The global patent landscape of emerging infectious disease monkeypox.

BACKGROUND: Monkeypox is an emerging infectious disease with confirmed cases and deaths in several parts of the world. In light of this crisis, this study aims to analyze the global knowledge pattern of monkeypox-related patents and explore current trends and future technical directions in the medical development of monkeypox to inform research and policy. METHODS: A comprehensive study of 1,791 monkeypox-related patents worldwide was conducted using the Derwent patent database by descriptive statistics, social network method and linear regression analysis. RESULTS: Since the 21st century, the number of monkeypox-related patents has increased rapidly, accompanied by increases in collaboration between commercial and academic patentees. Enterprises contributed the most in patent quantity, whereas the initial milestone patent was filed by academia. The core developments of technology related to the monkeypox include biological and chemical medicine. The innovations of vaccines and virus testing lack sufficient patent support in portfolios. CONCLUSIONS: Monkeypox-related therapeutic innovation is geographically limited with strong international intellectual property right barriers though it has increased rapidly in recent years. The transparent licensing of patent knowledge is driven by the merger and acquisition model, and the venture capital, intellectual property and contract research organization model. Currently, the patent thicket phenomenon in the monkeypox field may slow the progress of efforts to combat monkeypox. Enterprises should pay more attention to the sharing of technical knowledge, make full use of drug repurposing strategies, and promote innovation of monkeypox-related technology in hotspots of antivirals (such as tecovirimat, cidofovir, brincidofovir), vaccines (JYNNEOS, ACAM2000), herbal medicine and gene therapy.

The application and perspective of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in acute ischemic stroke: From the bench to a starter?

Stroke has become a significant cause of death and disability globally. Along with the transition of the world's aging population, the incidence of acute ischemic stroke is increasing year by year. Even with effective treatment modalities, patients are not guaranteed to have a good prognosis. The treatment model combining intravenous thrombolysis/endovascular therapy and neuroprotection is gradually being recognized. After the clinical translation of pharmacological neuroprotective agents failed, non-pharmacological physical neuroprotective agents have rekindled hope. We performed a literature review using the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) PubMed database for studies that focused on the application of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in acute ischemic stroke. In this review, we present the history and mechanisms of hyperbaric oxygen therapy, focusing on the current status, outcomes, current challenges, perspective, safety, and complications of the application of hyperbaric oxygen in animal experiments and human clinical trials. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy, a non-pharmacological treatment, can improve the oxygenation level at the ischemic lesions in increased dissolved oxygen and oxygen diffusion radius to achieve salvage of neurological function, giving a new meaning to acute ischemic stroke.