[Materia medica illustrations related to the regional names in Shandong province in Ben Cao Tu Jing].

Ben Cao Tu Jing had 48 materia medica illustrations related to the regional names in Shandong province. It was found that 42 of them were plant medicinal materials, distributed in seven areas in Shandong province. This study examined these illustration of plant medicinal materials and found that 26 species of these illustration of plant medicinal materials were identified with three genera and 11 illustrations were unverified. Most materia medica illustrations relating to the regional names in Shandong province were found mainly in Yanzhou, Qizhou and Zizhou. This indicated that materia medica were widely used in these areas in the Northern Song Dynasty. The haustorium of Cuscuta Chinensis were depicted in the "Shanzhou Tu Si Zi" and the habitat of wild poriacocos was described. This showed that the illustrators of Ben Cao Tu Jing might have conducted fieldwork and reflected on the main principles about how to identify materia medica in Ben Cao Tu Jing Zou Chi. Inconsistencies were found between the illustrations and the expressions of plant medicinal materials in some illustrations, such as Gui Jiu, Ginsen and Shan Zhu Yu. This suggested that in the Northern Song Dynasty Stemmacantha Uniflora, Belamcanda chinensis might have been mixed up with Dysosma and Pinellia Pedatisecta might have been mixed up with Pinellia Ternata. This was in line with the compiling theories of Su Song that they could be recorded together when the illustrations and literature were inconsistent with each other.

[Materia medica illustrations related to the regional names in Zhejiang province in Ben Cao Tu Jing].

Ben Cao Tu Jing had 38 materia medica illustrations related to the regional names in Zhejiang province. It was found that 30 of them were identified as being named after regional names in Zhejiang province, involving 20 families and 29 genera. One of the 38 materia medica illustrations was mineral medicine and seven of them were unverified. The twenty-five of these materia medica illustrations with regional names were found to be consistent with their names used today. Five of them came from similar names in Zhejiang province in the Northern Song Dynasty, another five of the 25 names were known with the names but not entity for the lack of full descriptions and drawings. It was found that the drawing and the text of "Ming Zhou Huang Yao" and "Qin Zhou Hong Yao" in Ben Cao Tu Jing were reversed. By comparing the materia medica illustrations related to regional names in Da Guan Ben Cao by Liu Jia and Zheng He Ben Cao by Zhang Huicun, the name and the illustration of "Jin Zhou Bei Mu" in Zheng He Ben Cao by Zhang Huicun was more believable than "Yue Zhou Bei Mu" in Da Guan Ben Cao by Liu Jia. "Tai Zhou Wu Yao" and "Zhe Ba Wei", as genuine medicinal materials in Zhejiang, can be traced back to the illustrations of "Tai Zhou Wu Yao", "Yue Zhou Bai Zhu", "Mu Zhou Mai Dong", "Wen Zhou Peng 'e Shu", "Yue Zhou Bei Mu" and "Tian Tai Wu Yao" in Ben Cao Tu Jing. These findings provided text and drawing literature of herbs in the Song Dynasty for the research of genuine medicinal materials and their characteristics in Zhejiang province. They also showed that the utilization and development of the resources of traditional Chinese medicine in Zhejiang in the Northern Song Dynasty mainly focused on the coastal areas.

[Identification of Chinese herbs in the Qing Royals--Fu Shen and Fu Shen Mu].

