ABSTRACT
Achillea millefolium L. (AM) is an aromatic herb with a variety of pharmacological properties, such as anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic activities. However, AM's effects on atopic dermatitis (AD) have not been investigated. This study evaluates the anti-AD activity of 50% ethanol-extracted AM in murine macrophage Raw 264.7 cells, in tumor necrosis factor-alpha/interferon-gamma (TNF-[Formula: see text]/IFN-[Formula: see text])-stimulated human immortal keratinocyte HaCaT cells in vitro, and in Biostir-AD-treated NC/Nga mice in vivo. The results showed that AM significantly downregulated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as INOS, COX-2, and interleukin (IL)-6 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated Raw 264.7 cells. The mRNA expressions of INOS, COX-2, and IL-6 decreased by 76.1%, 69.3%, and 31.8%, respectively. Overexpression of chemokines, such as activation-regulated chemokine and macrophage-derived chemokine, regulated on activation of normal T-cell expressed and secreted, and IL-8 was inhibited by 70.01%, 52.91%, 73.53%, and 18.93%, respectively, in TNF-[Formula: see text]/IFN-[Formula: see text]-stimulated HaCaT cells by downregulating the mitogen-activated protein kinase, I[Formula: see text]B[Formula: see text], and the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 signaling pathways. AD-like symptoms, such as elevated serum immunoglobin E levels, epidermal thickening, high dermatitis severity score, transepidermal water loss, and reduced skin hydration, were relieved by the dietary administration of AM in Biostir-AD-treated NC/Nga mice. In addition, filaggrin expression increased significantly in AM-treated groups. These results suggest that AM could be a useful candidate for AD treatment.
Subject(s)
Achillea/chemistry , Anti-Inflammatory Agents , Phytotherapy , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/therapeutic use , Animals , Cytokines/metabolism , Dermatitis, Atopic/drug therapy , Down-Regulation/drug effects , Filaggrin Proteins , Humans , Inflammation Mediators/metabolism , Interferon-gamma/metabolism , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred Strains , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism , RAW 264.7 Cells , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolismABSTRACT
According to the previously described anti-photoaging effect of the enzyme-processed Panax ginseng extract and Gastrodia elata extract, we hypothesized that the combination of the two extracts would have superior effect to protect human skin from UVB radiation. Besides, the mixture of active components isolated from herbal extracts, ginsenoside F2, and α-gastrodin was investigated on the photo-protective capability. The expression of aging-related markers including matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and procollagen type 1 was evaluated using ELISA kits. It was reported that the herbal extract at a Panax ginseng extract to Gastrodia elata extract ratio of 1:10 (w/w) and the compound mixture with equal proportion of ginsenoside F2 and α-gastrodin exhibited significant inhibition of MMP-1 and IL-6 production, and marked upregulation of procollagen type 1 formation. Thus, the combination of either the enzyme-processed herbal extracts or their active components would enhance the properties of prevention and treatment of UVB-induced skin damage.
Subject(s)
Collagen Type I/metabolism , Fibroblasts/drug effects , Gastrodia/chemistry , Interleukin-6/metabolism , Matrix Metalloproteinase 1/metabolism , Panax/chemistry , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Cell Survival/drug effects , Fibroblasts/cytology , Fibroblasts/metabolism , Fibroblasts/radiation effects , Humans , Radiation-Protective Agents/pharmacology , Skin/cytology , Ultraviolet Rays/adverse effectsABSTRACT
Exposure of skin to UVB radiation is associated with skin thickening, erythema, deep wrinkles, and marked losses of elasticity, resilience, and hydration. To find effective anti-aging materials, scientists have studied not only natural nutritional sources, but also biotransformed metabolites. Although Hibiscus syriacus L., the national flower of Korea has been used extensively throughout history, it has not yet been examined for possible anti-aging effects. In this study, skin anti-aging effects of H. syriacus L. water extract (HSL) and enzyme-treated H. syriacus L. extract (ETH) were investigated in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs) in vitro and in hairless mice in vivo. In UVB-irradiated NHDFs, higher level of type I procollagen and lower levels of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and activator protein-1 (AP-1) expression were identified after treatment with HSL and ETH. In photoaged hairless mice, skin thickening and the density of collagen fibers and filaggrin improved after oral administration of HSL and ETH. ETH 1% significantly inhibited melanin content, erythema index (EI), transepidermal water loss (TEWL), stratum corneum (SC) hydration, and wrinkle formation. Palmitic acid and linoleic acid were more abundant in ETH than in HSL. Taken together, both HSL and ETH protect skin from UVB-induced premature photoaging, and enzymatic biotransformed products like ETH have potential for use as valuable functional foods.
