Dietary supplementation of hemp oil in teddy dogs: Effect on apparent nutrient digestibility, blood biochemistry and metabolomics.

Present study aimed to evaluate the influence of distinct concentration of dietary supplements hemp oil on apparent nutrient digestibility, blood biochemical parameters and metabolomics of teddy dogs. A total of 25 healthy teddy dogs were selected and divided into five treatments according to diet supplements hemp oil at a rate of 0% (A), 0.5% (B), 1% (C), 2% (D), and 4% (E). Appropriate added hemp oil improved apparent nutrient digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and crude fat (86.32-88.08%, 86.87-88.87% and 96.76-97.43%). The hemp oil significantly increased blood biochemical of utilization related total protein, albumin and globulin (61.33-69.54, 35.08-40.38 and 26.53-31.63 g/L), immunity capacity related immunoglobulin E and γ-interferon (203-347kU/L and 23.04-25.78ng/L), energy-related thyroxine and triiodothyronine (27.11-36.75 and 0.94-1.67 nmol/L). In addition, hemp oil improved superoxide dismutation (26.47-33.02 U/ml) and reduced malondialdehyde (5.30-3.28 nmol/ml). The differential metabolites mainly included nucleotides and metabolites of oxidized lipids, bile and other fatty acids, coenzymes and vitamins. The main metabolic pathways included purine and arachidonic acid metabolism, bile and unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, cell oxidative phosphorylation and rheumatoid arthritis. Overall, appropriate dietary supplements hemp oil positively to nutrient digestibility and blood metabolism, immunity and antioxidant capacity, 1% to 2% hemp oil supplements was recommended for teddy dog diet.

Benzothiadiazole and B-Aminobutyricacid Induce Resistance to Ectropis Obliqua in Tea Plants (Camellia Sinensis (L.) O. Kuntz).

In order to investigate the effect of benzothiadiazole (BTH) and ß-aminobutyric acid (BABA) on the resistance of tea plants (Camellia sinensis) to tea geometrid (Ectropis obliqua), three levels each of benzothiadiazole (BTH) and ß-aminobutyric acid (BABA) were sprayed on 10-year-old tea plants. Generally PPO and PAL activities increased with low concentrations of BTH and BABA treatments. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed a 1.43 and 2.72-fold increase in PPO gene expression, and 3.26 and 3.99-fold increase in PAL gene expression with 75 mg/L BTH and 400 mg/L BABA respectively. Analysis of hydrolysis of synthetic substrates also revealed that chymotrypsin-like enzyme activity present in larval midgut extracts was not significantly inhibited by BTH and BABA. However, proteinase activity was found to be inversely proportional to the age of tea geometrid. Larvae pupation rate decreased by 8.10, 10.81 and 21.62% when tea geometrid were fed with leaves treated with 25, 50 and 75 mg/L BTH solutions, while 100, 200 and 400 mg/L BABA solutions decreased same by 8.10, 16.21 and 13.51% respectively. Also, larvae development period delayed to 23.33 and 26.33 days with 75 mg/L BTH and 400 mg/L BABA treatments respectively. The results in this study; therefore, suggest that benzothiadiazole (BTH) and ß-aminobutyric acid (BABA) play a role in inducing resistance in tea plants to tea geometrid, with the optimal effect achieved at BTH-3 (75 mg/L) and BABA-3 (400 mg/L), respectively.

[Effects of biochar on CO2 and N2O emissions and microbial properties of tea garden soils].

To clarify the effects of biochar addition (0.5%, 1.5%, 2.5%, 3.5%) on the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O), pH and microbial communities of the tea garden soil, an indoor incubation experiment was conducted using the acidulated tea-planted soil. Results showed that the emissions of CO2 and N2O and the rate of C, N mineralization were increased in a short term after the addition of biochar compared with the control, while the promoting effect was weakened along with increasing the addition of biochar. The pH, dehydrogenase activity and microbial biomass carbon were increased in the biochar treatments. Phospholi-pid fatty acid (PLFA) with different markers was measured and the most PLFA was detected in the group in the 1.5% biochar treatment with significant differences (P<0.05) compared with the control. In addition, the higher levels of 16:0, 14:0 (bacteria), 18:lω9c (fungi), l0Me18:0 (actinomycetes) groups were observed and there were significant differences (P <0.05) in individual phospholipid fatty acid among the different treatments. Taken together, the acidulated tea-planted soil, soil microbial biomass and microbial number were improved after addition of biochar.