Identification of Bulbocodin D and C as novel STAT3 inhibitors and their anticancer activities in lung cancer cells.

Cancer stands as one of the predominant causes of mortality globally, necessitating ongoing efforts to develop innovative therapeutics. Historically, natural products have been foundational in the quest for anticancer agents. Bulbocodin D (BD) and Bulbocodin C (BC), two bibenzyls derived from Pleione bulbocodioides (Franch.) Rolfe, have demonstrated notable in vitro anticancer activity. In human lung cancer A549 cells, the IC50s for BD and BC were 11.63 and 11.71 µmol·L-1, respectively. BD triggered apoptosis, as evidenced by an upsurge in Annexin V-positive cells and elevated protein expression of cleaved-PARP in cancer cells. Furthermore, BD and BC markedly inhibited the migratory and invasive potentials of A549 cells. The altered genes identified through RNA-sequencing analysis were integrated into the CMap dataset, suggesting BD's role as a potential signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) inhibitor. SwissDock and MOE analyses further revealed that both BD and BC exhibited a commendable binding affinity with STAT3. Additionally, a surface plasmon resonance assay confirmed the direct binding affinity between these compounds and STAT3. Notably, treatment with either BD or BC led to a significant reduction in p-STAT3 (Tyr 705) protein levels, regardless of interleukin-6 stimulation in A549 cells. In addition, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) was activated after BD or BC treatment. An enhancement in cancer cell mortality was observed upon combined treatment of BD and U0126, the MEK1/2 inhibitor. In conclusion, BD and BC emerge as promising novel STAT3 inhibitors with potential implications in cancer therapy.

Phytochemical compositions and biological activities of the branches and leaves of Ormosia hosiei Hemsl. et Wils.

Ormosia hosiei Hemsl. et Wils. is an economical and medicinal plant, increasingly cultivated in China; however, its branches and leaves are often pruned as waste. This is the first study focused on the phytochemical profiles and antioxidant, anti-α-glucosidase, anti-tyrosinase, and anti-neuroinflammatory activities of the branches and leaves of O. hosiei. Herein, thirty-seven characteristic compounds were identified by UPLC-MS/MS and twelve were detected for the first time in O. hosiei. Twenty-seven phenolics were further quantified and significant differences in phenolic compositions between the branches and leaves of O. hosiei were observed. The ethanol extracts exhibited promising antioxidant, anti-α-glucosidase, anti-tyrosinase, and anti-neuroinflammatory effects, and the bioactivities significantly correlated with total phenolic content and twelve individual phenolics. Naringin, genistein, vitexin, vitexin-2-O-rhamnoside, syringaresinol and syringaresinol-4-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside can be considered potential quality markers of O. hosiei. Our results provided solid evidence that the branches and leaves of O. hosiei deserve more attention and exploitation, considering the potential to be developed as functional foods or herbal medicines.

Two new bibenzyls from Pleione grandiflora (Rolfe) Rolfe and their antioxidant activity.

Two new bibenzyls (1 and 2) were isolated from the pseudobulbs of Pleione grandiflora (Rolfe) Rolfe along with six known compounds, including isoarundinin I (3), isoarundinin II (4), bulbocodin D (5), batatasin III (6), 5,3'-dihydroxy- 4-(p-hydroxybenzyl)-3-methoxybibenzyl (7) and shancigusin F (8). Their structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic methods. These compounds showed potent DPPH free radical scavenging effects with IC50 values ranging from 49.72 ± 0.35 µM to 65.41 ± 0.49 µM.