Subject(s)
Enzymes/pharmacology , Hibiscus/chemistry , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Skin Aging/drug effects , Skin/radiation effects , Ultraviolet Rays , Water/analysis , Animals , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Cells, Cultured , Filaggrin Proteins , Functional Food , Humans , Male , Mice , Mice, Hairless , Signal Transduction/radiation effects , Skin/cytologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Excessive ultraviolet radiation usually causes skin photoaging, inflammation, and even photocarcinogenesis. UV radiation-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a major contributing factor to photodamage. The flowers of Helianthus annuus L. have been reported to possess strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. However, there are few reports on the use of H. annuus L. to relieve UVB-induced photoaging. PURPOSE: In this study, we evaluated the protective effect of a 50% ethanol extract of H. annuus L. flower (HAF) against UVB-induced photodamage using normal human dermal fibroblasts. METHODS: The secretion of ROS, interleukin-6 (IL-6), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), procollagen type I, and transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1) was measured with kits. The messenger RNA levels of COX-2, iNOS, and TGF-α were measured by RT-PCR. The AP-1, MAPK, NFAT, and Nrf2 pathways were investigated by Western blot analysis. RESULTS: HAF extract significantly blocked UVB-induced ROS and MMP (MMP-1 and MMP-3) production and procollagen type I reduction. Further study demonstrated that the photoaging inhibitory actions were related to promotion of Nrf2 nuclear translocation, upregulation of TGF-ß1 level, and downregulation of AP-1 and MAPK phosphorylation. Importantly, HAF effectively inhibited UVB-induced VEGF and inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, COX-2, iNOS, and TNF-α secretion, which might be involved in the regulation of the NFAT signaling pathway. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that HAF is a useful botanical source protecting against UVB-mediated skin photodamage.
Subject(s)
Antioxidants/pharmacology , Fibroblasts/metabolism , Helianthus/chemistry , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism , NF-E2-Related Factor 2/metabolism , NFATC Transcription Factors/metabolism , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Transcription Factor AP-1/metabolism , Ultraviolet Rays/adverse effects , Cell Survival/drug effects , Cell Survival/radiation effects , Collagen Type I/metabolism , Cytokines/metabolism , Ethanol/chemistry , Flowers/chemistry , Humans , Matrix Metalloproteinase 1/metabolism , Matrix Metalloproteinase 3/metabolism , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Signal Transduction/drug effects , Signal Transduction/radiation effects , Skin/cytology , Skin Aging/physiologyABSTRACT
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation induces skin photoaging, which is associated with the elevation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and the impairment of collagen. The Euphrasia species play a well-known role in the treatment of certain eye disorders through their anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. However, their protective activity toward UVB-induced damage remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the protective effect of Euphrasia officinalis (95% ethanol extract) on UVB-irradiated photoaging in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs). Our results show that Euphrasia officinalis extract exhibited obvious reactive oxygen species (ROS) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, enhanced NHDF cell migration, and reduced UVB-induced apoptosis. The UVB-induced increases in MMP-1 and MMP-3 and decrease in type I procollagen were ameliorated by Euphrasia officinalis treatment, which worked by suppressing the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear transcription factor activator protein 1 (AP-1) signaling pathways. Taken together, our data strongly suggest that Euphrasia officinalis ethanol extract could reduce UVB-induced photoaging by alleviating oxidative stress, proinflammatory activity, and cell apoptosis.
