing to six-weeks old fructose-fed STZ-induced type 2 diabetic rats over a 5-week experimental period. RESULTS: ABBF treatment at a low dose of 150 mg/kg bw, significantly (p < .05) reduced blood glucose level, enhanced oral glucose tolerance ability, restored insulin secretion and hepatic glycogen synthesis as well as promoted islet regeneration than the high dose (300 mg/kg bw). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that ABBF could be exploited as a therapeutic potential for treating T2D.
Subject(s)
Alstonia , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental , Rats , Animals , Hypoglycemic Agents/adverse effects , Butanols/adverse effects , Plant Extracts/therapeutic use , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/chemically induced , 1-Butanol/adverse effects , Oxidative Stress , Glucose/adverse effects , Plant Leaves , Blood GlucoseABSTRACT
Uncontrolled hyperglycemia or poorly managed disease increases the propensity for a number of diabetes-related complications targeting major organs including the heart, eyes, and kidney. Although the mechanisms by which diabetes induces cardiovascular diseases include oxidative stress and inflammation, when insulin resistance remains the key to the pathogenesis, as implicated in the two reviews in this issue. This editorial mainly comments on the potential preventive application of glycyrrhetinic acid (or 18ß-GA) in relation to diabetic nephropathy. The thera-peutic or preventive effects of 18ß-GA, as a hydrolytic product of glycyrrhizic acid that is a component of licorice, have been appreciated in other disorders, but have received much less attention in relation to diabetic complications. A study in this issue has identified 18ß-GA as a therapeutic for preventing diabetic nephropathy and provides evidence to support efficacy in cultured human renal tubule cells in vitro. Although it represents a pilot study, the observations support a new therapeutic approach that warrants further ex-ploration.
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Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a global health challenge with increased morbidity and mortality rates yearly. Herbal medicine has provided an alternative approach to treating T2D with limited access to formal healthcare. Tectona grandis is being used traditionally in the treatment of diabetes. The present study investigated the antidiabetic potential of T. grandis leaves in different solvent extractions, and the crude extract that demonstrated the best activity was further fractionated through solvent-solvent partitioning. The ethyl acetate fraction of the ethanol crude extract showed the best antidiabetic activity in inhibiting α-glucosidase, delaying glucose absorption at the small intestine's lumen, and enhancing the muscle's postprandial glucose uptake. The ethyl acetate fraction was further elucidated for its ability to reduce hyperglycemia in diabetic rats. The ethyl acetate fraction significantly reduced high blood glucose levels in diabetic rats with concomitant modulation in stimulated insulin secretions through improved pancreatic ß-cell function, insulin sensitivity by increasing liver glycogen content, and reduced elevated levels of liver glucose-6-phosphatase activity. These activities could be attributed to the phytochemical constituents of the plant.
Subject(s)
Acetates , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Hyperglycemia , Animals , Rats , Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Streptozocin , Glucose , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy , Hyperglycemia/drug therapy , Fructose , SolventsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Community pharmacy professionals have great potential to deliver various public health services aimed at improving service access, particularly in countries with a shortage of health professionals. However, little is known about their involvement in child health service provision in Ethiopia. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of involvement of community pharmacy professionals in child health service provision within Ethiopia. METHODS: A multi-center cross-sectional survey was conducted among 238 community pharmacy professionals from March to July 2020 in Amhara regional state of Ethiopia. Independent samples t-test and one way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to test the mean difference. RESULTS: Most community pharmacy professionals were 'involved' in providing child health services related to 'advice about vitamins/supplements' (46.6%), 'advice about infant milk/formulas' (47.1%) and 'responding to minor symptoms' (50.8%) for children. The survey revealed that, community pharmacy professionals were less frequently involved in providing childhood 'vaccination' services. Further, level of involvement of community pharmacy professionals differed according to participants' licensure level, setting type, responsibility in the facility and previous training experience in child health services. CONCLUSION: Community pharmacy professionals have been delivering various levels of child health services, demonstrating ability and capacity in improving access to child health services in Ethiopia. However, there is a need for training and government support to optimize pharmacist engagement and contribution to service delivery.
