ABSTRACT
Serum fatty acids (FAs) exist in the four lipid fractions of triglycerides (TGs), phospholipids (PLs), cholesteryl esters (CEs) and free fatty acids (FFAs). Total fatty acids (TFAs) indicate the sum of FAs in them. In this study, four statistical analysis methods, which are independent component analysis (ICA), factor analysis, common principal component analysis (CPCA) and principal component analysis (PCA), were conducted to uncover food sources of FAs among the four lipid fractions (CE, FFA, and TG + PL). Among the methods, ICA provided the most suggestive results. To distinguish the animal fat intake from endogenous fatty acids, FFA variables in ICA and factor analysis were studied. ICA provided more distinct suggestions of FA food sources (endogenous, plant oil intake, animal fat intake, and fish oil intake) than factor analysis. Moreover, ICA was discovered as a new approach to distinguish animal FAs from endogenous FAs, which will have an impact on epidemiological studies. In addition, the correlation coefficients between a published dataset of food FA compositions and the loading values obtained in the present ICA study suggested specific foods as serum FA sources. In conclusion, we found that ICA is a useful tool to uncover food sources of serum FAs.
Subject(s)
Fatty Acids/analysis , Food Analysis , Chromatography, Gas/methods , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Fatty Acids/blood , HumansABSTRACT
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Although the effectiveness of primers for resin bonding to noble alloys has been demonstrated, no effective clinical technique for bonding to noble metal ceramic alloys has been established. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of metal primers on the shear bond strength of an adhesive resin to noble metal ceramic alloys after thermal cycling. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty-three disk-shaped specimens (10 × 2.5 mm) were cast from high-gold-content alloys (Super Metal W-85: W85 or IFK88 GR: IFK88), a high-palladium-content alloy (Super Metal N-40: N40), and an Ag-Pd-Cu-Au alloy (Castwell M.C.12: MC12). Smaller-sized disk-shaped specimens (8 × 2.5 mm) were fabricated with MC12. Bonding surfaces were finished with 600-grit SiC-paper and airborne-particle abraded with 50-µm alumina. Pairs of disks were primed (V-Primer: VP; ML Primer: ML; or Metaltite: MT) and bonded with an adhesive resin (Super-Bond C&B). The bond strengths were determined before and after 20,000 and 50,000 thermal cycles (n=7). Data were analyzed by using a 3-way ANOVA and the Bonferroni test (α=.05). Failure modes were determined by optical microscope and SEM observation. RESULTS: Bond strengths to high-gold-content alloys with VP and MT significantly decreased after the thermal cycling (P<.001). Bond strengths to W85 (35.27 ±4.25 MPa) and IFK88 (33.57 ±3.56 MPa) after 50,000 thermal cycles obtained by ML were the highest (P<.001), and these groups showed combination failures. Bond strengths to N40 significantly decreased after 50,000 thermal cycles (P<.001), regardless of primers. CONCLUSIONS: Shear bond strengths (SBS) to high-gold-content alloys were not degraded up to 50,000 thermal cycles when primed with ML. None of the primers evaluated was effective for high-palladium-content alloy.
Subject(s)
Dental Bonding , Dental Cements/chemistry , Metal Ceramic Alloys/chemistry , Resin Cements/chemistry , Aluminum Oxide/chemistry , Boron Compounds/chemistry , Carbon Compounds, Inorganic/chemistry , Copper/chemistry , Dental Etching/methods , Gold Alloys/chemistry , Humans , Materials Testing , Methacrylates/chemistry , Methylmethacrylates/chemistry , Palladium/chemistry , Shear Strength , Silicon Compounds/chemistry , Silver/chemistry , Stress, Mechanical , Surface Properties , Temperature , Thiouracil/analogs & derivatives , Thiouracil/chemistry , Triazines/chemistryABSTRACT
This study investigated the efficacies of adhesive resin cements (Clearfil SA Luting, Maxcem, G-CEM, RelyX Unicem Clicker, Vitremer Paste) for bonding to Ag-Pd-Cu-Au alloy not surface-pretreated with metal primer. For control, Panavia F 2.0 -developed for use with a proprietary metal primer, Alloy Primer- was tested with and without metal primer application. Pairs of alloy disks (10.0 and 8.0 mm in diameters, 3.0 mm thickness) were air-abraded with alumina and bonded with one of the cements. Shear bond strengths (SBSs) were measured before and after 50,000 times of thermocycling. Among Maxcem, RelyX Unicem Clicker and the control, there were no statistical differences in SBS before and after thermocycling. After thermocycling, Clearfil SA Luting exhibited the highest SBS among all the cements. Results showed that Clearfil SA Luting, Maxcem, and RelyX Unicem Clicker were efficacious for bonding to Ag-Pd-Cu-Au alloy after air abrasion surface treatment for the latter.
