ABSTRACT
Oxidative stress (OS)-induced mitochondrial damage and the subsequent osteoblast dysfunction contributes to the initiation and progression of osteoporosis. Notoginsenoside R1 (NGR1), isolated from Panax notoginseng, has potent antioxidant effects and has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. This study aimed to investigate the protective property and mechanism of NGR1 on oxidative-damaged osteoblast. Osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells were pretreated with NGR1 24 h before hydrogen peroxide administration simulating OS attack. Cell viability, apoptosis rate, osteogenic activity and markers of mitochondrial function were examined. The role of C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signalling pathway on oxidative injured osteoblast and mitochondrial function was also detected. Our data indicate that NGR1 (25 µM) could reduce apoptosis as well as restore osteoblast viability and osteogenic differentiation. NGR1 also reduced OS-induced mitochondrial ROS and restored mitochondrial membrane potential, adenosine triphosphate production and mitochondrial DNA copy number. NGR1 could block JNK pathway and antagonize the destructive effects of OS. JNK inhibitor (SP600125) mimicked the protective effects of NGR1while JNK agonist (Anisomycin) abolished it. These data indicated that NGR1 could significantly attenuate OS-induced mitochondrial damage and restore osteogenic differentiation of osteoblast via suppressing JNK signalling pathway activation, thus becoming a promising agent in treating osteoporosis.
Subject(s)
Ginsenosides/pharmacology , MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects , Osteoblasts/drug effects , Osteoblasts/metabolism , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism , Animals , Apoptosis/drug effects , Biomarkers , Cell Line , Cell Survival/drug effects , Mice , Mitochondria/drug effects , Mitochondria/metabolism , Superoxides/metabolismABSTRACT
Anthracnose is a major leaf disease in tea plant induced by Colletotrichum, which has led to substantial losses in yield and quality of tea. The molecular mechanism with regards to responses or resistance to anthracnose in tea remains unclear. A de novo transcriptome assembly dataset was generated from healthy and anthracnose-infected leaves on tea cultivars "Longjing-43" (LJ43) and "Zhenong-139" (ZN139), with 381.52 million pair-end reads, encompassing 47.78 billion bases. The unigenes were annotated versus Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) non-redundant protein sequences (Nr), evolutionary genealogy of genes: Non-supervised Orthologous Groups (eggNOG) and Swiss-prot. The number of differential expression genes (DEGs) detected between healthy and infected leaves was 1621 in LJ43 and 3089 in ZN139. The GO and KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that the DEGs were highly enriched in catalytic activity, oxidation-reduction, cell-wall reinforcement, plant hormone signal transduction and plant-pathogen interaction. Further studies by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed that expression of genes involved in endogenous salicylic acid biosynthesis and also accumulation of foliar salicylic acid are involved in the response of tea plant to anthracnose infection. This study firstly provided novel insight in salicylic acid acting as a key compound in the responses of tea plant to anthracnose disease. The transcriptome dataset in this study will facilitate to profile gene expression and metabolic networks associated with tea plant immunity against anthracnose.
Subject(s)
Camellia sinensis/genetics , Colletotrichum/pathogenicity , Gene Expression Profiling/methods , Gene Regulatory Networks , Camellia sinensis/metabolism , Camellia sinensis/microbiology , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Gene Ontology , High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing , Plant Diseases/genetics , Plant Diseases/microbiology , Plant Leaves/genetics , Plant Proteins/genetics , Salicylic Acid/metabolismABSTRACT
Many in vitro studies have shown that tea catechins had vevarious health beneficial effects. However, inconsistent results between in vitro and in vivo studies or between laboratory tests and epidemical studies are observed. Low bioavailability of tea catechins was an important factor leading to these inconsistencies. Research advances in bioavailability studies involving absorption and metabolic biotransformation of tea catechins were reviewed in the present paper. Related techniques for improving their bioavailability such as nanostructure-based drug delivery system, molecular modification, and co-administration of catechins with other bioactives were also discussed.
