ABSTRACT
Rhythmic auditory stimulation (RAS) may compensate dysfunctions of the basal ganglia (BG), involved with intrinsic evaluation of temporal intervals and action initiation or continuation. In the cognitive domain, RAS containing periodically presented tones facilitates young healthy participants' attention allocation to anticipated time points, indicated by better performance and larger P300 amplitudes to periodic compared to random stimuli. Additionally, active auditory-motor synchronization (AMS) leads to a more precise temporal encoding of stimuli via embodied timing encoding than stimulus presentation adapted to the participants' actual movements. Here we investigated the effect of RAS and AMS in Parkinson's disease (PD). 23 PD patients and 23 healthy age-matched controls underwent an auditory oddball task. We manipulated the timing (periodic/random/adaptive) and setting (pedaling/sitting still) of stimulation. While patients elicited a general timing effect, i.e., larger P300 amplitudes for periodic versus random tones for both, sitting and pedaling conditions, controls showed a timing effect only for the sitting but not for the pedaling condition. However, a correlation between P300 amplitudes and motor variability in the periodic pedaling condition was obtained in control participants only. We conclude that RAS facilitates attentional processing of temporally predictable external events in PD patients as well as healthy controls, but embodied timing encoding via body movement does not affect stimulus processing due to BG impairment in patients. Moreover, even with intact embodied timing encoding, such as healthy elderly, the effect of AMS depends on the degree of movement synchronization performance, which is very low in the current study.
Subject(s)
Acoustic Stimulation/methods , Auditory Perception/physiology , Cognition/physiology , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Attention/physiology , Electroencephalography/methods , Event-Related Potentials, P300 , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Motor Skills/physiology , Movement/physiology , Parkinson Disease/physiopathologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study aimed to explore the metabololipidome in mice upon cupping treatment. METHODS: A nude mouse model mimicking the cupping treatment in humans was established by administrating four cupping sets on the back skin for 15 minutes. UPLC-MS/ MS was performed to determine the PUFA metabolome in mice skin and blood before and after cupping treatment. The significantly changed lipids were administered in macrophages to assess the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α by ELISA. RESULTS: The anti-inflammatory lipids, e.g. PGE1, 5,6-EET, 14,15-EET, 10S,17S-DiHDoHE, 17R-RvD1, RvD5 and 14S-HDoHE were significantly increased while pro-inflammatory lipids, e.g. 12-HETE and TXB2 were deceased in the skin or plasma post cupping treatment. Cupping treatment reversed the LPS-stimulated IL-6 and TNF-α expression in mouse peritoneal exudates. Moreover, 5,6-EET, PGE1 decreased the level of TNF-α, while 5,6-EET, 5,6-DHET downregulated IL-6 production in macrophages. Importantly, 14,15-EET and 14S-HDoHE inhibited both IL-6 and TNF-α induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). 17-RvD1, RvD5 and PGE1 significantly reduced the LPS-initiated TNF-α, while TXB2 and 12-HETE further upregulated the LPS-enhanced IL-6 and TNF-α expression in macrophages. CONCLUSION: Our results reveal the identities of anti-inflammatory versus pro-inflammatory metabolipidome and suggest the potential therapeutic mechanism of cupping treatment.
Subject(s)
Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/analysis , Hematoma/pathology , Lipids/analysis , Metabolome , 12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid/analysis , 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid/analogs & derivatives , 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid/analysis , Animals , Bone Marrow Cells/cytology , Cells, Cultured , Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/metabolism , Hematoma/metabolism , Interleukin-6/analysis , Lipids/blood , Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology , Macrophages/cytology , Macrophages/drug effects , Macrophages/metabolism , Male , Metabolome/drug effects , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Nude , RAW 264.7 Cells , Skin/metabolism , Thromboxane B2/analysis , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/analysis , Up-Regulation/drug effectsABSTRACT
AIMS: This study investigated ventricular electrophysiological characteristics and the correlation between these parameters and heart rate variability (HRV) and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) in a canine congestive heart failure (CHF) model. METHODS AND RESULTS: Haemodynamics, HRV, BRS, and ventricular electrophysiological variables were measured 4-5 weeks after sham operation (control dogs) and pacemaker implantation, and rapid right ventricular pacing at 240 bpm (CHF group). In the CHF group, significant differences from the control group in ventricular effective refractory period (VERP), monophasic action potential (MAP) duration (MAPD(90)), ventricular late repolarization duration (VLRD), the ratio of VERP to MAPD(90), dispersion of ventricular recovery time (VRT-D), and ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) were noted. Both BRS and the time and power domain parameters of HRV were significantly decreased in the CHF group compared with the control group, and a significant, positive correlation between HRV and BRS was identified in the CHF group. Heart rate variability and BRS were negatively and significantly correlated with VLRD and VRT-D, and were positively correlated with VERP/MAPD(90) and VFT in the CHF group. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that ventricular electrophysiological characteristics correlated with abnormal autonomic nerve function may have important effects on sudden cardiac death. Further research is warranted.