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1.
Prev Vet Med ; 154: 9-17, 2018 Jun 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29685448

ABSTRACT

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and related multidrug resistance (MDR) are important global public health issues. The Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS) conducts surveillance of AMR in enteric bacteria and monitors MDR. However, the analysis of MDR is complicated by the lack of consensus for MDR definitions. The objectives were to describe the most common resistance patterns in generic E. coli isolates from chicken cecal samples and determine the impact of using different MDR metrics for analysis of annual and regional variation in MDR. From 2006 to 2015, 1598 E. coli isolates were collected from chickens at slaughter for CIPARS. Three MDR classification metrics were used: MDR-drug (MDR if the isolate was resistant (R) to ≥3 of the 13 antimicrobials); MDR-cat (MDR if R to ≥3 of the 9 antimicrobials categories); and MDR-class (MDR if R to ≥3 of the 6 antimicrobial classes). The most frequent resistance patterns overall, and by year and region were extracted along with patterns that included resistance to quinolones, and third generation cephalosporins and/or ß-lactams with ß-lactamase inhibitors. For each MDR metric, mixed logistic regression models, which included random intercepts for abattoir, were fitted to analyze the association between prevalence of MDR, and year and region. Interaction effects between year and region were evaluated. Overall, and in all years and regions, non-resistant was the most common resistance pattern (24.9%, 95% CI 22.8-27.1%). Resistance patterns that included third generation cephalosporins and ß-lactams with ß-lactamase inhibitors were common. The prevalence of MDR was variable: MDR-class 38.5% (95% CI 36.1-41.0%); MDR-cat 49.4% (95% CI 46.9-51.9%); and MDR-drug 53.3% (95% CI 50.8-55.8%). Based on models fitted with individual fixed effects, significant annual variation in the prevalence of MDR was identified with MDR-drug and MDR-class models. Significant regional variation was identified for all three MDR metric models. Significant interaction effects between year and region were identified with the MDR-drug and MDR-cat multivariable mixed logistic regression models. The interpretation of the association between the prevalence of MDR, and year and region differed depending on the MDR metric used. These results are supportive of the previous concerns that caution must be taken when comparing MDR results between studies. Global consensus is needed for the optimal MDR classification metric for foodborne enteric bacteria AMR surveillance.


Subject(s)
Abattoirs , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Chickens , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial , Escherichia coli Infections/veterinary , Poultry Diseases/microbiology , Animals , Canada , Escherichia coli/drug effects , Escherichia coli/isolation & purification , Escherichia coli Infections/drug therapy , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Poultry Diseases/drug therapy
2.
Can J Vet Res ; 78(4): 241-9, 2014 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25355992

ABSTRACT

Susceptibility results for Pasteurella multocida and Streptococcus suis isolated from swine clinical samples were obtained from January 1998 to October 2010 from the Animal Health Laboratory at the University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, and used to describe variation in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to 4 drugs of importance in the Ontario swine industry: ampicillin, tetracycline, tiamulin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Four temporal data-analysis options were used: visualization of trends in 12-month rolling averages, logistic-regression modeling, temporal-scan statistics, and a scan with the "What's strange about recent events?" (WSARE) algorithm. The AMR trends varied among the antimicrobial drugs for a single pathogen and between pathogens for a single antimicrobial, suggesting that pathogen-specific AMR surveillance may be preferable to indicator data. The 4 methods provided complementary and, at times, redundant results. The most appropriate combination of analysis methods for surveillance using these data included temporal-scan statistics with a visualization method (rolling-average or predicted-probability plots following logistic-regression models). The WSARE algorithm provided interesting results for quality control and has the potential to detect new resistance patterns; however, missing data created problems for displaying the results in a way that would be meaningful to all surveillance stakeholders.