Subject(s)
Euphrasia/chemistry , Fibroblasts/drug effects , Fibroblasts/radiation effects , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Skin/cytology , Ultraviolet Rays , Cell Movement/drug effects , Cell Movement/radiation effects , Cellular Senescence/drug effects , Cellular Senescence/radiation effects , Collagen Type I/metabolism , Fibroblasts/cytology , Matrix Metalloproteinase 1/metabolism , Matrix Metalloproteinase 3/metabolism , Skin/drug effects , Skin/radiation effects , Skin Aging/drug effects , Skin Aging/radiation effectsABSTRACT
Syzygium aromaticum L., commonly named clove, is widely used in the food industry due to its antioxidant and antibacterial capabilities. However, little information is available regarding its role in resisting skin photoaging. This study investigated 50% ethanol extract of Syzygium aromaticum L. (SA) and eugenol (EO) for anti-aging effects in UVB-irradiated normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs) and hairless mice. In vitro, SA and EO suppressed matrix metalloproteinase-1, 3 (MMP-1 and MMP-3) secretion as well as the activator protein 1 (AP-1) phosphorylation. SA and EO also activated nuclear erythroid 2-related factor/antioxidant-response element (Nrf2/ARE) signaling which improves the antioxidant activity and inhibited nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression, pro-inflammatory factors. Furthermore, SA and EO suppressed the nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) which is a known activator of MMPs, cooperator transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß) and NF-κB in Ca2+/calcineurin-regulated transcription. In vivo, SA significantly improved the levels of procollagen type I and elastin through TGF/Smad signaling. The histopathological studies found that SA reduced wrinkles. SA also increased filament aggregating protein (filaggrin), which repairs the skin barrier function and improved the skin's hydration. Altogether, SA effectively ameliorated UVB-induced photoaging. It is expected to become a promising natural product.
Subject(s)
Dietary Supplements , Flowering Tops/chemistry , Plant Extracts/therapeutic use , Radiation Injuries, Experimental/therapy , Skin/radiation effects , Syzygium/chemistry , Wound Healing , Animals , Antioxidants/therapeutic use , Cell Survival/radiation effects , Cells, Cultured , Eugenol/therapeutic use , Filaggrin Proteins , Gene Expression Regulation/radiation effects , Humans , Male , Mice, Hairless , Oils, Volatile/therapeutic use , Oxidative Stress/radiation effects , Phosphorylation/radiation effects , Protein Processing, Post-Translational/radiation effects , Radiation Injuries, Experimental/immunology , Radiation Injuries, Experimental/metabolism , Radiation Injuries, Experimental/pathology , Random Allocation , Skin/immunology , Skin/metabolism , Skin/pathology , Skin Aging/immunology , Skin Aging/pathology , Skin Aging/radiation effects , Ultraviolet Rays/adverse effectsABSTRACT
Black currants (Ribes nigrum L, RN) are known as a "super fruit" to possess for their many potential health benefits such as the alleviation of oxidative stress-related disorders. However, little skin photoaging-related research has been done on the use of this agent. In the present study, we investigated the protective effects of RN in UVB-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs). RN treatment in UVB-irradiated skin models alleviated UVB-mediated photoaging through several mechanisms: Treatment with RN downregulated MAPK-related signaling models, such as those of activation protein 1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). In addition, phase II gene heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) was modulated by the increase in nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in the nuclear, and finally, transforming growth factor TGF-ß was upregulated in vitro. Further study indicated that UVB-induced production of MMP-1 and IL-6 could be inhibited by PD 98059 (an inhibitor of ERK) and SP600125 (an inhibitor of JNK). Thus, RN improved the expression of type I procollagen and inhibited UVB-induced MMP-1 and IL-6 secretion through inactivating MAPK cascades. Therefore, RN is a suitable target for further investigation as an antiphotoaging agent and may have applications in the skincare industry.
Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Radiation-Protective Agents/pharmacology , Ribes/chemistry , Skin Aging/drug effects , Skin/drug effects , Skin/radiation effects , Ultraviolet Rays/adverse effects , Anthocyanins/pharmacology , Biomarkers/metabolism , Cell Line , Fibroblasts/drug effects , Fibroblasts/metabolism , Fibroblasts/radiation effects , Humans , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Skin/cytology , Skin/metabolismABSTRACT
Notoginseng is a traditional herbal medicine widely used for medicinal therapy in Asia, as it contains numerous ginsenosides with pharmacological effects. In this study, we submitted Notoginseng stem-leaf (NGL) ginsenosides to an enzyme to create a reaction with the monomer products of ginsenoside C-Mx and then investigated the ability of ginsenoside C-Mx to protect the skin against ultraviolet B-induced injury in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs). Ginsenoside C-Mx alleviated UVB-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), MMP-1 and IL-6 expression while accelerating TGF-ß and procollagen type I secretion. In addition, ginsenoside C-Mx reversed UVB-induced procollagen type I reduction by regulating the TGF-ß/Smad signaling pathway. Moreover, ginsenoside C-Mx inhibited activation of AP-1 transcription factor, an inducer of MMPs. Ginsenoside C-Mx displayed an outstanding antioxidant capacity, increasing expression of cytoprotective antioxidants such as HO-1 and NQO-1 expression by enhancing the nuclear accumulation of Nrf2. Interestingly, application of ginsenoside C-Mx treatment (1, 10, 20 µm) significantly diminished UVB-induced suppressed NF-κB expression, decreasing the over-released inflammatory cytokines. Taken together, our findings indicated that ginsenoside C-Mx may act as a promising natural cosmetic ingredient for prevention and treatment of UVB-induced skin damage.
Subject(s)
Ginsenosides/pharmacology , Panax/chemistry , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Plant Stems/chemistry , Radiation-Protective Agents/pharmacology , Skin Aging/drug effects , Skin Aging/radiation effects , Skin/radiation effects , Ultraviolet Rays/adverse effects , Antioxidants/metabolism , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Fibroblasts/drug effects , Fibroblasts/radiation effects , Ginsenosides/isolation & purification , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/methods , Radiation-Protective Agents/isolation & purification , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Signal Transduction , Skin/drug effects , Skin/enzymology , Skin/metabolismABSTRACT
PURPOSE: In traditional Korean medicine, Artemisia apiacea H. (ART) and Scutellaria baicalensis G. (SCU) are combined for the treatment of malaria and other malaria-like diseases. Because SCU is well-known as an antibacterial agent, the antimicrobial effect of a mixture of ART and SCU was investigated. METHODOLOGY: Plant samples were purchased from Kyungdong mart and extracted with 70â% ethanol. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of ART and SCU against pathogenic fungi (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis and Candida glabrata), Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) was evaluated using a broth microdilution assay, modified-disc diffusion and agar dilution methods with further CH2Cl2-fractionated ART, SCU and a mixture of ART/SCU (at a ratio of 3â:â5) (THAN-1). RESULTS: ART and SCU were effective against A. niger, C. albicans, B. subtilis and S. aureus. The range of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values was 0.03125 to 4 mg ml-1 in the ART and SCU treatments. ART exhibited stronger activity than SCU. Interestingly, a 3â:â5 ratio mixture of ART and SCU (THAN-1) showed stronger antimicrobial activity than ART or SCU used individually. CONCLUSION: A treatment using a mixture of herbs such as THAN-1 would be useful in the suppression of the growth of pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Antifungal Agents/pharmacology , Artemisia/chemistry , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Scutellaria baicalensis/chemistry , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry , Antifungal Agents/chemistry , Antifungal Agents/isolation & purification , Bacteria/drug effects , Bacteria/growth & development , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Fungi/drug effects , Fungi/growth & development , Humans , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Plant Extracts/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
Cherry blossoms have attracted attention as an ingredient with potential for use in skincare products. However, no skin photoaging-related research has been performed with this plant. In this study, cherry blossom extract (CBE) at 1, 10 and 100 µg mL-1 was investigated for its skin antiphotoaging effects in UVB-irradiated normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) cells in vitro. Our results showed that CBE markedly increased type-I procollagen during UVB exposure via two pathways. Firstly, transcription activator protein-1 expression and MAP kinases were downregulated, consequently reducing the production of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and MMP-3. Secondly, transforming growth factor TGF-ßI secretion was upregulated by Smads. Application of CBE facilitated the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 against reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced damage, which is essential for the coordinated induction of cytoprotective enzymes. Together, our findings suggest that CBE may be a promising ingredient for skin aging therapy and provide a novel approach for alleviating cutaneous aging.
