[A case of primary mucinous adenocarcinoma of the scrotal contents].

A 48-year-old man consulted our hospital complaining of painless swelling of the left scrotal contents that had gradually increased for 5 years. Serum LDH, alpha-fetoprotein and HCG were within normal ranges. The ultrasonography showed heterogeneous echogram including high-echogenic spots and relatively a low-echogenic hydrocele. Left high orchiectomy was performed and the removed tissue was 24 x 16 x 15 cm in size, which had large cystic cavity filled with cloudy and deep-green mucin. Pathological diagnosis was mucinous adenocarcinoma. Postoperatively analyzed serum CEA, CA19-9 and PSA were within normal ranges. Systemic X-ray examinations, such as lung, abdominal and pelvic CT scan, upper GI series and barium enema, did not show any abnormal SOL suggesting carcinoma. Therefore, we diagnosed this case as a primary adenocarcinoma in the scrotal contents. The patient has been observed without any adjuvant therapy since operation, but no signs of recurrence have been identified for one year and six months.

Attenuation of renal fibrosis by curcumin in rat obstructive nephropathy.

OBJECTIVES: To test whether curcumin has a protective action against interstitial inflammation and the development of renal fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy. We also tested whether inhibition of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kappaB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) by curcumin is involved in these mechanisms. METHODS: Adult male rats underwent unilateral ureteral obstruction. The rats were treated with curcumin (200 mg/kg/day or 800 mg/kg/day), NF-kappaB inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC; 200 mg/kg/day), or vehicle by gavage. Sham-operated rats served as controls. Seven days after unilateral ureteral obstruction, the activity of NF-kappaB and AP-1 was examined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay using nuclear protein extracts from the renal cortex. Gene expression of chemokines and pro-fibrotic molecules was determined by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Macrophage infiltration and collagen III accumulation in the cortical interstitium was examined immunohistochemically. RESULTS: Both curcumin and PDTC significantly attenuated interstitial macrophage influx and renal fibrosis. Ureteral occlusion activated both NF-kappaB and AP-1-DNA binding. Curcumin and PDTC significantly inhibited NF-kappaB activity, but not AP-1. Gene expression of chemokines and pro-fibrotic molecules was upregulated in unilateral ureteral obstruction that was attenuated by either curcumin or PDTC. CONCLUSIONS: Curcumin protected against the renal interstitial inflammation and fibrosis elicited by ureteral occlusion. Inhibition of the NF-kappaB-dependent pathway is at least in part involved in the mechanisms, but AP-1 inhibition is unlikely to be involved in the beneficial effects of curcumin.

Activation of transcription factors AP-1 and NF-kappaB in chronic cyclosporine A nephrotoxicity: role in beneficial effects of magnesium supplementation.

BACKGROUND: It has been shown that the transcription factors activator protein (AP)-1 and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB play a pivotal role in various renal diseases. We aimed to study their activations in chronic cyclosporine A (CsA) nephrotoxicity and evaluate the effect of magnesium (Mg) supplementation and blockade of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which are known to ameliorate CsA nephrotoxicity, on these transcription factors. METHODS: CsA (15 mg/kg/day) was administered subcutaneously daily to rats maintained on a low-sodium diet for 7, 14, and 28 days. DNA-binding activities of AP-1 and NF-kappaB in renal cortex were determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. RESULTS: DNA-binding activity of AP-1 and NF-kappaB started to increase at day 14 and further elevated at day 28 by CsA treatment. These activations were markedly attenuated when rats were maintained on a high-Mg diet. In contrast, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) had no effect on CsA-induced AP-1 activation. CsA-induced activation of NF-kappaB was suppressed by ACEI at day 14, whereas such effect could not be observed at day 28. CONCLUSIONS: Renal cortical AP-1 and NF-kappaB DNA binding were activated in chronic CsA nephrotoxicity. These activations were induced largely by means of RAS-independent mechanisms. It is suggested that prevention of CsA-induced DNA-binding activation of these transcription factors is at least in part responsible for the beneficial effects of Mg supplementation on CsA nephrotoxicity.