Flavonoid and chromone-rich extract from Euscaphis Konishii Hayata leaf attenuated alcoholic liver injury in mice.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Euscaphis konishii Hayata is a traditional medicinal plant in China, and its leaves are usually used to make dishes for hepatic or gastrointestinal issues by Chinese She nationality. Pharmacological analysis showed that E. konishii leaves contain high levels of flavonoids and chromones with favorable anti-hepatoma effect. AIM OF THE STUDY: The extract from E. konishii leaves was detected to evaluate its chemical composition, and the alcoholic liver injury mice model was adopted to elucidate its hepatoprotective effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The total leaf extract from E. konishii was separated by polyamide column to get the flavonoid and chromone-rich extract (FCE). Single compounds from FCE was purified by gel and Sephadex LH-20 chromatography and analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The chemical component of FCE was confirmed and quantified by HPLC-MS. The OH·, O2-, DPPH and ABTS + free radical assays were adopted to estimate the antioxidant activity of FCE in vitro. The alcohol-fed model mice were established to assess the hepatoprotective capacity of FCE in vivo, through biochemical determination, histopathological analysis, mitochondrial function measurement, quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) detection and Western blot determination. RESULTS: 8 flavonoids and 2 chromones were recognized in the FCEextract by both NMR and HPLC-MS. FCE represented strong free radicals scavenging activity in vitro. With oral administration, FCE (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) dose-dependently decreased the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in alcohol-fed mice. FCE gradually reduced the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the alcohol-treated liver tissues. FCE also alleviated the hepatic inflammation, inhibited the hepatocyte apoptosis and lessened the alcohol-induced histological alteration and lipid accumulation in the liver tissues. FCE administration inhibited the overexpression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperones signaling and unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways to defense the ER-induced apoptosis. Pretreatment with FCE also restored the mitochondrial membrane potentials andadenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, which in turn suppressed the Cytochrome C release and mitochondria-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS: FCE conferred great protection against alcoholic liver injury, which might be associated with its viability through suppressing reactive oxygen species (ROS) stress and hepatocyte apoptosis.

Discovery of glucosyloxybenzyl 2-hydroxy-2-isobutylsuccinates with anti-inflammatory activities from Pleione grandiflora.

Six new glucosyloxybenzyl 2-hydroxy-2-isobutylsuccinates, pleionesides A-F (1-6), along with two known compounds (7, 8) were obtained from the pseudobulbs of Pleione grandiflora (Rolfe) Rolfe. The structures and absolute configurations of new compounds were established by HRESIMS and NMR data, along with acidic hydrolysis and alkaline hydrolysis experiments. Compounds 1-6 were tested for their anti-inflammatory activities on LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells. Amoung them, 2, 4 and 5 showed moderate activities with IC50 values of 73.4, 32.8 and 57.1 µM, respectively, compared with the positive control quercetin with an IC50 value of 28.3 µM.

[Chemical constituents from the leaves of Cinnamomum camphora var. linaloolifera and their anti-inflammatory activities].

Thirteen compounds were isolated and purified from the leaves of Cinnamomum camphora by the macroporous resin,silica gel,and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatographies. Those compounds were further identified by IR,UV,MS,and NMR techniques:( 2 S)-1-( 3″,4″-methylenedioxy phenyl)-3-( 2',6'-dimethoxy-4'-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-2-ol( 1),( 2 R,3 R)-5,7-dimethoxy-3',4'-methylenedioxy flavanol( 2),9-hydroxysesamin( 3),sesamin( 4),piperitol( 5),kobusin( 6),(-)-aptosimon( 7),acuminatolide( 8),1ß,11-dihydroxy-5-eudesmene( 9),lasiodiplodin( 10),vanillin( 11),p-hydroxybenzaldehyde( 12),and p-hydroxybenzoic acid ethyl ester( 13). Compound 1 was a novel compound,and compounds 2,6,7,9 and 10 were isolated from Cinnamomum plants for the first time. Compounds 4,7 and 10 were found to possess good inhibitory effect on IL-6 production in LPS-induced BV2 cells at a concentration of 20 µmol·L-1 in the in vitro bioassay,with inhibition rates of 51. 26% ± 4. 13%,67. 82% ± 3. 77% and85. 81%±1. 19%,respectively.

[A new lignan from Euscaphis konishii].

