ABSTRACT
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is associated with various symptoms, such as depression, pain, and fatigue. To date, the pathological mechanisms and therapeutics remain uncertain. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of myelophil (MYP), composed of Astragali Radix and Salviaemiltiorrhizae Radix, on depression, pain, and fatigue behaviors and its underlying mechanisms. Reserpine (2 mg/kg for 10 days, intraperitoneally) induced depression, pain, and fatigue behaviors in mice. MYP treatment (100 mg/kg for 10 days, intragastrically) significantly improved depression behaviors, mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity, and fatigue behavior. MYP treatment regulated the expression of c-Fos, 5-HT1A/B receptors, and transforming growth factor ß (TGF-ß) in the brain, especially in the motor cortex, hippocampus, and nucleus of the solitary tract. MYP treatment decreased ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1) expression in the hippocampus and increased tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression and the levels of dopamine and serotonin in the striatum. MYP treatment altered inflammatory and anti-oxidative-related mRNA expression in the spleen and liver. In conclusion, MYP was effective in recovering major symptoms of ME/CFS and was associated with the regulation of dopaminergic and serotonergic pathways and TGF-ß expression in the brain, as well as anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant mechanisms in internal organs.
Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology , Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/drug therapy , Hippocampus/metabolism , Animals , Behavior, Animal/drug effects , Calcium-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis , Corpus Striatum/metabolism , Disease Models, Animal , Dopamine/analysis , Inflammation/drug therapy , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Microfilament Proteins/biosynthesis , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/metabolism , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A/metabolism , Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1B/metabolism , Reserpine/adverse effects , Serotonin/analysis , Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism , Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/biosynthesisABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The potential of the protein-polyphenol interaction was applied to crosslinking reinforced protein networks in gluten-free rice noodles. Specifically, inter-component interaction between soy protein isolate and extract of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus fruit (ogaja) was examined with a view to improving its quality. RESULTS: In a components-interacting model system, a mixture of soy protein isolate (SPI) and ogaja extract (OE) induced a drastic increase in absorbance at 660 nm by haze formation, while the major anthocyanin of ogaja, cyanidin-3-O-sambubioside, sparsely interacted with SPI or gelatin. Individual or combined treatment of SPI and OE on rice dough decreased all the viscosity parameters in rapid visco analysis. However, SPI-OE treatment significantly increased all the texture parameters of rice dough derived from Mixolab(®) analysis (P < 0.05). Incorporation of SPI in rice dough significantly reduced endothermic ΔH, and SPI-OE treatment further decreased this value. SPI-OE interaction significantly increased the tensile properties of cooked noodle and decreased 53.7% of cooking loss compared to the untreated rice noodle. CONCLUSION: SPI-OE treatment caused a considerable reinforcement of the network as shown by reducing cooking loss and suggested the potential for utilizing protein-polyphenol interaction for gluten-free rice noodle production.