Subject(s)
Child Health Services , Community Pharmacy Services , Pharmacies , Child , Humans , Cross-Sectional Studies , Ethiopia , Cities , Pharmacists , VitaminsABSTRACT
In this current study, the antidiabetic effectiveness of Hibiscus sabdariffa and its protective function against Fe2+ -induced oxidative hepatic injury were elucidated using in vitro, in silico, and ex vivo studies. The oxidative damage was induced in hepatic tissue by incubation with 0.1 mMolar ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) and then treated with different concentrations of crude extracts (ethyl acetate, ethanol, and aqueous) of H. sabdariffa flowers for 30 min at 37°C. When compared to ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts, the ethanolic extract displayed the most potent scavenging activity in ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and nitric oxide (NO) assays, with IC50 values of 2.8 µl/ml, 3.3 µl/ml, and 9.2 µl/ml, respectively. The extracts significantly suppressed α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities (p < .05), with the ethanolic extract demonstrating the highest activity. H. sabdariffa significantly (p < .05) raised reduced glutathione (GSH) levels while simultaneously decreasing malondihaldehyde (MDA) and NO levels and increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activity in Fe2+ induced oxidative hepatic injury. The extract of the plant inhibited intestinal glucose absorption and increased muscular glucose uptake. The extract revealed the presence of several phenolic compounds when submitted to gas chromatography-mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) screening, which was docked with α-glucosidase and α- amylase. The molecular docking displayed the compound 4-(3,5-Di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)butyl acrylate strongly interacted with α-glucosidase and α-amylase and had the lowest free binding energy compared to other compounds and acarbose. These results suggest that H. sabdariffa has promising antioxidant and antidiabetic activity. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: In recent years, there has been increased concern about the side effects of synthetic anti-diabetic drugs, as well as their expensive cost, especially in impoverished nations. This has instigated a radical shift towards the use of traditional plants, which are rich in phytochemicals many years ago. Among these plants, H. sabdariffa has been used to treat diabetes in traditional medicine. In this present study, H. sabdariffa extracts demonstrated the ability to inhibit carbohydrate digesting enzymes, facilitate muscle glucose uptake and attenuate oxidative stress in oxidative hepatic injury. Hence, demonstrating H. sabdariffa's potential to protect against oxidative damage and the complications associated with diabetes. Consumption of Hibiscus tea or juice may be a potential source for developing an anti-diabetic drug.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus , Hibiscus , Glucose/metabolism , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Antioxidants/metabolism , Hibiscus/chemistry , alpha-Glucosidases/metabolism , Molecular Docking Simulation , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Oxidative Stress , Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology , Diabetes Mellitus/drug therapy , Muscles/metabolism , alpha-Amylases/metabolismABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The antidiabetic potential of caffeic acid in fructose/streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats was examined in this study. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were supplied with 10% fructose solution for 14 days followed by an intraperitoneal injection of 40 mg/kg bw streptozotocin to induce type 2 diabetes (T2D). Rats were treated with both low (150 mg/kg bw) and high (300 mg/kg bw) doses of caffeic acid for 5 weeks, while the positive control group was treated with metformin (200 mg/kg bw). KEY FINDINGS: Treatment with caffeic acid significantly decreased blood glucose levels and elevated serum insulin levels while improving glucose tolerance, pancreatic ß-cell function and morphology. It also led to a significant reduction of serum cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol, ALT, AST, creatinine, urea and uric acid levels, while increasing HDL cholesterol levels. Caffeic acid significantly (P < 0.05) elevated hepatic glycogen level, serum and pancreatic glutathione level, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities with a concomitant decrease in malondialdehyde level, α-amylase, lipase, adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (ENTPDase), 5'-nucleotidase (5'-NTD) and acetylcholinesterase activities. CONCLUSION: The results suggest caffeic acid as a potent natural product with therapeutic effects against T2D. Further molecular and clinical studies are, however, required to ascertain these findings.
Subject(s)
Caffeic Acids , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Dyslipidemias , Acetylcholinesterase , Animals , Blood Glucose , Caffeic Acids/pharmacology , Cholesterol , Cholinergic Agents , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/chemically induced , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Dyslipidemias/chemically induced , Dyslipidemias/drug therapy , Fructose/adverse effects , Homeostasis , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Male , Oxidative Stress , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Streptozocin/pharmacologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The recovery approach involves providing a holistic and integrated service that is centered on and adapts to the aspirations and needs of consumers, who are seen as the expert on their health and well-being. Evidence is needed to address the current ambiguities related to the concept of recovery and its application. AIM: A scoping review was conducted to identify papers describing theories, models, and frameworks of recovery to delineate the central domains of recovery. METHODS: Three literature search strategies were used: electronic database searching; hand-searching of key journals; and a reference list review of included papers. Inclusion criteria outlined theories, models and frameworks developed to support consumers' recovery and those supporting mental health professionals (MHPs) to deliver recovery-oriented services. RESULTS: Twelve studies (eleven articles and one book) were included in the review. The dimensions of recovery were synthesized into a framework named the Consolidated Framework for Recovery-oriented Services (CFRS). There are three domains within the framework: mechanisms/strategies; recovery as an internal process; and recovery as an external process. Each of these domains, as well as their relationships, are discussed. CONCLUSIONS: The CFRS can be used by practitioners, researchers, funders, and collaborative members to conceptualize, implement, and evaluate recovery-oriented services.