Subject(s)
Flowers/chemistry , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Prunus/chemistry , Signal Transduction/drug effects , Skin Aging/drug effects , Skin/drug effects , Cell Nucleus/metabolism , Cells, Cultured , Collagen Type I/metabolism , Free Radical Scavengers/metabolism , Humans , Matrix Metalloproteinase 1/genetics , Matrix Metalloproteinase 1/metabolism , Matrix Metalloproteinase 3/genetics , Matrix Metalloproteinase 3/metabolism , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , NF-E2-Related Factor 2/metabolism , Phosphorylation , Procollagen/metabolism , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Skin/cytology , Skin/enzymology , Skin/metabolism , Smad Proteins/metabolism , Transcription Factor AP-1/antagonists & inhibitors , Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolismABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Alchemilla mollis (lady's mantle) is a common ingredient in skin care products. However, the protective mechanism of A. mollis against skin problems has not been elucidated. PURPOSE: This study was to investigate the effects of A. mollis ethanolic extract (AM) on UVB-irradiated normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) and hairless mice. METHODS: The in vitro anti-photoaging effect of AM was performed in NHDFs. The antioxidant activities were assessed through DPPH, ABTS, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) assays. Matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1), IL-6, procollagen type I, and transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1) were measured by kits. The protein levels of p-c-Jun, p-c-Fos, Nrf2, NQO-1, HO-1, nuclear NFATc1 and cytosolic p-NFATc1 were evaluated by western blotting. In in vivo, H&E and Masson's trichrome staining were carried out. Skin texture was analyzed using the roughness parameters. The expression of MMP-1, procollagen type I, TGF-ß1 and elastin were measured by western blot. RESULTS: AM included gallic acid as an active constituent. AM exhibited a strong antioxidant effect by inhibiting DPPH and ABTS free radicals, as well as ROS production. It was also found to upregulate transforming growth factor ß1, type I procollagen and elastin expression, and to downregulate matrix metalloproteinase-1 and interleukin-6 expression in AM-treated NHDFs under UVB irradiation. These effects were attributed to AP-1 and Nrf2/ARE signaling pathways. Significantly, it was demonstrated that AM regulated the UVB-induced NFATc1 dephosphorylation in nucleus. Based on dietary data, AM was effective for the prevention of wrinkle formation, skin thickening, water loss, and erythema in UVB-exposed mouse skin. CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that A. mollis provides protection from UVB exposure in both hairless mice skin in vivo and NHDFs in vitro. AM might therefore be useful as a cosmetic material and functional food for the prevention of UVB-induced human skin photoaging.
Subject(s)
Alchemilla/chemistry , Antioxidants/pharmacology , NFATC Transcription Factors/metabolism , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Skin Aging/drug effects , Animals , Antioxidant Response Elements/drug effects , Collagen Type I/genetics , Collagen Type I/metabolism , Dietary Supplements , Fibroblasts/drug effects , Fibroblasts/radiation effects , Gallic Acid/analysis , Humans , Male , Mice, Hairless , NF-E2-Related Factor 2/metabolism , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Skin Aging/radiation effects , Ultraviolet Rays/adverse effectsABSTRACT
UV radiation is the primary cause of skin photoaging, which results in an increase in matrix metalloproteinases and degradation of collagen. Developing new natural antioxidant as photoprotective agents has become a popular area of research. Orobanche cernua Loefling is a parasitic plant that is rich in phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs). This study investigated the photoprotective effects of the ethanolic extract of Orobanche cernua Loefling (OC) and its principal component acteoside on UVB-induced photoaging as well as their underlying molecular mechanisms in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs). Biological testing demonstrated that OC and acteoside possessed significant photoprotective activities, reducing MMP and IL-6 levels while improving type-I procollagen synthesis in UVB-irradiated NHDFs. Further study showed that the protective mechanisms were the improvement of transcription factor Nrf2-mediated antioxidant defensive system, suppression of MAPK/AP-1 and activation of the TGF-ß/Smad pathway. Together, our results suggested that OC might be a promising antiphotoaging agent against UV radiation-induced skin damage.