Subject(s)
Copper/chemistry , Dental Alloys/chemistry , Dental Bonding , Dental Materials/chemistry , Gold Alloys/chemistry , Methacrylates/chemistry , Palladium/chemistry , Resin Cements/chemistry , Silver/chemistry , Thiones/chemistry , Adhesiveness , Aluminum Oxide/chemistry , Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate/chemistry , Composite Resins/chemistry , Dental Etching/methods , Glass Ionomer Cements/chemistry , Humans , Materials Testing , Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry , Polymethacrylic Acids/chemistry , Shear Strength , Stress, Mechanical , Temperature , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Brine shrimp lethality test (BST)-guided fractionation of a methanol extract of the roots of Melia azedarach resulted in the isolation of two new limonoids, 9alpha-hydroxy-12alpha-acetoxyfraxinellone (1) and 7,14-epoxy-azedarachin B (2), together with the known compounds, 12alpha-hydroxyfraxinellone (4), 9alpha-hydroxyfraxinellone (5), azedarachin B (6), and neoazedarachin B (7). The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated by analysis of spectroscopic data and comparison of their NMR data with those of the known compounds. Compounds 1, 2 and 4-7 exhibited significant activity in the BST, in particular, azedarachin B (6) showed remarkable BST activity with an LC(50) value of 0.0098 microM.
Subject(s)
Benzofurans/chemistry , Ethers, Cyclic/chemistry , Limonins/chemistry , Melia azedarach/chemistry , Plant Roots/chemistry , Plants, Medicinal/chemistry , Steroids/chemistry , Animals , Artemia/drug effects , Benzofurans/pharmacology , Biological Assay , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Methanol/chemistry , Molecular Structure , Steroids/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Three new rearranged vibsane-type diterpenes, neovibsanin F (1), 14-epi-neovibsanin F (2), and 14-epi-18-oxoneovibsanin F (3), have been isolated from the leaves of Viburnum suspensum, and their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data and comparison with those of previously reported vibsane-type diterpenes.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic , Diterpenes , Plants, Medicinal/chemistry , Viburnum/chemistry , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/classification , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/isolation & purification , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology , Artemia/drug effects , Diterpenes/chemistry , Diterpenes/classification , Diterpenes/isolation & purification , Diterpenes/pharmacology , Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor , Humans , KB Cells , Molecular Structure , Plant Leaves/chemistryABSTRACT
We describe a novel pharmacological activity of the gentian root, an ingredient of Chinese medicines. Root extract from Gentiana triflora triggered cell death of human Daudi cells in culture. In addition, daily administration of the extract to mice inhibited growth of implanted solid tumors. Extract treatment of cultured cells resulted in the appearance of shranken, fragmented, or condensed cell and nuclear morphologies, and in chromosomal DNA degradation. But, the extract-treated cells did not show DNA fragmentation, which exhibits a nucleosome ladder, suggesting that extract-triggered cell death is not mediated through a typical apoptotic pathway.
Subject(s)
Gentiana/chemistry , Neoplasms/pathology , Plant Roots/chemistry , Animals , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Cell Shape , Cell Transplantation , Male , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Plant Extracts/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Nine new diterpenes, neovibsanin D (1), 7-epi-neovibsanin D (2), 15-O-methylneovibsanin F (3), 14-epi-15-O-methylneovibsanin F (4), 15-O-methyl-18-oxoneovibsanin F (5), 2-O-methylneovibsanin H (6), 2-O-methylneovibsanin I (7), neovibsanin G (8), and 14-epi-neovibsanin G (9), were isolated from a methanol extract of the leaves of Viburnum awabuki. Their structures were elucidated to be uniquely rearranged vibsane-type diterpenes by spectroscopic analyses and comparison of NMR data with those of previously reported vibsane-type diterpenes. In addition, irradiation of vibsanin B (12) in methanol with a high-pressure Hg lump led to the direct formation of neovibsanins A (14) and B (15). These results gave a clue to understanding of the biogenetic interconversion of 11-membered vibsanins into neovibsanins.