The chemical constituents from the extract of the twigs of Euscaphis konishii with anti-hepatoma activity were investigated, twelve compounds by repeated chromatography with silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 and preparative-HPLC. The structures of the chemical components were elucidated by spectroscopy methods, as konilignan(1),(7R, 8S)-dihydrodehydrodico-niferylalcohol-9-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside(2),illiciumlignan B(3),threo-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-[4-(3-hydroxypropyl)-2-methoxyphenoxy]-1,3-panediol(4),erythro-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-[4-(3-hydroxypropyl)-2-methoxyphenoxy]-1,3-panediol(5), matairesinol(6), wikstromol(7), isolariciresinol(8),(+)-lyoniresinol(9), 4-ketopinoresinol(10), syringaresin(11), and vladinol D(12). Among them, compound 1 is a new lignan. Compounds 10 and 12 had moderate inhibitory activity on HepG2 cells, with IC_(50) values of 107.12 µmol·L~(-1) and 183.56 µmol·L~(-1), respectively.

[Evolution of Sichuan Dao-di herbs recorded in ancient works of materia medica of different historical periods].

Sichuan province is very famous for its abundant resources of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).However, within the scope of administrative division of Sichuan province, the origin records of Dao-di herbs in different historical periods show a dynamic distribution process. On the basis of carefully sorting out the geographical scope of Sichuan province in different historical periods, this article focuses on the textual research of the Dao-di herbs in Sichuan province recorded in the seven mainstream ancient works of materia medica.The results showed that, according to the records of Mingyi bielu and Bencaojing Jizhu, the main distribution areas of Dao-di herbs were mainly in the central and eastern regions of Sichuan province, mainly including Moschus, Coptidis Rhizoma, Zingiberis Rhizoma, Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata and most of the rest materia medica had become unused in the historical process. Qianjin Yifang records that the distribution areas of Dao-di herbs were mainly in the middle and eastern part of Sichuan province.Aconiti Radix, Lateralis Radix Praeparata, Zingiberis Rhizoma, Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix are still the Dao-di herbs of Sichuan province. According to the book of Bencao Tujing,the main distribution areas of Dao-di herbs are Chengdu Plain, Yibin and Santai, While Toosendan Fructus, Chuanxiong Rhizoma, Zanthoxyli Pericarpium, Aconiti Radix are still the Dao-di herbs of Sichuan province. Ben Cao Gang Mu records the place of origin as Sichuan.Coptidis Rhizoma, Toosendan Fructus, Cyathulae Radix are still the Dao-di herbs of Sichuan pro-vince. Yaowu Chuchanbian and Zengding Weiyao Tiaobian records the place of origin as Sichuan, as well as Kangding, Songpan, Dujiang-yan, Jiangyou, Nanchong, Ya'an, etc. Moschus, Coptidis Rhizoma, Eucommiae Cortex, Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex are still the Dao-di herbs of Sichuan province. The results of this article provide a new understanding of the history and distribution changes of Dao-di herbs in Sichuan province, and can help to further understand the formation connotation of Sichuan Dao-di herbs.

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds by UPLC-MS/MS and biological activities of Pholidota chinensis Lindl.

Pholidota chinensis Lindl. is commonly used as functional tea or folk medicine in China, but few studies have been conducted on its phenolic composition and bioactivities. This study was aimed to investigate the phenolic profiles of P. chinensis extracts by different solvents (petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water) and their in vitro antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities. The results showed that a total of 42 phenolic compounds were accurately identified, 30 of them were further quantified in P. chinensis extracts by UPLC-MS/MS. Among four extracts, ethyl acetate extract not only had the highest contents of total phenolics and 21 individual phenolic compounds, but also possessed the strongest antioxidant (DPPH, 1.43 mmol AAE/g; ABTS, 5.38 mmol TE/g; FRAP, 2.58 mmol FSHE/g), α-glucosidase inhibition (13.29 mmol ACAE/g) and anti-inflammation (IC50 = 18.71 µg/ml) activities. Also, the antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities were significantly correlated with total phenolics and individual phenolic compounds. Orientin and vitexin can be considered as the potential quality markers of P. chinensis. This study will provide a comprehensive phenolic profile of P. chinensis and relates them to their antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities.