Les résultats de sensibilité pour des isolats de Pasteurella multocida et Streptococcus suis provenant d'échantillons cliniques de porcs furent obtenus du Animal Health Laboratory de l'Université de Guelph pour la période de janvier 1998 à octobre 2010, et utilisés pour décrire la variation dans la résistance antimicrobienne (AMR) à quatre antibiotiques d'importance dans l'industrie porcine en Ontario : l'ampicilline, la tétracycline, la tiamuline, et le trimethoprime-sulfaméthoxazole. Quatre options temporelles d'analyse des données ont été utilisées : visualisation des tendances des moyennes mobiles de 12 mois, modélisation de régression logistique, statistiques d'un scan temporel, et un scan avec l'algorithme «Qu'y a-t-il d'étrange avec des évènements récents?¼ (WSARE). Les tendances d'AMR variaient entre les antibiotiques pour un agent pathogène et entre les agents pathogènes pour un antibiotique unique, ce qui suggère que la surveillance AMR pour un agent pathogène spécifique serait préférable à des données indicatrices. Les quatre méthodes ont fourni des données complémentaires, et parfois des résultats redondants. La combinaison la plus appropriée de méthodes d'analyse pour la surveillance en utilisant ces données incluait les statistiques d'un scan temporel avec une méthode de visualisation (moyenne mobile ou graphes de probabilité prédite suite à des modèles de régression logistique). L'algorithme WSARE a fourni des résultats intéressants pour le contrôle de qualité et a le potentiel de détecter des nouveaux patrons de résistance; toutefois, des données manquantes ont causé des problèmes pour montrer les résultats d'une manière qui serait signifiante pour toutes les personnes concernées par la surveillance.(Traduit par Docteur Serge Messier).


Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Pasteurella Infections/veterinary , Pasteurella multocida/isolation & purification , Streptococcal Infections/veterinary , Streptococcus suis/isolation & purification , Swine Diseases/microbiology , Algorithms , Animals , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial , Logistic Models , Microbial Sensitivity Tests/veterinary , Ontario/epidemiology , Pasteurella Infections/drug therapy , Pasteurella Infections/epidemiology , Pasteurella Infections/microbiology , Retrospective Studies , Streptococcal Infections/drug therapy , Streptococcal Infections/epidemiology , Streptococcal Infections/microbiology , Swine , Swine Diseases/drug therapy , Swine Diseases/epidemiology
3.
Foodborne Pathog Dis ; 8(2): 239-48, 2011 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21034264

ABSTRACT

The objectives of this study were to compare the performance of different diagnostic protocols (rectoanal mucosal swabs and immunomagnetic separation [RAMS-IMS], fecal samples and IMS [fecal-IMS], and direct plating) to determine the prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and to evaluate the pattern of E. coli O157:H7 shedding and super-shedding (defined as having a direct plating count equal to or >10(4) colony forming units of E. coli O157:H7 per gram of feces) in a longitudinal study of naturally infected feedlot steers. RAMS and fecal grab samples were obtained at 14-day intervals from 168 Angus-cross beef steers over a period of 22 weeks. Fecal samples were assessed by direct plating and IMS, whereas RAMS were tested only by enrichment followed by IMS to recover E. coli O157:H7. The period prevalence for shedding was high (62%) among feedlot steers and super-shedding was higher (23%) than anticipated. Although direct plating was the least sensitive method to detect E. coli O157:H7-positive samples, over 20% of high bacterial load samples were not detected by RAMS-IMS and/or fecal-IMS. The sensitivity of RAMS-IMS, fecal-IMS, and direct plating protocols was estimated using simple and multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression models, in which the dependent variable was the dichotomous results of each test and gold standard (i.e., parallel interpretation of the three protocols)-positive individuals were included as an independent variable along with other factors such as dietary supplements, time of sampling, and being exposed to a super-shedding pen-mate. The associations between these factors and the sensitivity of the diagnostic protocols were not statistically significant. In conclusion, differences in the reported impact of diet and probiotics on the shedding of E. coli O157:H7 in previous studies using RAMS-IMS or fecal-IMS were unlikely due to their impact on test performance.


