ABSTRACT
Previous research has shown that physical activity may mitigate the association between overweight/obesity and a number of negative health outcomes; however, less is known on how the duration of overweight/obesity alters this association. Therefore, the purpose of this leading article was to synthesize recent studies from our research group examining how physical activity, overweight/obesity classification, and importantly, overweight/obesity duration impact the association with a variety of different health outcomes. Five studies were analyzed, each of which used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to analyze six mutually exclusive groups and their respective association with cardiovascular disease risk, all-cause mortality, multi-morbidity, health-related quality of life, and mild depressive symptoms. These studies detailed that physical inactivity, overweight/obesity classification, and overweight/obesity duration were each independently associated with cardiovascular disease risk and multi-morbidity. Additionally, physical activity reduced the risk of all-cause mortality across all weight classifications/durations, and also reduced the association with depressive symptoms and poor health-related quality of life among those overweight/obese for longer durations. These results illustrate that, while physical activity may reduce the association with negative health outcomes, overweight/obesity appears to increase this association independent of physical activity level, with this further exacerbated by the duration of overweight/obesity. Therefore, the emerging studies examining the importance of physical activity among overweight/obese individuals should also consider the duration of overweight/obesity as this will likely alter the associations present.
Subject(s)
Exercise/physiology , Health Status , Obesity/physiopathology , Quality of Life , Body Mass Index , Body Weight , Humans , Nutrition Surveys , Overweight/physiopathology , Sedentary Behavior , Time FactorsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Physical activity has been shown to attenuate the association between overweight/obesity and mortality. Much less is known, however, on how the duration of overweight/obesity potentially alters this association, which was the purpose of this study. METHODS: The 1999-2006 NHANES was used and 11,057 adults (ages 36-85) were evaluated. Eight mutually exclusive groups were created: (1) physically active, normal weight now and 10years ago; (2) physically inactive, normal weight now and 10years ago; (3) physically active, overweight/obese now but normal weight 10years ago; (4) physically inactive, normal weight now but overweight/obese 10years ago; (5) physically active, overweight/obese now but normal weight 10years ago; (6) physically inactive, overweight/obese now but normal weight 10years ago; (7) physically active, overweight/obese now and 10years ago; and (8) physically inactive, overweight/obese now and 10years ago. RESULTS: After adjustments, only those individuals that were inactive were at a significantly increased risk for all-cause mortality independent of overweight/obesity status (Groups 2, 4, 6, 8). CONCLUSION: In alignment with the Exercise is Medicine initiative®, our results provide support for clinicians to perform routine assessments of physical activity, and to further promote physical activity among all individuals regardless of body mass status.
Subject(s)
Body Weight , Exercise/physiology , Overweight/mortality , Physical Fitness , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Cause of Death , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Nutrition Surveys , Obesity/mortality , Risk FactorsSubject(s)
Accelerometry/trends , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Motor Activity/physiology , Obesity/epidemiology , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnosis , Cardiovascular Diseases/physiopathology , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Nutrition Surveys/trends , Obesity/diagnosis , Obesity/physiopathology , Overweight/diagnosis , Overweight/epidemiology , Overweight/physiopathology , Time FactorsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: In this case review we report on a bodybuilder who used a practical model of blood flow restriction (BFR) training to successfully rehabilitate himself following an injury to his right knee. RESULTS: The patient originally thought he had torn his meniscus however repeat radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmed an osteochondral fracture. The patient initially sought out a low load alternative to help with the maintenance of skeletal muscle mass. However, following rehabilitation with low load BFR resistance training, radiographs indicated that the bone had begun to heal suggesting that this type of training may also benefit bone. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, this case review provides evidence that practical BFR using knee wraps can serve as an effective stimulus during rehabilitation from a knee injury.