[Association between tea drinking and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus among rural adults in Deqing County:a prospective cohort study].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the associations between tea drinking and the incident risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2 DM). METHODS: A dynamic prospective cohort study among a total of 27 841 diabetes-free permanent adult residents randomly selected from 2, 6 and 7 rural communities between 2006-2008, 2011-2012 and 2013-2014, respectively. Questionnaire survey, physical examination, and laboratory test were carried out among the participants. In 2018, we conducted a follow-up through the electronic health records of residents. Cox regression model were applied to explore the association between tea drinking and the incident risk of T2 DM and estimate the hazard ratio(HR), and its 95%CI. RESULTS: Among the 27 841 rural community residents in Deqing County, there were 10 726(38.53%) were tea drinkers, 8215 of which were green tea drinkers, accounting for 76.59%. Totally 883 new T2 DM incidents were identified until December 31, 2018, and the incidence density was 4.43 per 1000 person years(PYs). The incidence density was 4.07/1000 PYs in those with tea drinking habits and 4.71/1000 PYs in those without tea drinking habits, among which the incidence density was 3.79/1000 PYs in those with green tea drinking habits. After controlling for sex, age, education, farming, smoking, alcohol consumption, dietary preference, body mass index, hypertension, impaired fasting glucose, family history of diabetes, the risk of T2 DM among rural residents with tea drinking habits in Deqing County was 0.79 times higher than that among residents without tea drinking habits(HR=0.79, 95%CI 0.65-0.96), and the risk of T2 DM among residents with green tea drinking habits was 0.72 times higher than that among residents without tea drinking habits(HR=0.72, 95%CI 0.58-0.89). However, no significant associations were found between other kinds of tea and the risk of T2 DM, nor the amount of green tea to drink. CONCLUSION: Drinking green tea may reduce the risk of T2 DM among adult population in rural China.

Price adjustment for traditional Chinese medicine procedures: Based on a standardized value parity model.

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is an important part of China's medical system. Due to the prolonged low price of TCM procedures and the lack of an effective mechanism for dynamic price adjustment, the development of TCM has markedly lagged behind Western medicine. The World Health Organization (WHO) has emphasized the need to enhance the development of alternative and traditional medicine when creating national health care systems. The establishment of scientific and appropriate mechanisms to adjust the price of medical procedures in TCM is crucial to promoting the development of TCM. This study has examined incorporating value indicators and data on basic manpower expended, time spent, technical difficulty, and the degree of risk in the latest standards for the price of medical procedures in China, and this study also offers a price adjustment model with the relative price ratio as a key index. This study examined 144 TCM procedures and found that prices of TCM procedures were mainly based on the value of medical care provided; on average, medical care provided accounted for 89% of the price. Current price levels were generally low and the current price accounted for 56% of the standardized value of a procedure, on average. Current price levels accounted for a markedly lower standardized value of acupuncture, moxibustion, special treatment with TCM, and comprehensive TCM procedures. This study selected a total of 79 procedures and adjusted them by priority. The relationship between the price of TCM procedures and the suggested price was significantly optimized (p < 0.01). This study suggests that adjustment of the price of medical procedures based on a standardized value parity model is a scientific and suitable method of price adjustment that can serve as a reference for other provinces and municipalities in China and other countries and regions that mainly have fee-for-service (FFS) medical care.

Green tea consumption, inflammation and the risk of primary hepatocellular carcinoma in a Chinese population.

OBJECTIVE: Green tea has been found to possess anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and anti-carcinogenic properties. The present study examines the association between green tea drinking and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its interactions with other risk or protective factors and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of inflammation and oxidative stress related genes. METHODS: A population-based case-control study with 204 primary HCC cases and 415 healthy controls was conducted in Taixing, China. Epidemiological data were collected using a standard questionnaire. SNPs of genes of the inflammation and metabolic pathways were genotyped at the UCLA Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory. Logistic regression was performed to estimate adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: Longer duration and larger quantities of green tea consumption were inversely associated with primary HCC. Individuals who drank green tea longer than 30 years were at lowest risk (adjusted OR=0.44, 95% CI: 0.19-0.96) compared with non-drinkers. A strong interaction was observed between green tea drinking and alcohol consumption (adjusted OR for interaction=3.40, 95% CI: 1.26-9.16). Green tea drinking was also observed to have a potential effect modification on HBV/HCV infection, smoking and polymorphisms of inflammation related cytokines, especially for IL-10. CONCLUSION: Green tea consumption may protect against development of primary HCC. Potential effect modifications of green tea on associations between primary HCC and alcohol drinking, HBV/HCV infection, and inflammation-related SNPs were suggested.