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Since ancient times, plants have been used as green bioresources to ensure a healthier life by recovering from different diseases. Kattosh (Lasia spinosa L. Thwaites) is a local plant with various traditional uses, especially for arthritis, constipation and coughs. This research investigated the effect of Kattosh stem extract (LSES) on streptozotocin-induced damage to the pancreas, kidney, and liver using in vitro, in vivo and in silico methods. In vitro phytochemical, antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of LSES were accomplished by established methods followed by antidiabetic actions in in vivo randomized controlled intervention in STZ-induced animal models for four weeks. In an in silico study, LSES phytocompounds interacted with antidiabetic receptors of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR, PDB ID: 3G9E), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK, PDB ID: 4CFH) and α-amylase enzyme (PDB ID: 1PPI) to verify the in vivo results. In addition, LSES showed promising in vitro antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. In contrast, it showed a decrease in weekly blood glucose level, normalized lipid profile, ameliorated liver and cardiac markers, managed serum AST and ALT levels, and increased glucose tolerance ability in the animal model study. Restoration of pancreatic and kidney damage was reflected by improving histopathological images. In ligand-receptor interaction, ethyl α-d-glucopyranoside of Kattosh showed the highest affinity for the α-amylase enzyme, PPAR, and AMPK receptors. Results demonstrate that the affinity of Kattosh phytocompounds potentially attenuates pancreatic and kidney lesions and could be approached as an alternative antidiabetic source with further clarification.
Subject(s)
PPAR gamma , Plant Extracts , AMP-Activated Protein Kinases , Animals , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Kidney/pathology , PPAR gamma/metabolism , Pancreas/pathology , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Streptozocin/toxicity , alpha-Amylases/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Alteration in brain glucose metabolism due to glucose uptake reduction has been described in the onset of certain neurodegenerative disorders. This study determined Harpephyllum caffrum fruit's potential ability to improve glucose uptake and its modulatory effects on intrinsic antioxidant, glucogenic, cholinergic, and nucleotide-hydrolyzing enzyme activities in isolated rat brain. Consequently, the bioactive compounds of the fruits were identified with LC-MS. The fruit significantly improved brain glucose uptake following coincubation with glucose and brain tissue. The fruit extract also elevated GSH level, SOD, catalase, glycogen phosphorylase, and ENTPDase activities while simultaneously suppressing NO and malonaldehyde levels and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, ATPase, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities. LC-MS analysis revealed S-methylcysteine sulfoxide, dihydroquercetin, 3,4-dimethyl-2,5-bis(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl) tetrahydrofuran (MTHF), nobiletin, puerarin, quercetin 3-rutinoside, 8-D-glucosyl-4',5,7-trihydroxyflavone, asperulosidic acid, 1,2,4,6-tetragalloylglucose, and phellamurin. This study suggests the neuroprotective effects of H. caffrum fruit due to its ability to enhance glucose uptake, attenuate glucose-induced oxidative stress while modulating glucogenic, cholinergic, and nucleotide-hydrolyzing enzyme activities in normal brain tissues. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Available scientific evidence describes oxidative stress as one of the physiological processes contributing to aging-associated neurodegeneration in humans. In this regard, commonly consumed natural products from plants have attracted much interest due to their ability to mitigate redox imbalance-related pathologies that affect various organs in the body such as the brain. Harpephyllum caffrum or bush mango is an evergreen plant native to the South African vegetation. The fruit from the plant is consumed locally as food or specifically for improving the nutritional quality of meals as deserts or condiments. While previous findings described the high antioxidant properties of the fruits, this study reported possible mechanisms via which the plant may exhibit ameliorative effects against oxidative stress-related neurological disorders in the brain. Hence, findings from the current work present another justification for the significance of fruits as a safer nutraceutical alternative for therapy in neurological disease management.
