ABSTRACT
Magnetic phosphorous biochar ï¼MPBCï¼ was prepared from Camellia oleifera shells using phosphoric acid activation and iron co-deposition. The materials were characterized and analyzed through scanning electron microscopy ï¼SEMï¼ï¼ X-ray diffractometry ï¼XRDï¼ï¼ specific surface area and pore size analysis ï¼BETï¼ï¼ Fourier infrared spectroscopy ï¼FT-IRï¼ï¼ and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ï¼XPSï¼. MPBC had a high surface area ï¼1 139.28 m2·g-1ï¼ and abundant surface functional groupsï¼ and it could achieve fast solid-liquid separation under the action of an external magnetic field. The adsorption behavior and influencing factors of sulfamethoxazole ï¼SMXï¼ in water were investigated. The adsorbent showed excellent adsorption properties for SMX under acidic and neutral conditionsï¼ and alkaline conditions and the presence of CO32- had obvious inhibition on adsorption. The adsorption process conformed to the quasi-second-order kinetics and Langmuir model. The adsorption rate was fastï¼ and the maximum adsorption capacity reached 356.49 mg·g-1. The adsorption process was a spontaneous exothermic reactionï¼ and low temperature was beneficial to the adsorption. The adsorption mechanism was mainly the chemisorption of pyrophosphate surface functional groups ï¼C-O-P bondï¼ between the SMX molecule and MPBC and also included hydrogen bondingï¼ π-π electron donor-acceptor ï¼π-πEDAï¼ interactionï¼ and a pore filling effect. The development of MPBC adsorbent provides an effective way for resource utilization of waste Camellia oleifera shells and treatment of sulfamethoxazole wastewater.
Subject(s)
Sulfamethoxazole , Water Pollutants, Chemical , Sulfamethoxazole/chemistry , Adsorption , Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared , Water , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis , Charcoal/chemistry , Phosphorus , Kinetics , Magnetic PhenomenaABSTRACT
STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect and safety of acupuncture for the treatment of chronic spinal pain. METHODS: MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Web of Science, the WHO Clinical Trial Registry, and the US National Library of Medicine clinical trial registry were searched from January 1, 2000, to November 1, 2019. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving patients with chronic spinal pain treated by acupuncture versus sham acupuncture, no treatment, or another treatment were included. RESULTS: Data was extracted from 22 RCTs including 2588 patients. Pooled analysis revealed that acupuncture can reduce chronic spinal pain compared to sham acupuncture (weighted mean difference [WMD] -12.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] -15.86 to -8.24), mediation control (WMD -18.27, 95% CI -28.18 to -8.37), usual care control (WMD -9.57, 95% CI -13.48 to -9.44), and no treatment control (WMD -17.10, 95% CI -24.83 to -9.37). In terms of functional disability, acupuncture can improve physical function at immediate-term follow-up (standardized mean difference [SMD] -1.74, 95% CI -2.04 to -1.44), short-term follow-up (SMD -0.89, 95% CI -1.15 to -0.62), and long-term follow-up (SMD -1.25, 95% CI -1.48 to -1.03). CONCLUSION: In summary, compared to no treatment, sham acupuncture, or conventional therapy such as medication, massage, and physical exercise, acupuncture has a significantly superior effect on the reduction in chronic spinal pain and function improvement. Acupuncture might be an effective treatment for patients with chronic spinal pain and it is a safe therapy.