The impact of photodynamic therapy on the viability of Streptococcus mutans in a planktonic culture.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with toluidine blue O (TBO) and a light-emitting diode (LED) on the viability of Streptococcus mutans cells in a planktonic culture. BACKGROUND DATA: Growth of Streptococcus mutans is the first step in the development of tooth decay. The use of light and dyes promotes cellular death in a noninvasive way, reducing treatment time. METHODS: The LED used in this study had output power of 116 mW, its energy was 21 J, and the fluency was 2.18 J/cm(2). Samples were prepared and divided into five groups: (1) control group (-); (2) control group (+); (3) TBO; (4) LED; and (5) LED + TBO. RESULTS: One hundred percent of the bacteria were killed following irradiation with LED and TBO. The biofilm that formed on the glass surfaces was analyzed by SEM and colony count. CONCLUSIONS: It was demonstrated that PDT was efficient at killing microorganisms and preventing the formation of biofilms.

Effect of low-level laser therapy on hemorrhagic lesions induced by immune complex in rat lungs.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate if low-level laser therapy (LLLT) can modulate formation of hemorrhagic lesions induced by immune complex. BACKGROUND DATA: There is a lack of information on LLLT effects in hemorrhagic injuries of high perfusion organs, and the relative efficacy of LLLT compared to anti-inflammatory drugs. METHODS: A controlled animal study was undertaken with 49 male Wistar rats randomly divided into seven groups. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) i.v. was injected through the trachea to induce an immune complex lung injury. The study compared the effect of irradiation by a 650-nm Ga-Al-As laser with LLLT doses of 2.6 Joules/cm(2) to celecoxib, dexamethasone, and control groups for hemorrhagic index (HI) and myeloperoxide activity (MPO) at 24 h after injury. RESULTS: The HI for the control group was 4.0 (95% CI, 3.7-4.3). Celecoxib, LLLT, and dexamethasone all induced significantly (p < 0.01) lower HI than control animals at 2.5 (95% CI, 1.9-3.1), 1.8 (95% CI, 1.2-2.4), and 1.5 (95% CI, 0.9-2.1), respectively, for all comparisons to control. Dexamethasone, but not celecoxib, induced a slightly, but significantly lower HI than LLLT (p = 0.04). MPO activity was significantly decreased in groups receiving celecoxib at 0.87 (95% CI, 0.63-1.11), dexamethasone at 0.50 (95% CI, 0.24-0.76), and LLLT at 0.7 (95% CI, 0.44-0.96) when compared to the control group, at 1.6 (95% CI, 1.34-1.96; p < 0.01), but there were no significant differences between any of the active treatments. CONCLUSION: LLLT at a dose of 2.6 Joules/cm(2) induces a reduction of HI levels and MPO activity in hemorrhagic injury that is not significantly different from celecoxib. Dexamethasone is slightly more effective than LLLT in reducing HI, but not MPO activity.

Low-level laser therapy can reduce lipopolysaccharide-induced contractile force dysfunction and TNF-alpha levels in rat diaphragm muscle.

Our objective was to investigate if low-level laser therapy (LLLT) could improve respiratory function and inhibit tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) release into the diaphragm muscle of rats after an intravenous injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (5 mg/kg). We randomly divided Wistar rats in a control group without LPS injection, and LPS groups receiving either (a) no therapy, (b) four sessions in 24 h with diode Ga-AsI-Al laser of 650 nm and a total dose of 5.2 J/cm2, or (c) an intravenous injection (1.25 mg/kg) of the TNF-alpha inhibitor chlorpromazine (CPZ). LPS injection reduced maximal force by electrical stimulation of diaphragm muscle from 24.15+/-0.87 N in controls, but the addition of LLLT partly inhibited this reduction (LPS only: 15.01+/-1.1 N vs LPS+LLLT: 18.84+/-0.73 N, P<0.05). In addition, this dose of LLLT and CPZ significantly (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively) reduced TNF-alpha concentrations in diaphragm muscle when compared to the untreated control group.