Subject(s)
Bacterial Shedding , Cattle Diseases/diagnosis , Cattle Diseases/microbiology , Escherichia coli Infections/veterinary , Escherichia coli O157/physiology , Specimen Handling/veterinary , Anal Canal/microbiology , Animal Husbandry/methods , Animals , Cattle , Cattle Diseases/epidemiology , Colony Count, Microbial/veterinary , Escherichia coli Infections/diagnosis , Escherichia coli Infections/epidemiology , Escherichia coli O157/growth & development , Escherichia coli O157/isolation & purification , Feces/microbiology , Foodborne Diseases/prevention & control , Immunomagnetic Separation/veterinary , Logistic Models , Longitudinal Studies , Male , Ohio/epidemiology , Prevalence , Rectum/microbiology , Sensitivity and Specificity , Specimen Handling/methods
4.
J Antimicrob Chemother ; 65(9): 2019-27, 2010 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20576640

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To assess potential risk factors among socioeconomic variables and the rate of influenza for the use of different fluoroquinolone antimicrobials in Canada, and to evaluate modelling fluoroquinolone-use data by two different outcome measures. METHODS: Fluoroquinolone use was described monthly from 2000 to 2006 by two outcome measurements: defined daily doses and prescription counts. Multivariable linear and negative binomial models were produced with socioeconomic and influenza rate data. RESULTS: Significant socioeconomic predictors varied among the individual fluoroquinolone models, which may reflect the range of infections that are treated with fluoroquinolones. However, socioeconomic variables within the ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin models were similar, and indicated that use was highest in advantaged populations, depending on the measures being assessed. The rate of influenza was a significant predictor within models describing levofloxacin use and the defined daily dose model for ciprofloxacin use, after accounting for season. Influenza significantly interacted with the education variable in the levofloxacin defined daily dose model. CONCLUSIONS: Significant associations between levofloxacin use and influenza rates, after accounting for season, may suggest that levofloxacin was used to treat secondary bacterial infections or was prescribed inappropriately for seasonal viral respiratory tract infections. Yearly patterns of ciprofloxacin use show that prescribing practices changed; more ciprofloxacin prescriptions were dispensed towards the end of the study period, but for smaller doses or shorter treatment times. Associations with socioeconomic variables suggest that the fluoroquinolones ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin were more likely to be used in advantaged populations, probably due to the high cost of fluoroquinolone antimicrobials in comparison to the penicillin and macrolide groups.


Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Drug Utilization/statistics & numerical data , Fluoroquinolones/therapeutic use , Influenza, Human/drug therapy , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Respiratory Tract Infections/drug therapy , Canada , Ciprofloxacin/therapeutic use , Humans , Levofloxacin , Ofloxacin/therapeutic use , Risk Factors , Socioeconomic Factors
5.
Foodborne Pathog Dis ; 7(9): 1071-81, 2010 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20500082

ABSTRACT

Alteration of the gastro-intestinal tract through manipulation of cattle diets has been proposed as a preharvest control measure to reduce fecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of the energy source's moisture content (high moisture corn and dry whole-shelled corn), two natural feed supplements (Saccaromyces cerevisiae boulardii CNCM 1079-Levucell and Aspergillus oryzae-Amaferm), and two levels of vitamin A (2200 IU/kg and no supplementation) on the fecal excretion of E. coli O157:H7 in naturally infected cattle. One hundred sixty-eight Angus-cross beef steers were randomly allocated to 24 pens, and each pen was assigned 1 of 12 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design. E. coli O157:H7 was detected by rectoanal mucosal swab (RAMS) and fecal grab samples using immunomagnetic separation (IMS) and standard microbiological techniques. On the basis of multivariable multilevel logistic regression models, we found a statistically significant (p < 0.05) increase in the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in animals fed dry whole-shelled corn in models based on fecal-IMS, and this effect was increased if a super-shedding animal (shedding > 10(4) colony forming units of E. coli O157:H7 per gram of feces) was present in the pen at the time of testing relative to animals fed high moisture corn and nonexposed to super-shedders. However, in similar models based on RAMS-IMS testing, the effect of corn type on the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 varied with the type of feed additive used. Being exposed to a super-shedding pen-mate also increased the odds of being positive to E. coli O157:H7 in the RAMS-IMS models. These models demonstrate that the impact of different supplements may vary with the diagnostic test used, and that further research into the biological significance of differences between RAMS- and fecal-IMS test results is warranted.