[Relationship between tea-drinking and anaemia of rural reproductive married women in a community-based cross-sectional study in China].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of anaemia and the relationship between tea-drinking and anaemia in reproductive married women in rural China. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was carried out in four rural communities in Deqing County, Zhejiang Province, China. A total of 1425 reproductive married women at the ages of 20 to 49 years participated in this study and had a satisfactory measure of hemoglobin. Their general information, health status and lifestyle behaviors were collected. Hemoglobin was tested by Drabkin Method. Chi-square test, and binary and multinomial Logistic regression models were used for statistical analysis in SPSS 11.0. RESULT: Among 1425 subjects, the average concentration of hemoglobin were 114.7 +/- 17.0 g/L, the prevalences of anaemia were 63.3%, and most were mild and moderate anaemia (Such prevalence were 63.5%, 63.2% and 63.4% respectively at the ages of 20-30 years, 31-40 years, and 41-49 years.). Subjects with tea-drinking were higher in average concentration of hemoglobin than those of no tea-drinking (t = 3.33, P = 0.001). There were significant associations between tea-drinking and anaemia OR was 0.56 (95% CI: 0.45, 0.73). Further, such protective effects of tea-drinking were observed among subjects with different anaemia [ORs were 0.57 (95% CI: 0.43, 0.75), 0.57 (95% CI: 0.43, 0.75), and 0.28 (95% CI: 0.11, 0.70)] in mild, moderate and severe anaemia, respectively. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of anaemia in reproductive married women in rural of China could be higher and tea-drinking could be a possible protective factor.

[Preparation of five ginkgolic acid monomers and their molluscicidal effects against Oncomelania hupensis].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the molluscicidal activities of the ginkgolic acid(GA) monomers isolated and purified from GAs. METHODS: Five monomers of GAs from the sarcotesta of Ginkgo biloba. were extracted by petrol ether, separated by silica gel column chromatography, purified by semi-prepared reversed-phased HPLC, and identified by LC-MS analysis. The molluscicidal activities of GAs and their monomers against Oncomelania hupensis were determined as referring to the WHO guidelines for laboratory molluscicidal test. RESULTS: The five purified ginkgolic acid monomers were GA(13:0), GA(15:0), GA(15:1), GA(17:1) and GA(17:2), with a side chain of 13, 15, 17 alkyl or ethylenic radicals res pectively on their benzene loop. The five monomer proportions to the total GAs were 17.6%, 3.2%, 52.3%, 23.3% and 3.6% respectively. The order of molluscicidal activities for the five monomers was as follows: GA(13:0)>GA(15:1)>GA(15:0)>GA(17:1)>GA(17:2), and their LC50 for snails was 20.79 mg/L, 22.28 mg/L, 33.76 mg/L, 51.89 mg/L, and 59.10 mg/L respectively after immersion for 24 hours. Two monomers, GA(13:0), and GA(15:1) inhibited the snails' climbing up significantly. CONCLUSION: The molluscicidal activities of GAs may be dependent on the monomer's structure with different number of carbon molecules and double-bonds on the side carbon-chain. The two monomers, GA(13:0) and GA(15:1), are mainly responsible for the molluscicidal activities of GAs and both effectively inhibit snails' climbing up as well. GA(15:0) also shows certain molluscicidal activity.

Dietary mineral and trace element intake and squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus in a Chinese population.