Subject(s)
Orobanche/chemistry , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Radiation-Protective Agents/pharmacology , Skin Aging/drug effects , Skin Aging/radiation effects , Skin/radiation effects , Ultraviolet Rays , Cells, Cultured , Collagen Type I/biosynthesis , Collagen Type I/genetics , Fibroblasts/radiation effects , Glucosides/isolation & purification , Glucosides/pharmacology , Humans , Interleukin-6/metabolism , Matrix Metalloproteinase 1/genetics , Matrix Metalloproteinase 1/metabolism , Matrix Metalloproteinase 3/genetics , Matrix Metalloproteinase 3/metabolism , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , NF-E2-Related Factor 2/metabolism , Phenols/isolation & purification , Phenols/pharmacology , Procollagen/biosynthesis , Procollagen/genetics , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , RNA, Messenger/genetics , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Signal Transduction/drug effects , Skin/cytology , Smad Proteins/metabolism , Transcription Factor AP-1/antagonists & inhibitors , Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolismABSTRACT
Prunella vulgaris L., a well-known traditional Chinese herbal medicine, has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. In the present study, the underlying molecular mechanisms of the protective effect of P. vulgaris extract (PVE) were investigated in UVB-irradiated normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs). The mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), procollagen type I, and cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The expression of anti-photoaging-related signaling molecules in the NF-κB, MAPK/AP-1, and TGF/Smad pathways was assessed by western blot. We observed that PVE blocked the upregulated production of radical oxygen species induced in UVB-irradiated NHDFs in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with PVE also significantly ameliorated the mRNA levels of MMPs, procollagen type I, TNF-α, and IL-6. In addition, the phosphorylation level of c-Jun and c-Fos was decreased through the attenuated expression levels of p-ERK and p-JNK after treatment with PVE. Furthermore, cells treated with PVE showed inhibited Smad 7 and increased Smad 2/3 expression in the TGF-ß/Smad signaling pathway. Hence, synthesis of procollagen type I, a precursor of collagen I, was promoted. These findings indicate that treatment with PVE has a potential protective effect against UVB-induced photoaging and photoinflammation.
Subject(s)
Cellular Senescence/drug effects , Dermis/pathology , Fibroblasts/pathology , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Protective Agents/pharmacology , Prunella/chemistry , Signal Transduction/drug effects , Ultraviolet Rays , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Cell Survival/drug effects , Cell Survival/radiation effects , Cellular Senescence/radiation effects , Collagen Type I/genetics , Collagen Type I/metabolism , Fibroblasts/drug effects , Fibroblasts/radiation effects , Humans , Interleukin-6/genetics , Interleukin-6/metabolism , Matrix Metalloproteinases/genetics , Matrix Metalloproteinases/metabolism , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism , NF-kappa B/metabolism , Phosphorylation , RNA, Messenger/genetics , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Smad Proteins/metabolism , Transcription Factor AP-1/metabolism , Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolismABSTRACT
Ultraviolet light-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage human skin and prematurely cause aging. A growing body of research is focusing on considering plants and plant-derived compounds as antiphotoaging therapeutic material. Pterocarpus santalinus L., as an Indian traditional medicine, possesses antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects. Here, we studied the antiphotoaging effects of ethanolic extract of P. santalinus L. heartwood (EPS) on ultraviolet radiation B (UVB)-irradiated normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs). Results showed that EPS significantly inhibited the upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases and IL-6 caused by UVB irradiation, and suppressed UVB-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, Jun N-terminal kinase and p38, as well as the activation of AP-1 transcription factors. Further study indicated that UVB-induced production of MMP-1 and IL-6 could be inhibited by PD 98059 (an ERK inhibitor) and SP600125 (A JNK inhibitor), implied that EPS inhibited UVB-induced MMP-1 and IL-6 secretion by inactivating MAPK signaling pathway. In addition, EPS possessed an excellent antioxidant activity, which could increase cytoprotective antioxidants such as HO-1, NQ-O1 expression by facilitating the nuclear accumulation of Nrf2. Treatment of NHDFs with EPS also recovered UVB-induced procollagen type I reduction by activating TGF-ß/Smad pathway. These findings demonstrated that EPS had a potential effect against UVB-induced skin photoaging.