[Research progress on production districts of Sichuan Dao-di herbs].

Dao-di herbs are the Chinese herbs which have high quality and best clinic effects. Sichuan is one of the proviences most rich in Chinese herb resources,which has 7 290 species of Chinese herbs, such as Curcumae Longae Rhizoma, Chuanxiong Rhizoma, Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata, Ophiopogonis Radix, Coptidis Rhizoma, Gentianae Radix, Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, Curcumae Rhizoma, Gardeniae Fructus, ect. After textual research on materia medica of the 7 290 Chinese herbs, we find there are 86 Dao-di herbs in Sichuan, such as Chuanxiong Rhizoma from Dujiangyan, Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata from Jiangyou, Fritillariae Radix, Notoptergii Rhizoma et Radix, Angelicae Dahuricae Radix from Suining, Ophiopogonis Radix from Santai, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma from Zhongjiang, Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex from Pingwu. In China more attention is paid to the production of Dao-di herbs. In 2018, the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine launched the "Construction Plan of national production base of genuine medicinal materials". Developing genuine medicinal materials in genuine production areas is one of the effective ways to ensure the quality of medicinal materials. Based on the study of geographical environment and ecological factors(altitude, climate, soil) in Sichuan province. The Dao-di herbs of Sichuan province are divided into 4 districts, including, Sichuan basin medicinal materials production area, mountain and the basin edge medicinal materials production area, Panxi medicinal materials production area, Plateau Mountain Canyon medicinal materials production area. The suitable regions and best suitable regions of the 86 Dao-di herbs in Sichuan are determined by remote sensing and GIS spatial analysis of the suitable environmental indicators of these Dao-di herbs. Our study is beneficial to the rational distribution of the production and to improvement of the quality of traditional Chinese medicine in Sichuan province.

Total phenolic extract of Euscaphis konishii hayata Pericarp attenuates carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis in mice.

Liver fibrosis is a crucial pathological process involved in the hepatogenic morbidity and mortality. The pericarp of Euscaphis konishii Hayata is usually used in the cooking soup to improve liver function in Southern China, and high level of phenolic compounds has been found in the E. konishii pericarp. The total phenolic compounds extracted from E. konishii pericarp (TPEP) was obtained by polyamide column chromatograph, and 9 phenolic compounds of TPEP were identified through LC/MS and NMR. TPEP exhibited strong free radicals scavenging activity in vitro, and the chronic CCl4-induced liver fibrosis mice were established to elucidate the hepatoprotective mechanism of TPEP in vivo. TPEP treatment (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) ameliorated the oxidative stress, immune dysfunction, inflammatory response and hepatic fibrosis induced by CCl4 introduction, alleviated the histopathological alteration and hepatocyte apoptosis in the liver tissue. Pretreatment with TPEP suppressed the activation of NADPH oxidase (NOX) signaling to attenuate oxidative stress in the liver tissue. TPEP administration inhibited the translocation of NF-κB into the nucleus to prevent the expression of downstream proinflammatory cytokines. TPEP treatment downregulated the activation of TGF-ß/Smad pathway, and facilitated the degradation of extracellular matrix through enhancing matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) activity and decreasing the expression of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors (TIMPs). In conclusion, TPEP inhibited CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic activities.

Chemical constituents from the bark of bauhinia purpurea and their NO inhibitory activities.

Phytochemical studies led to the isolation of a new phenylpropanoid glucoside, named purpuroside (1), along with eight known compounds (2-9) from the bark of Bauhinia purpurea. The structure of the new compound was elucidated on the basis of its spectroscopic data. The absolute configuration of compound 2 was verified by X-ray diffraction analysis. Compounds 1, 2, 7, 8, and 9 inhibited NO production in mouse peritoneal macrophages with IC50 values from 35.5 to 63.0 µM.

Chemical Constituents and Biological Activity Profiles on Pleione (Orchidaceae).

