ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Particulate matter (PM), such as air pollutants and pollens, are known to cause skin ageing through skin inflammation. It is important to develop formulations which protect the skin from PM. We previously developed a conventional water-in-oil emulsion with a synthetic surfactant, distearyldimonium chloride, modified bentonite (C-W/O), which protects skin from allergens. In the present study, we developed a novel water-in-oil emulsion with a natural surfactant, lecithin, modified bentonite (N-W/O). METHODS: The microarray analysis was performed using total RNA extracted from a reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) stimulated with urban aerosols or cedar pollen for 6 h in order to develop an epidermal inflammation model by PM for the evaluation of topical formulations. We then compared the efficacy of N-W/O and C-W/O to prevent epidermal degradation. Tissues and culture media were collected 24 h after the urban aerosol or cedar pollen stimulation for a histological assay, and the quantification of MMP1 and IL-8 secretion. RESULTS: The expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as IL1A and CXCL8, and matrix metalloproteinases, including MMP1, MMP3 and MMP9, were significantly up-regulated by the PM stimulation. As a result of ranking based on the pathway enrichment analysis, oxidative stress-related pathways, such as MAPK-mediated signalling, HIF-1 signalling, IL-1 signalling and ROS-induced cellular signalling, were ranked high in the urban dust- and cedar pollen-treated groups. A thickened stratum corneum, thinned vital layer and cleaved E-cadherin were observed by haematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemical staining of E-cadherin in the PM treated groups. The secretion of MMP1 and IL-8 into the media was significantly increased by the PM stimulation. N-W/O prevented the degradation of epidermal integrity and secretion of inflammatory proteins more effectively than C-W/O. CONCLUSION: The present results showed that N-W/O made using natural surfactant is useful at protecting skin from PM, such as urban aerosols and cedar pollen.
OBJECTIF: Les particules en suspensions (PM), telles que les polluants atmosphériques et les pollens, sont connues comme des causes de vieillissement de la peau par inflammation cutanée. Il est essentiel de mettre au point des formules qui protègent la peau contre ces particules. Par le passé, nous avons mis au point une émulsion eau-dans-huile classique composée d'un tensioactif synthétique, de distearyldimonium chloride et de bentonites modifiées (E/H-C), qui protège la peau contre les allergènes. Dans la présente étude, nous avons conçu une nouvelle émulsion eau-dans-huile composée d'un tensioactif naturel, de lécithine et de bentonites modifiées (N-E/H). MÉTHODES: L'analyse des microréseaux a été réalisée à l'aide de l'ARN total extrait d'un épiderme humain reconstitué (EHR) stimulé par les aérosols urbains ou le pollen de cèdre pendant 6 h afin de mettre au point un modèle d'inflammation de l'épiderme par les particules en suspensions en vue de l'évaluation des formulations topiques. Nous avons ensuite comparé l'efficacité de la N-E/H et de l'E/H-C dans le but d'éviter la dégradation de la peau. Les milieux de culture tissulaire ont été collectés 24 h après stimulation par l'aérosol urbain ou par du pollen de cèdre pour un dosage histologique et une quantification de MMP-1 et des sécrétions de l'IL-8. RÉSULTATS: Les niveaux d'expression des cytokines pro-inflammatoires et des chimiokines, à l'instar de l'IL1A et du CXCL8, ainsi que des métalloprotéinases matricielles, notamment les MMP1, les MMP3 et les MMP9, étaient essentiellement régulés positivement par la stimulation des particules en suspensions. En raison du classement basé sur l'analyse d'enrichissement des voies, le stress oxydatif, telles que la signalisation médiée par MAPK, la signalisation HIF-1, la signalisation IL-1 et la signalisation cellulaire induite par les ROS ont été classés en tête pour les groupes traités par la poussière urbaine et par le pollen-de cèdre. Un stratum corneum épaissie, une couche vitale fine et une clivée d'E-cadhérine ont été observées par coloration à l'hématoxyline-éosine et par coloration immunohistochimique de l'E-cadhérine dans les groupes traités aux particules en suspensions. La sécrétion de MMP1 et de l'IL-8 dans les milieux a augmenté de façon significative par stimulation des particules en suspensions. La N-E/H a permis d'éviter une dégradation de l'intégrité de la peau et la sécrétion de protéines inflammatoires de manière plus efficace que l'E/H-C. CONCLUSION: Les résultats actuels ont révélé que la N-E/H produite grâce à l'utilisation d'un tensioactif naturel est utile pour la protection de la peau contre les particules en suspensions telles que les aérosols urbains et le pollen de cèdre.
Subject(s)
Bentonite/chemistry , Cedrus/chemistry , Dust , Emulsions , Lecithins/chemistry , Pollen/toxicity , Skin/drug effects , Humans , Particulate Matter/toxicityABSTRACT
We present a case of fat embolism syndrome following vegetable oil injection for augmentation mammaplasty. Although vegetable oil is a stable neutral fat under usual storage conditions, it caused fat embolism and pulmonary injury in this patient. We investigated this mechanism by compound analysis of the injected oil, transbronchial lung biopsy and special staining of alveolar macrophages. This is the first description of the human response to vegetable oil injection. These data should aid in the investigation of the side effects of many types of lipids which may be applied to humans for various purposes in the future.
Subject(s)
Embolism, Fat/etiology , Mammaplasty/adverse effects , Plant Oils/adverse effects , Respiratory Distress Syndrome/etiology , Adult , Biopsy , Female , Humans , Infusions, Intravenous , Mammaplasty/methods , Respiratory Distress Syndrome/pathologyABSTRACT
A 50-year-old male with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) had a hypercalcemic crisis with a serum calcium concentration of 7.8 mEq/zeta, without any evidence for bone metastases or parathyroid lesions. The hypercalcemia was thought to be due to increased renal reabsorption of calcium and increased bone resorption, which was probably caused by humoral factors derived from the HCC, some being parathyroid hormone-like factors. Since conservative therapy for hypercalcemia was not sufficiently effective and was accompanied by progressive exacerbation of ascites and leg edema, transcatheter arterial chemo-embolization (TACE) was performed. On the following day, serum calcium concentration decreased from 6.3 mEq/zeta to the normal range, although serum alpha-fetoprotein levels decreased only slightly. Thereafter hypercalcemia did not develop for about 4 weeks. The results demonstrated that TACE can be effective for humoral hypercalcemia of HCC.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/complications , Embolization, Therapeutic , Hypercalcemia/etiology , Liver Neoplasms/complications , Doxorubicin/administration & dosage , Humans , Hypercalcemia/therapy , Iodized Oil/administration & dosage , Male , Middle AgedABSTRACT
An alpha-santonin-derived cyclic peroxide (7) related to qinghaosu (1) has been synthesized and tested for antimalarial activity in vitro against the chloroquine-resistant (Smith) isolates of Plasmodium falciparum as well as in vivo against Plasmodium berghei in mice and was found to be devoid of activity.