Few studies have been conducted in low-selenium areas of China to assess the relationships between dietary intake of selenium and zinc and the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (SCCE). We studied dietary mineral and trace element intake and risk of SCCE in a population- based, case-control study in Taixing, China, in 2000. A total of 218 SCCE patients and 415 population healthy controls were interviewed using a standard dietary and health questionnaire. The median and quartiles were calculated to represent the average level and distribution of selected dietary minerals and trace elements estimated by the Chinese Standard Tables of Food Composition. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) comparing the highest with the lowest quartiles were 0.30 (95% confidence intervals, CIs = 0.13-0.67) for selenium intake and 0.28 (95% CI = 0.11-0.70) for zinc intake with obvious dose-dependent patterns (P values for trend = 0.01). The adjusted OR for the combined effect of selenium and zinc intake was 0.53 (95% CI = 0.29-0.96) after controlling for potential confounding factors, including age, gender, educational level, body mass index, and total energy intake. Our results suggested that the potential joint effect of zinc and selenium might contribute to SCCE risk. Increased dietary intake of selenium and zinc may decrease the risk of SCCE in a low-selenium area of China.

Green tea drinking and multigenetic index on the risk of stomach cancer in a Chinese population.

The purpose of our study was to examine the roles of green tea drinking, other risk and protective factors, and polymorphism of susceptibility genes such as GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1, and p53 codon 72 and their possible joint effects on the risk of stomach cancer. A population-based case-control study was conducted in Taixing, China, including 206 newly diagnosed cases with stomach cancer and 415 healthy control subjects. Epidemiological data were collected by in-person interviews using a standard questionnaire. Polymorphisms of susceptibility genes were assayed by PCR-RFLP techniques. A multigenetic index was created by summing up the number of risk genotypes. The data were analyzed using the logistic regression model. A reverse association between green tea drinking and risk of stomach cancer was observed with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 0.59 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.34-1.01). Dose-response relationship was shown (p-trend < 0.05). A higher score on the multigenetic index was associated with increased risk of stomach cancer with an adjusted OR of 2.21 (95% CI = 1.02-4.79) for those with at least 3 risk genotypes compared to those with <2 risk genotypes. Green tea drinking was suggested to have more than multiplicative interactions with alcohol consumption with an adjusted OR for interaction of 4.57 (95% CI = 1.62-12.89), and with higher multigenetic index with adjusted OR for interaction of 2.31 (95% CI = 0.88-6.03). The protective effect of green tea drinking was observed on the risk of stomach cancer and the possible effect modification by susceptibility genes was suggested.

[Study on the protective effect of green tea on gastric, liver and esophageal cancers].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the protective effect of drinking green tea on the development of gastric, liver and esophageal cancers. METHODS: A population based study was conducted in Taixing, Jiangsu province, including 206, 204, 218 cases, respectively, and 415 population controls. RESULTS: Green tea decreased the development of gastric cancer risk by 40%. Dose-response relationships were observed between the length of time, concentration and quantity of green tea drinking and its protective effects on gastric cancer. For individuals who drink green tea for more than 250 g per month, the risk of gastric cancer reduced about 60%. Green tea might have protective effect on liver cancer. However, no protective effect of green tea was observed on esophageal cancer. CONCLUSION: Green tea drinking might be a protective factor for gastric cancer. However, the protective effects of green tea on liver and esophageal cancer were not obvious.

[A case-control study on drinking green tea and decreasing risk of cancers in the alimentary canal among cigarette smokers and alcohol drinkers].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the role of green tea in decreasing the risks of gastric cancer, liver cancer, esophageal cancer among alcohol drinkers or cigarette smokers. METHODS: A population based case-control study was conducted in Taixing, Jiangsu province. RESULTS: In Taixing city, identified cases of stomach, liver and esophageal cancers were chosen with informed consent. The numbers were 206, 204, 218 respectively. Controls were chosen from normal population having lived in the area for longer than 10 years, also with informed consent. Green tea drinking seemed to have decreased 81%, 78%, 39% risk for the development of gastric cancer, liver cancer and esophageal cancer among alcohol drinkers. It might also have decreased 16%, 43%, 31% on the risks of developing the three kinds of cancers among cigarette smokers. Interaction assessment showed that drinking green tea could significantly decrease the risk of gastric cancer and liver cancer among alcohol drinkers, with ORs of interaction item 0.23 (95% CI: 0.10 - 0.55) and 0.25 (95% CI: 0.11 - 0.57) respectively. CONCLUSION: Habit of drinking green tea seemed to have significant protective effects on the development of both gastric and liver cancer among alcohol drinkers while, green tea also having some protective effect on esophageal cancer among alcohol drinkers and on three kinds of cancers among cigarette smokers.