Pleione (Orchidaceae) is not only famous for the ornamental value in Europe because of its special color, but also endemic in Southern Asia for its use in traditional medicine. A great deal of research about its secondary metabolites and biological activities has been done on only three of 30 species of Pleione. Up to now, 183 chemical compounds, such as phenanthrenes, bibenzyls, glucosyloxybenzyl succinate derivatives, flavonoids, lignans, terpenoids, etc., have been obtained from Pleione. These compounds have been demonstrated to play a significant role in anti-tumor, anti-neurodegenerative and anti-inflammatory biological activities and improve immunity. In order to further develop the drugs and utilize the plants, the chemical structural analysis and biological activities of Pleione are summarized in this review.

Protective Effect of the Total Triterpenes of Euscaphis konishii Hayata Pericarp on Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Plus Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Liver Injury.

BACKGROUND: Liver injury has been recognized as a primary cause of hepatic morbidity and mortality. Euscaphis konishii Hayata, also called Euscaphis fukienensis Hsu, is usually used as a detumescent and analgesic agent to improve liver function in South China, but its mechanism of action and chemical composition are unclear. OBJECTIVE: The main aim of the study was to investigate the constituent and potential hepatoprotective mechanism of the total triterpenes of E. konishii pericarp (TTEP). METHODS: The constituent of TTEP was analyzed by a series of silica gel column to get single compounds and then identified by NMR and MS. In vitro assays were conducted to test the free radical scavenging activity of TTEP. The BCG/LPS-induced immunological livery injury mice model was established to clarify the hepatoprotective effect of TTEP in vivo. RESULTS: 8 pentacyclic triterpene acids were separated and identified by NMR and MS. TTEP treatment (50, 100, and 200 mg/Kg) improved the immune function of the BCG/LPS-infected mice, dose-dependently alleviated the BCG/LPS-induced inflammation and oxidative stress, and ameliorated the hepatocyte apoptosis in the liver tissue. CONCLUSION: The pericarp of E. konishii may be further considered as a potent natural food for liver disease treatment.

Comparative transcriptome among Euscaphis konishii Hayata tissues and analysis of genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and accumulation.

BACHGROUND: Euscaphis konishii Hayata, a member of the Staphyleaceae Family, is a plant that has been widely used in Traditional Chinese Medicine and it has been the source for several types of flavonoids. To identify candidate genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and accumulation, we analyzed transcriptome data from three E. konishii tissues (leaf, branch and capsule) using Illumina Hiseq 2000 platform. RESULTS: A total of 91.7, 100.3 and 100.1million clean reads were acquired for the leaf, branch and capsule, respectively; and 85,342 unigenes with a mean length of 893.60 bp and N50 length of 1307 nt were assembled using Trinity program. BLASTx analysis allowed to annotate 40,218 unigenes using public protein databases, including NR, KOG/COG/eggNOG, Swiss-Prot, KEGG and GO. A total of 14,291 (16.75%) unigenes were assigned to 128 KEGG pathways, and 900 unigenes were annotated into 22 KEGG secondary metabolites, including flavonoid biosynthesis. The structure enzymes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, such as phenylalanine ammonia lyase, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase, 4-coumarate CoA ligase, shikimate O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase, coumaroylquinate 3'-monooxygenase, caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase, chalcone synthase, chalcone isomerase, flavanone 3-hydroxylase, flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase, flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase, flavonolsynthese, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, anthocyanidinreductase, leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase, leucoanthocyanidin reductase, were identified in the transcriptome data, 40 UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT), 122 Cytochrome P450 (CYP) and 25 O-methyltransferase (OMT) unigenes were also found. A total of 295 unigenes involved in flavonoid transport and 220 transcription factors (97 MYB, 84 bHLH and 39 WD40) were identified. Furthermore, their expression patterns among different tissues were analyzed by DESeq, the differentially expressed genes may play important roles in tissues-specific synthesis, accumulation and modification of flavonoids. CONCLUSION: We present here the de novo transcriptome analysis of E. konishii and the identification of candidate genes involved in biosynthesis and accumulation of flavonoid. In general, these results are an important resource for further research on gene expression, genomic and functional genomics in E. konishii and other related species.