Low level laser therapy partially restores trachea muscle relaxation response in rats with tumor necrosis factor alpha-mediated smooth airway muscle dysfunction.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: It is unknown if the decreased ability to relax airway smooth muscles in asthma and other inflammatory airways disorders can be influenced by low level laser therapy (LLLT) irradiation. To investigate if LLLT could reduce impairment in inflamed trachea smooth muscles (TSM) in rats. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Controlled rat study where trachea was dissected and mounted in an organ bath apparatus with or without a TNF-alpha solution. RESULTS: Low level laser therapy administered perpendicularly to a point in the middle of the dissected trachea with a wavelength of 655 nm and a dose of 2.6 J/cm(2), partially restored TSM relaxation response to isoproterenol. Tension reduction was 47.0 % (+/-2.85) in the laser-irradiated group compared to 22.0% (+/-2.21) in the control group (P < 0.01). Accumulation of cAMP was almost normalized after LLLT at 22.3 pmol/mg (+/-2.1) compared to 17.6 pmol/mg (+/-2.1) in the non-irradiated control group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Low level laser therapy partially restores the normal relaxation response in inflamed TSM and normalizes accumulation of cAMP in the presence of isoproterenol.

Low-level laser therapy induces dose-dependent reduction of TNFalpha levels in acute inflammation.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate if low-level laser therapy (LLLT) can modulate acute inflammation and tumor necrosis factor (TNFalpha) levels. BACKGROUND DATA: Drug therapy with TNFalpha-inhibitors has become standard treatment for rheumatoid arthritis, but it is unknown if LLLT can reduce or modulate TNFalpha levels in inflammatory disorders. METHODS: Two controlled animal studies were undertaken, with 35 male Wistar rats randomly divided into five groups each. Rabbit antiserum to ovalbumin was instilled intrabronchially in one of the lobes, followed by the intravenous injection of 10 mg of ovalbumin in 0.5 mL to induce acute lung injury. The first study served to define the time profile of TNFalpha activity for the first 4 h, while the second study compared three different LLLT doses to a control group and a chlorpromazine group at a timepoint where TNFalpha activity was increased. The rats in LLLT groups were irradiated within 5 min at the site of injury by a 650-nm Ga-Al-As laser. RESULTS: There was a time-lag before TNFalpha activity increased after BSA injection. TNFalpha levels increased from < or =6.9 (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.6-8.2) units/mL in the first 3 h to 62.1 (95% CI, 60.8-63.4) units/mL (p < 0.001) at 4 h. An LLLT dose of 0.11 Joules administered with a power density of 31.3 mW/cm(2) in 42 sec significantly reduced TNFalpha level to 50.2 (95% CI, 49.4-51.0), p < 0.01 units/mL versus control. Chlorpromazine reduced TNFalpha level to 45.3 (95% CI, 44.0-46.6) units/mL, p < 0.001 versus control. CONCLUSION: LLLT can reduce TNFalpha expression after acute immunocomplex lung injury in rats, but LLLT dose appears to be critical for reducing TNFalpha release.

Effect of LLLT Ga-Al-As (685 nm) on LPS-induced inflammation of the airway and lung in the rat.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of low level laser therapy (LLLT) on male Wistar rat trachea hyperreactivity (RTHR), bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and lung neutrophils influx after Gram-negative bacterial lipopolyssacharide (LPS) intravenous injection. The RTHR, BAL and lung neutrophils influx were measured over different intervals of time (90 min, 6 h, 24 h and 48 h). The energy density (ED) that produced an anti-inflammatory effect was 2.5 J/cm(2), reducing the maximal contractile response and the sensibility of trachea rings to methacholine after LPS. The same ED produced an anti-inflammatory effect on BAL and lung neutrophils influx. The Celecoxib COX-2 inhibitor reduced RTHR and the number of cells in BAL and lung neutrophils influx of rats treated with LPS. Celecoxib and LLLT reduced the PGE(2) and TXA(2) levels in the BAL of LPS-treated rats. Our results demonstrate that LLLT produced anti-inflammatory effects on RTHR, BAL and lung neutrophils influx in association with inhibition of COX-2-derived metabolites.

Mitochondrial membrane potential after low-power laser irradiation.

We used the lipophilic cationic fluorescent dye 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethyl-benzimidazol-carbocyanine iodide (JC-1) to determine mitochondrial membrane potential (mdeltapsi) in Hep-2 cells after irradiation with low-power laser (lambda=635 nm). Through this methodology it was possible to analyze the variation on mitochondrial number and mdeltapsi, in cells irradiated for 100, 150 and 200 s with energy density of 100 mJ/cm(2). Our results show that JC-1 dye allows the identification of populations with different mitochondria morphology as well as the functionality of this organelle in the cells incubated for 1, 6 and 24 h, after irradiation with low-power laser.

Effect of GaInAIP (685 nm) radiation on lipopolyssacharide induced rat trachea hyperreactivity

O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o efeito do laser de baixa potência (LLLT) na hiper-reatividade da traquéia de ratos Wistar macho(RTHR) depois da administração de lipopolissacarídeo (LPS)