Subject(s)
Anacardiaceae , Prunus domestica , Acetylcholinesterase/metabolism , Animals , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Brain/metabolism , Butyrylcholinesterase/metabolism , Cholinergic Agents , Fruit/metabolism , Glucose , Humans , Nucleotides , Prunus domestica/metabolism , RatsABSTRACT
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Bridelia ferruginea Benth. (Euphorbiaceae) is among the medicinal plants commonly used for the management of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and its complications. AIM OF THE STUDY: The hepato-therapeutic effect of the butanol fraction of Bridelia ferruginea leaves was investigated in diabetic rats. METHODS: The butanol fraction of B. ferruginea was given to type 2 diabetic rats at both low and high doses (150 and 300 mg/kg bodyweight, respectively), while metformin and glibenclamide served as the standard anti-diabetic drugs. A normal toxicological group was administered a high dose of the fraction. At the end of the experimental period, the rats were sacrificed, and their livers and psoas muscle collected. The liver was assayed for oxidative stress markers, liver glycogen content, lipid metabolite profile (using GC-MS) and their metabolic pathways were analyzed using the MetaboAnalyst 5.0 online server. The expression of GLUT4 was also assayed in the liver and muscle as well as the identification of signaling pathways associated with GLUT4 expression using the Enrichr online server. In silico molecular docking was used to investigate the molecular interactions of some postulated compound found in B. ferruginea with GLUT4. The ability of the fraction to stimulate muscle glucose uptake was determined in isolated rat psoas muscle ex vivo. RESULTS: Treatment with the high dose of fraction caused an inhibition of lipid peroxidation as well as the elevation of catalase, SOD, glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase activities in the rat liver. There was an increased expression of GLUT4 in livers and muscles of diabetic rats following treatment with B. ferruginea. Treatment with the fraction also caused inactivation of diabetes-activated pathways and changes in the distribution of the hepatic lipid metabolites. Molecular docking analysis revealed strong molecular interactions of pyrogallol and sitosterol with GLUT4. CONCLUSIONS: These data illustrate the hepato-protective effect of B. ferruginea in diabetic rats which compare favorably with the tested anti-diabetic drugs (metformin and glibenclamide).
Subject(s)
Euphorbiaceae/chemistry , Glucose Transporter Type 4/metabolism , Insulin/metabolism , Liver/drug effects , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Animals , Catalytic Domain , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects , Glucose Transporter Type 4/genetics , Glyburide/therapeutic use , Lipid Peroxidation , Liver/metabolism , Male , Metformin/therapeutic use , Models, Molecular , Molecular Docking Simulation , Oxidative Stress , Phytotherapy , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Protein Conformation , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Signal Transduction , Up-RegulationABSTRACT
Crassocephalum rubens (C. rubens) is a traditional leafy vegetables (TLV) eaten in parts of Africa for the management of symptoms of diabetes mellitus. This study was done to investigate the in vivo anti-diabetic activity of the aqueous extract of C. rubens aerial parts (CRAQ). Type 2 diabetes (T2D) was induced in male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats by feeding them with a 10% fructose solution for two weeks followed by single dose (40 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. After confirmation of T2D, animals were treated with a low and a high dose (150 and 300 mg/kg body weight) of extract for five weeks. Parameters used as markers of hyperglycemia were analyzed in the samples collected from rats. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used in analyzing the morphological changes of the pancreas. Treatment with high dose of the extract significantly (p < 0.05) lowered blood glucose level, increased oral glucose tolerance level and pancreatic ß-cell function, while restoring the morphology of the pancreatic tissue damage. The high dose also increased insulin secretion, liver glycogen, antioxidant enzyme activities in serum and organs, and prevented liver and renal damages compared to the untreated diabetic animals. Data from this study suggest that C. rubens possesses impressive anti-diabetic activity and could be useful in ameliorating some complications associated with T2D therefore this plant can be exploited in finding new alternative therapies for the treatment of T2D.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Animals , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/chemically induced , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology , Fructose/toxicity , Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology , Insulin , Insulin Secretion , Kidney/pathology , Liver/pathology , Male , Oxidative Stress , Pancreas/metabolism , Pancreas/pathology , Plant Extracts/therapeutic use , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Streptozocin/toxicityABSTRACT
The ethyl acetate, ethanol, and aqueous extracts sequentially obtained from the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina were investigated for their antidiabetic and antioxidant protective effect in oxidative hepatic injury. The extracts showed significant (p < .05) free radical scavenging and reducing power activities. They significantly (p < .05) elevated reduced glutathione level, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities, with concomitant depletion of malondialdehyde level. The ethanol and aqueous extracts caused a removal of oxidative-included chemical functional group at 1,500-1,200 (amide II)/cm region, with the inclusion of a functional group at 3,000-2,800 (carboxylic acid)/cm region. The extracts significantly (p < .05) inhibited the activities of α-glucosidase and α-amylase and stimulated glucose uptake in rat muscles. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis revealed phytol as the predominant compound, with ethanol having the highest concentration. Based on the IC50 values, the ethanol extract exhibited the best activities, followed by the ethyl acetate extract, while the aqueous extract was the least. These results suggest the antioxidative and antidiabetic properties of V. amygdalina as evident by their modulation of antioxidant biomarkers and oxidative-induced chemistry changes and stimulate muscle glucose uptake. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf) is amongst the common leafy vegetables in West Africa reported for its various medicinal and nutritional properties. It is utilized as a food ingredient as well as supplement for the treatment and management of type 2 diabetes. The ability of its extracts to stimulate glucose uptake and protect against diabetic-induced changes in the chemical functional groups of the liver gives more credence to its reported antidiabetic properties. Being a common leafy vegetable, V. amygdalina can be a cheap source of nutraceutical for the treatment and management of type 2 diabetes and its complications.