New 18(4→3)-Abeo-Abietanoids from Tripterygium wilfordii.

Three 18(4→3)-abeo-abietanoids, a new natural product and two new compounds, named tripordolides A⁻C (1⁻3), were isolated from the leaves of Tripterygium wilfordii. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of their spectroscopic analysis, and the absolute configuration of compounds was confirmed by CD and X-ray crystallographic analysis using anomalous scattering of Cu Kα radiation. Compounds 1 and 3 showed moderate inhibitory activities against NO production in lipopolysaccharide-induced (LPS) RAW 264.7 macrophages in vitro.

Diterpenoids and lignans from the leaves of Tripterygium wilfordii.

Three new diterpenoids (1-3) and three new esterifying lignans (4-6) were isolated from the leaves of Tripterygium wilfordii. The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic techniques (UV, IR, NMR, HRESIMS, and ECD method). At 10 µmol/L, compounds 4-6 showed moderate inhibitory effects on nitric oxide production in LPS-induced macrophages with inhibitory rate >80%.

Selection and evaluation of reference genes for qRT-PCR analysis in Euscaphis konishii Hayata based on transcriptome data.

BACKGROUND: Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction has been widely used in gene expression analysis, however, to have reliable and accurate results, reference genes are necessary to normalize gene expression under different experimental conditions. Several reliable reference genes have been reported in plants of Traditional Chinese Medicine, but none have been identified for Euscaphis konishii Hayata. RESULTS: In this study, 12 candidate reference genes, including 3 common housekeeping genes and 9 novel genes based on E. konishii Hayata transcriptome data were selected and analyzed in different tissues (root, branch, leaf, capsule and seed), capsule and seed development stages. Expression stability was calculated using geNorm and NormFinder, the minimal number of reference genes required for accurate normalization was calculated by Vn/Vn + 1 using geNorm. EkEEF-5A-1 and EkADF2 were the two most stable reference genes for all samples, while EkGSTU1 and EkGAPDH were the most stable reference genes for tissue samples. For seed development stages, EkGAPDH and EkEEF-5A-1 were the most stable genes, whereas EkGSTU1 and EkGAPDH were identified as the two most stable genes in the capsule development stages. Two reference genes were sufficient to normalize gene expression across all sample sets. CONCLUSION: Results of this study revealed that suitable reference genes should be selected for different experimental samples, and not all the common reference genes are suitable for different tissue samples and/or experimental conditions. In this study, we present the first data of reference genes selection for E. konishii Hayata based on transcriptome data, our data will facilitate further studies in molecular biology and gene function on E. konishii Hayata and other closely related species.

Triptergosidols A-D, nerolidol-type sesquiterpene glucosides from the leaves of Tripterygium wilfordii.

Four new nerolidol-type sesquiterpene glucosides, triptergosidols A-D (1-4) were isolated from the leaves of Tripterygium wilfordii. Three aglycones, named triptergerols A (1a), B (2a), and C (3a), were acquired by enzymatic hydrolysis of 1-3. The structures of nerolidol-type sesquiterpenes were elucidated on base of kinds of spectroscopic analysis, and their absolute configurations were determined by CD method. In addition, compounds 1-4 were tested for cytotoxicity against two cell lines and inhibitory effects against NO production in RAW264.7 macrophage.

Integrated medicine concepts in pathological PBL teaching reform / 基础医学与临床

Problem-based leaning(PBL) teaching method has been widely carried out in pathology teaching,but it still have limitations in the implementation, and integrated medicine concepts could improve the effect of PBL teaching to a great extent.In this paper,by analyzing the necessity of integrated medicine concepts in the pathologi-cal PBL teaching,some principles are put forward to optimizing PBL teaching,including the principle of integration and the networking, unpack and topology, and optimizing the"typical case selection and the shortage of PBL mechanism". Finally,the paper indicates that deep understanding of complementary relationship between integrated medicine and PBL could help to establish medical scenario,which is easier to understand,operate and grasp,thus to promote the pathological teaching reform.