Facile Transfer of Reverse Micelles from the Organic to the Aqueous Phase for Mimicking Enzyme Catalysis and Imaging-Guided Cancer Therapy.

Reverse micelles (RMs) with confined water pools have been applied in many fields. However, the water insolubility of RMs seriously limits the scope of their application, especially those needed to operate in aqueous environments. Here, we report the first successful transfer of RMs from the organic phase to water phase without disturbing their confined water pools and hydrophobic alkyl region. This transfer was achieved by virtue of a mild host-guest interaction between the hydrophobic tails of interfacial cross-linked reverse micelles (ICRMs) and the hydrophobic cavity of (2-hydroxypropyl)-ß-cyclodextrin (HP-ß-CD). Benefitting from the maintained confined water pools and the hydrophobic scaffold, the obtained water-soluble ICRMs served as multifunctional nanoplatforms for enzyme-mimicking catalysis and image-guided cancer therapy, which were impossible for normal RMs lacking water solubility or confined pool-buried water-soluble nanoparticles without a hydrophobic alkyl chain. This mild transfer approach thus surmounts the application obstacle of RMs and opens up new avenues for their application in aqueous environments.

Application of terahertz spectroscopy and chemometrics for discrimination of transgenic camellia oil.

Discrimination of transgenic edible oil has become the focus of attention in the field of food safety. In this paper, we propose a method for discrimination of transgenic edible oils by using terahertz spectroscopy combine with weighted linear discriminant analysis (WLDA). To evaluate the lustiness of the model, we employ successive projection arithmetic (SPA) and partial least squares (PLS) to verify the discrimination performance through variable selection. The results demonstrate that the SPA-WLDA model has higher classification accuracy than PLS-WLDA. In conclusion, terahertz spectroscopy is coupled with chemometrics is an effective method for discriminating various types of transgenic edible oils.

[Medical societies in modern China-China Medical Missionary Association].

In modern times, the development and exchange of scientific research were promoted greatly by establishments of scientific societies in the west. In the second half of the 17(th) century, medical societies such as the Berlin Royal Society of Medicine, the Paris Surgical Society, the Edinburgh Medical Society and the London Medical Society appeared in sequence, which promoted the progress of European medicine greatly by means of medical conferences and journals. At the end of the 19(th) century, in order to promote medical missions and education, western missionaries drew lessons from the medical society system and founded the China Medical Missionary Association (CMMA). The association was dedicated to work in four fields: terminology standardization, missionary hospitals, medical education and study on endemic disease. CMMA accelerated the development of medical missions and the spread of western medicine. As members of CMMA must be of religious orders, many scholars were not qualified to join in, which resulted in limitation of academic research and exchange. With the return of overseas students, Chinese scholars majoring in western medicine enhanced the awareness of medical knowledge. As a result, western medical societies were established one by one, including the Shanghai Medical Association, the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association, the Chinese Medical Association and the Society of Chinese Medicines of the Republic of China. Established in 1915, the Chinese Medical Association had members who also belonged to the CMMA, so the Chinese Medical Association made reference to the CMMA for its organization, function, operating mechanism, journals, etc..

[The invention and evolution of the stethoscope].

There is a record of direct auscultation in the Hippocratic Corpus and this auscultation method has been used for more than 2000 years. In 1816, the first monaural stethoscope was invented by a French physician Dr. Rene Laennec, who also wrote books introducing how to use the stethoscope and auscultation. This instrument has been improved by several doctors and in 1851,the one improved by George Cammann, an American doctor, was the model of today's stethoscope. The electrical stethoscope was produced by the 3M(TM) Littmann Company in 1999, after which the audio files could be saved. In 2000, the vibration response imaging system was introduced into medicine. In 2006, a noise-free active stethoscope was displayed in the Acoustics Conference held in Honolulu, USA. This kind of stethoscope could be used in noisy or bumpy circumstances. These new pieces of equipment made the stethoscope's application field even broader.

[Comparison between transmission of modern western medicine in China and Japan].

In the middle period of the 16th century, western medicine had been introduced successively into China and Japan by the medium of Catholic missionaries. The transmission mode of western medicine in the two countries differed dramatically from each other due to the political, economic and social cultural differences of that time. In China, the transmission of western medicine focused on the theory first and transferred to the practical use later; while in Japan, it began with clinical treatment, then rose from the technology to the theory. As a result, the cognition to the western medical knowledge and medical system as well as the transplanting and localization in China and Japan were significantly different. The local western medical groups emerged earlier in Japan than in China, and the attitude toward western medicine was also more positive and a national health system was quickly established. The corresponding situation in China obviously lagged behind the one in Japan, and China learned from the successful experiences of Japan for a time.

[Bernard's outlook on life and its influence on modern physiology].

In the later half of the 19th century, the main stream in physiology was mechanical reductionism. Bernard, however, advocated organic, holistic outlook on life, and put forward the idea of inner environment of organism. His thinking and methodology exerted significant influence on the development of physiology in early 20th century.