Phoenix dactylifera, mentha piperita and montanide™ ISA-201 as immunological adjuvants in a chicken model.

This study evaluated plant-based immune-adjuvants from crude extracts of Phoenix dactylifera and Mentha piperita as promising adjuvants for vaccines because of the limited side effects associated with plant extracts. In addition, Montanide™ ISA 201 previously used in vaccines in cattle. Eight different infectious coryza (IC) vaccines were prepared from three serovars [A (W strain and local strain), C (Modesto strain) and B (0222 strain)] with eight Avibacterium paragallinarum vaccines adjuvants formulae using liquid paraffin, Montanide™ ISA 71, Montanide™ ISA 201, and Montanide™ Gel adjuvants, P. dactylifera and M. piperita as immune-stimulants at a concentration of 1 mg and 2 mg incorporated with or without liquid paraffin oil as an adjuvant. These vaccines were applied in a chicken model. After a single immunization, the eight vaccine formulations were evaluated using the ELISA and Microplate agglutination test. Evidence of protection in the immunized birds was based on the results after challenge and bacterial isolation. The incorporation of the crude aqueous extract of P. dactylifera or M. piperita at a concentration of 2 mg in a liquid paraffin oil adjuvanted IC vaccine could be employed as an efficient adjuvant for chicken to IC vaccine to enhance immune responses. Also,Montanide™ ISA 201 may be the best adjuvant to be used to enhance the protective response against Av. paragallinarum. Our results confirm that aqueous extracts of M. piperita leaves and P. dactylifera fruit have immunomodulatory potentials in vivo and elevated serum antibodies against Av. Paragallinarum.

Vancomycin and florfenicol resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolated from human urine in an Egyptian urban-rural community.

Multidrug resistance is one of the top three threats to global public health. Understanding resistance of bacteria is important to help decrease resistance and improve the development of novel antimicrobial agents or other alternative tools to combat public health challenges. Thus, the goal of this study was to investigate the vancomycin and florfenicol resistance genes of five E. faecalis and 15 E. faecium isolated from patients with urinary tract infections. There were 20 Enterococcus obtained from the library collection of randomly selected private hospitals located in the city of El Qanater El Khayreya; these samples were isolated during 2017. Samples were evaluated for their phenotypic characterization of virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance and PCR was conducted to detect the prescence of the vancomycin vanABC and florfenicol resistance genes encoding the catAB, fexAB and cfu. There were six different antibiotic resistance profiles observed. The 20 isolates showed resistance to clindamycin, oxytetracycline and gentamycin. Resistance was evident to ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and florfenicol in the absence of the cfr gene in all of the 20 Enterococcus isolates. In addition, all isolates produced biofilms and were classified as extensive drug resistant. MARindices of the isolates were >0.6. The MARindex of human isolates of enterococci suggest these pathogens originate from a high-risk source of contamination where antibiotics are often used. This information highlights a possible public health concern to the Egyptian community. The results also suggest the emergence of a linezolid sensitive-vancomycin resistant E. faecium and E. faecalis in the absence of the cfr gene.