Subject(s)
Cattle Diseases/diagnosis , Cattle Diseases/microbiology , Diet/veterinary , Energy Intake , Escherichia coli Infections/veterinary , Escherichia coli O157/isolation & purification , Animals , Cattle , Dietary Supplements , Diterpenes , Escherichia coli Infections/diagnosis , Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology , Feces/microbiology , Male , Probiotics/administration & dosage , Retinyl Esters , Vitamin A/administration & dosage , Vitamin A/analogs & derivatives , Zea mays
6.
Can Vet J ; 51(12): 1373-8, 2010 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21358930

ABSTRACT

This study examined characteristics of the use of drugs, especially antimicrobials, on Ontario sheep farms. Forty-nine sheep farms participated in a 12-month prospective study. Producers documented treatment events during the study period and drug use data from the records were summarized. The most frequently used drugs of the 15 drug categories used by producers belonged to the following categories: antimicrobial (40.7%, n=2710), vitamin/mineral (12.0%), and biological (11.1%). Short-acting penicillin (27.2%, n=1103), long-acting oxytetracycline (22.9%), and long-acting penicillin (21.9%) were the most frequently used antimicrobials. The drugs that were used most frequently on sheep farms were antimicrobials, of which 93% of treatments were extra-label. Extensive extra-label drug use may be the result of the limited number of drugs that are approved in Canada for use in sheep.


Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Dietary Supplements/statistics & numerical data , Drug Utilization/statistics & numerical data , Sheep Diseases/drug therapy , Veterinary Drugs/administration & dosage , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Female , Male , Minerals/administration & dosage , Ontario , Prospective Studies , Sheep , Veterinary Drugs/therapeutic use , Vitamins/administration & dosage
7.
Vet Microbiol ; 104(3-4): 189-96, 2004 Dec 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15564027

ABSTRACT

The study objective was to describe and evaluate antimicrobial resistance profiles in Salmonella isolated from Alberta swine finishing farms. Salmonella isolates (n = 322) were obtained from 192 fecal and 84 environmental samples of the 60 Salmonella-positive swine finishing farms. Isolates were classified susceptible, intermediate or resistant based on NCCLS guidelines. More than half of the isolates (53.4%) were susceptible to all of the 18 antimicrobials in the testing panel. No resistance was observed to amikacin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cefoxitin, ceftiofur, ceftriaxone, cephalothin, ciprofloxacin, imipenem or nalidixic acid. Less than 1% of isolates were resistant to apramycin, gentamicin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Higher frequencies of resistance were observed for chloramphenicol (4.7%), ampicillin (7.8%), kanamycin (11.8%), sulfamethoxazole (21.1%), streptomycin (25.5%) and tetracycline (38.8%). Eleven Salmonella serovars had isolates with resistance to > or =3 antimicrobials. The most frequently resistant serovar was Salmonella Derby, with 27 (38.0%) isolates resistant to > or =3 antimicrobials, including resistance to five and six antimicrobials. An absence of resistance to cephalosporins and fluoroquniolones and a low proportion of isolates resistant to amikacin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, apramycin, gentamicin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole are encouraging findings from public health and animal health perspectives. Frequent resistance observed for ampicillin, kanamycin, sulfamethoxazole, streptomycin and tetracycline, antimicrobials commonly used in veterinary medicine for decades, indicates an urgent need to utilize these antimicrobials more prudently if their benefits are to be preserved.


Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Salmonella Infections, Animal/drug therapy , Salmonella/drug effects , Swine Diseases/drug therapy , Alberta , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Colony Count, Microbial , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial , Feces/microbiology , Microbial Sensitivity Tests/veterinary , Salmonella/classification , Salmonella/growth & development , Salmonella Infections, Animal/microbiology , Swine , Swine Diseases/microbiology
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