ABSTRACT
The active ingredients of many medicinal plants are the secondary metabolites associated with the growth period. Lonicera japonica Thunb. is an important traditional Chinese medicine, and the flower development stage is an important factor that influences the quality of medicinal ingredients. In this study, transcriptomics and metabolomics were performed to reveal the regulatory mechanism of secondary metabolites during flowering of L. japonica. The results showed that the content of chlorogenic acid (CGA) and luteolin gradually decreased from green bud stage (Sa) to white flower stage (Sc), especially from white flower bud stage (Sb) to Sc. Most of the genes encoding the crucial rate-limiting enzymes, including PAL, C4H, HCT, C3'H, F3'H and FNSII, were down-regulated in three comparisons. Correlation analysis identified some members of the MYB, AP2/ERF, bHLH and NAC transcription factor families that are closely related to CGA and luteolin biosynthesis. Furthermore, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in hormone biosynthesis, signalling pathways and flowering process were analysed in three flower developmental stage.
Subject(s)
Chlorogenic Acid , Lonicera , Chlorogenic Acid/metabolism , Luteolin , Gene Expression Profiling , Lonicera/genetics , Flowers/genetics , Flowers/metabolism , Hormones/metabolism , Transcriptome/geneticsABSTRACT
Information in the central nervous system (CNS) is conducted via electrical signals known as action potentials and is encoded in time. Several neurological disorders including depression, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), originate in faulty brain signaling frequencies. Here, we present a Hodgkin-Huxley model analog for a strongly correlated VO2 artificial neuron system that undergoes an electrically-driven insulator-metal transition. We demonstrate that tuning of the insulating phase resistance in VO2 threshold switch circuits can enable direct mimicry of neuronal origins of disorders in the CNS. The results introduce use of circuits based on quantum materials as complementary to model animal studies for neuroscience, especially when precise measurements of local electrical properties or competing parallel paths for conduction in complex neural circuits can be a challenge to identify onset of breakdown or diagnose early symptoms of disease.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To study refinement of macroporous resin to Huang-Lian-Jie-Du decoction. METHODS: The content changes of berberine, geniposide and total alkaloid in the solution which went through the macroporous resin were determined by TLC or spectrophotometry. The type of resin, absorption and desorption condition were optimized. RESULTS: YWD-09D macroporous resin was suitable for refinement of Huang-Lian-Jie-Du decoction. The absorptive capacity of the resin was 1: 1.3. The concentration of solution was 0.4 g/ml, pH 4 and current velocity was 2 ml/min. The ratio of diameter and high of the resin column was 1:20. The desorption solution was 90% alcohol of 4BV. CONCLUSION: YWD-09D macroporous resin and its selected condition are suitable for refinement of Huang-Lian-Jie-Du decoction.
Subject(s)
Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/isolation & purification , Plants, Medicinal/chemistry , Resins, Synthetic/chemistry , Technology, Pharmaceutical/methods , Adsorption , Alkaloids/analysis , Berberine/analysis , Coptis/chemistry , Drug Combinations , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Phellodendron/chemistry , SolventsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To study the estimate method of C. chinensis and C. australia. METHOD: HPLC was used to determine the contents of four kinds of flavones of C. chinensis and C. australia growing on different hosts. RESULT: C. chinensis and C. australia growing on different hosts both had hyperoside, quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin. The content range of hyperoside was 2.790-6.502 mg/g and was higher than other flavones. The content ranges of quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin were 0.025-0.176 mg/g, 0.001-0.213 mg/g and 0.001-0.077 mg/g, respectively. CONCLUSION: The contents of hyperoside and quercetin are higher in C. chineasis than in C. australia. The contents of kaempferol and isorhamnetin are lower in C. chinensis than in C. australia. The hosts influence flavones content of C. chinensis and C. australia.
Subject(s)
Cuscuta/chemistry , Flavonols/analysis , Plants, Medicinal/chemistry , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Cuscuta/classification , Cuscuta/growth & development , Flavonols/isolation & purification , Flavonols/standards , Kaempferols/analysis , Kaempferols/isolation & purification , Kaempferols/standards , Plants, Medicinal/growth & development , Quality Control , Quercetin/analogs & derivatives , Quercetin/analysis , Quercetin/isolation & purification , Quercetin/standards , Reference Standards , Reference Values , Seeds/chemistry , Seeds/growth & development , Species SpecificityABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of immune enhancement, anti-fatigue and anoxia tolerance on mice of four kinds of dodder seeds in Shandong Province. METHODS: Water extracts and alcohol extracts of the four kinds of dodder seeds were administered to mice. The phagocytosis of coelio-macrophage, the weight changes of the immune organs, the survival time to swimming and lacking of oxygen were observed. RESULTS: The four kinds of dodder seeds in Shandong Province could enhance the phagocytosis of macrophage of mice and increase the weights of thymus and spleen of the immature mice. They could prolong the survival time of mice swimming and lacking oxygen. Cuscuta chinensis Lam. and C. australis R. Br. had better effects than the other two kinds, and the water extracts had better effects than alcohol extracts. CONCLUSION: The four kinds of dodder seeds in Shandong Province have the effects of immune enhancement, anti-fatigue and anoxia tolerance. The polysaccharide in dodder seeds is one of the effective materials to improve the immune system.