Subject(s)
Matrix Metalloproteinase 1/metabolism , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Procollagen/metabolism , Skin Aging/drug effects , Skin/drug effects , Transcription Factor AP-1/metabolism , Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism , Anthracenes/pharmacology , Fibroblasts/drug effects , Fibroblasts/metabolism , Fibroblasts/radiation effects , Flavonoids/pharmacology , Humans , Interleukin-6/genetics , Interleukin-6/metabolism , MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects , Matrix Metalloproteinase 1/genetics , Phosphorylation/drug effects , Procollagen/genetics , Pterocarpus , Skin/cytology , Skin/metabolism , Skin/radiation effects , Transcription Factor AP-1/genetics , Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics , Ultraviolet Rays/adverse effectsABSTRACT
Myrcene is an aromatic volatile compound that is commercially well-known as a flavor ingredient in the food industry and a fragrance in the soap and detergent industry. Given the worldwide interest in natural antiphotoaging products, we investigated the protective effects of myrcene in UVB-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs). NHDFs were subjected to 144[Formula: see text]mJ/cm2of UVB irradiation. The expression of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), MMP-3, interleukin-6 (IL-6), transforming growth factor (TGF-[Formula: see text]1) and type I procollagen were examined. We showed that myrcene decreased the production of ROS, MMP-1, MMP-3, and IL-6, and increased TGF-[Formula: see text]1 and type I procollagen secretions. Furthermore, myrcene treatment (0.1-10[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]M) dramatically reduced the activation of MAPK-related signaling molecules such as p-ERK, p-p38, and p-JNK and AP-1 including p-c-Jun and p-c-Fos. Our data indicate that myrcene has a potential protective effect on UVB-induced human skin photoaging. Therefore, myrcene might have applications in the skincare industry.
Subject(s)
Alkenes/pharmacology , Fibroblasts/metabolism , Matrix Metalloproteinase 1/metabolism , Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism , Monoterpenes/pharmacology , Skin Aging/drug effects , Skin Aging/radiation effects , Ultraviolet Rays/adverse effects , Volatile Organic Compounds/pharmacology , Acyclic Monoterpenes , Cell Survival/drug effects , Cell Survival/radiation effects , Cells, Cultured , Collagen Type I/metabolism , Dermis/cytology , Fibroblasts/radiation effects , Humans , Interleukin-6/metabolism , MAP Kinase Signaling System/genetics , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Skin Aging/genetics , Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolismSubject(s)
Azadirachta/chemistry , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Skin Aging/drug effects , Ultraviolet Rays , Animals , Azadirachta/metabolism , Collagen Type I/genetics , Collagen Type I/metabolism , Down-Regulation/drug effects , Down-Regulation/radiation effects , Male , Matrix Metalloproteinase 1/genetics , Matrix Metalloproteinase 1/metabolism , Mice , Mice, Hairless , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Plant Leaves/metabolism , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Skin/metabolism , Skin/pathology , Skin Aging/radiation effects , Transcription Factor AP-1/antagonists & inhibitors , Transcription Factor AP-1/metabolism , Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism , Up-Regulation/drug effects , Up-Regulation/radiation effectsABSTRACT
A Gram-staining-negative, strictly aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped and flexirubin-type-pigmented strain, THG C4-1(T), was isolated from green tea leaves in Jangheung-gun, Republic of Korea. Strain THG C4-1(T) grew well at 20-30 °C, at pH 7.0-7.5 and in the absence of NaCl on nutrient agar. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, strain THG C4-1(T) was most closely related to Chryseobacterium taiwanense Soil-3-27(T) (97.7â%), C. hagamense RHA2-9(T) (97.2â%), C. gregarium P 461/12(T) (97.2â%), C. ginsenosidimutans THG 15(T) (97.1â%), C. taeanense PHA3-4(T) (97.0â%) and C. daeguense K105(T) (97.0â%), but DNA-DNA relatedness between strain THG C4-1(T) and its closest phylogenetic neighbours was below 21â%. The DNA G+C content was 41.7 mol%. The only isoprenoid quinone detected in strain THG C4-1(T) was menaquinone 6 (MK-6). The major component of the polyamine pattern was sym-homospermidine. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and unidentified aminolipids. The major fatty acids were iso-C15â:â0, iso-C17â:â0 3-OH and iso-C17â:â1ω9c. These data supported the affiliation of strain THG C4-1(T) to the genus Chryseobacterium. The results of physiological and biochemical tests enabled strain THG C4-1(T) to be differentiated genotypically and phenotypically from recognized species of the genus Chryseobacterium. Therefore, the novel isolate represents a novel species, for which the name Chryseobacterium camelliae sp. nov. is proposed, with THG C4-1(T) (â=âKACC 16985(T)â=âJCM 18745(T)) as the type strain.