Subject(s)
Camellia sinensis/chemistry , Catechin/pharmacokinetics , Animals , Biological Availability , Catechin/chemistry , Drug Delivery Systems , Humans , Nanostructures/administration & dosage , Nanostructures/chemistry , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Plant Extracts/pharmacokineticsABSTRACT
Tea plant (Camellia sinensis) is a typical fluoride (F) hyperaccumulator enriching most F in old leaves. There is association between the risk of fluorosis and excessive consumption of teas prepared using the old leaves. It is meaningful to develop methods for controlling F levels in tea leaves. We generated a comprehensive RNA-seq dataset from tea plants grown at various F levels for different durations by hydroponics, aiming at providing information on mechanism of F metabolism in tea plant. Besides raw reads of the RNA-seq dataset, we present assembled unigenes and aligned unigenes with annotations versus the Gene Ontology (GO) databases, Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases, and Nonredundant (Nr) protein databases with low e-values. 69,488 unigenes were obtained in total, in which 40,894 were given Nr annotations.
Subject(s)
Camellia sinensis/genetics , RNA, Plant , Sequence Analysis, RNA , Transcriptome , Camellia sinensis/chemistry , Fluorides , Fluorine/chemistryABSTRACT
Neurodegenerative disease Alzheimer's disease (AD) is attracting growing concern because of an increasing patient population among the elderly. Tea consumption is considered a natural complementary therapy for neurodegenerative diseases. In this paper, epidemiological studies on the association between tea consumption and the reduced risk of AD are reviewed and the anti-amyloid effects of related bioactivities in tea are summarized. Future challenges regarding the role of tea in preventing AD are also discussed.
Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease/prevention & control , Amyloid beta-Peptides/antagonists & inhibitors , Brain/drug effects , Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use , Plant Extracts/therapeutic use , Tea , Age Factors , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Alzheimer Disease/epidemiology , Alzheimer Disease/metabolism , Alzheimer Disease/pathology , Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism , Animals , Brain/metabolism , Brain/pathology , Camellia sinensis/chemistry , Cognition/drug effects , Humans , Memory/drug effects , Middle Aged , Nerve Degeneration , Neuroprotective Agents/isolation & purification , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Plant Extracts/isolation & purification , Prognosis , Protective Factors , Recommended Dietary Allowances , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
(-)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) has attracted significant research interest due to its health-promoting effects such as antioxidation, anti-inflammation and anti-cancer activities. However, its instability and poor bioavailability have largely limited its efficacy and application. Food-grade materials such as proteins, carbohydrates and lipids show biodegradability, biocompatibility and biofunctionality properties. Food-grade encapsulation systems are usually used to improve the bioavailability of EGCG. In the present paper, we provide an overview of materials and techniques used in encapsulating EGCG, in which the adsorption mechanisms of food-grade systems during in vitro digestion are reviewed. Moreover, the potential challenges and future work using food-grade encapsulates for delivering EGCG are also discussed.
Subject(s)
Catechin/analogs & derivatives , Drug Compounding , Food , Carbohydrates/chemistry , Catechin/chemistry , Humans , Lipids/chemistry , Tea/chemistryABSTRACT
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic endocrine disease resulted from insulin secretory defect or insulin resistance and it is a leading cause of death around the world. The care of DM patients consumes a huge budget due to the high frequency of consultations and long hospitalizations, making DM a serious threat to both human health and global economies. Tea contains abundant polyphenols and caffeine which showed antidiabetic activity, so the development of antidiabetic medications from tea and its extracts is increasingly receiving attention. However, the results claiming an association between tea consumption and reduced DM risk are inconsistent. The advances in the epidemiologic evidence and the underlying antidiabetic mechanisms of tea are reviewed in this paper. The inconsistent results and the possible causes behind them are also discussed.