The use of Fu Shen and Fu Shen Mu as medicines has had a long history. Today Fu Shen is still taken as bulk medicinal materials, whereas Fu Shen Mu had disappeared in the medical market. Fu Shen, Yun Fu Shen, Bai Fu Shen, and Bao Mu Fu Shen were used in clinical application in the Qing Royals. Bai Fu Shen and Fu Shen Mu are still kept as speciment in the Palace Museum today. It was found that Bai Fu Shen in the Qing Royals was the same as Fu Shen after peeling and pine roots recorded in the herbal literatures of the Ming and Qing dynasties, with their character tests and historical analysis. It can be inferred that Fu Shen, Yun Fu Shen and Bai Fu Shen recorded in the Qing Royals were actually Fu Shen, with pine roots in sclerotia and after peeling and pine roots removed in processing. Bao Mu Fu Shen and Bao Fu Shen should refer to Fu Shen with pine roots. Fu Shen Mu should mean Fu Shen without white sclerotia and peel during processing. Fu Shen, currently used clinically, is Bao Mu Fu Shen in the Qing Dynasty. Fu Shen distinguishes greatly from Fu Shen Mu in their effects. Such identification and analysis of herbs provides a way of thinking for further hurb studies of the Qing Dynasty.

[Types of medicine paintings in herbaceous and woody medicines in Ben Cao Tu Jing].

A total of 568 paintings of herbaceous plants and woody plants as medicine were involved in Ben Cao Tu Jing, accounting for 60% of the total drug illustrations and 76% of the botanical medicine paintings. These medicinal paintings can be classified into four types: original plant paintings, medicinal material paintings, plant and medicinal material paintings, and plant and their habitat paintings. The original plant paintings can be specifically divided into five sections: the whole plant paintings with roots, partial aerial part paintings with roots, plant paintings with ground lines, rootless plant paintings, and broken branch paintings. Among them, the drawings of " the broken branch paintings " and " the whole plant paintings with roots " are consistent with the basic principles of collecting plant specimens. Additionally, "the plant and medicinal material paintings " and "the medicinal material paintings "reflect that they were drawn based on the market survey of medicinal materials or collected medicinal materials specimens. These medicine painting demonstrate rich characteristics of medicinal plants and medicinal materials and a high artistic quality with realistic details.These paintings in Ben Cao Tu Jing echoes Tu Jing, combine the art of painting with the cognition ofnatural science, as the rudiment of early paintings of plant science.

[Herbal textual research on Chinese medicine "Fuzi"(Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata.)].

To ensure the use of aconite roots as much as possible in accordance with the traditional medication principles, this paper examines the species, origin and processing of the ancient aconite, attempting to provide a basis for the research and development of drugs in the perspective of "Jingdian Mingfang" (Chinese Classical Formulas). The study found that a species discovered after the Tang Dynasty, Aconitum carmichaelii Debx., became the mainstream of this species category. Following the Song Dynasty, this species became the main source of authentic aconite, called "Chuanwu". This species is also currently the source of aconite roots. From this situation, the dry daughter roots of Aconitum carmichaelii Debx. should be considered in the research and development of "Jingdian Mingfang", and the cultivation products of Sichuan Jiangyou and Shanxi Hanzhong as well.

[Study on pictures in Yangyi Daquan].

A total of 223 pictures were included in Yangyi Daquan(,Complete Collection of Skin Diseases) , a surgical masterpiece work with the most abundant image classification extant before the Republic of China. They can be divided into seven categories: the philosophical basis of Chinese medicine and the theory of five evolutive phases and six climatic factors, the figures of visceral manifestation, the figures of acupuncture and acupoint, the figures of diagnosis, the figures of disease, the figures of needle and instrument, and the figures of symbol, from basic to clinical, covering today's otolaryngology, stomatology, gynecology, andrology, pediatrics, dermatology, anorectal, infection, oncology, emergency, which originally belong to the scope of Chinese medicine surgery. The book is extremely rich in images, it has high clinical and academic value.

[Art comparison between Zhenghe Bencao (Huiming sanctum edition) and Daguan Bencao(Liu Jia edition)].

Inheriting the medicinal illustrations in Bencao Tujing(, Illustration of Materia Medica), the two picture books of Zhenghe Bencao(, Pharmacopoeia of the Zhenghe reign) Huiming Sanctum edition and Daguan Bencao(, Pharmacopoeia of the Daguan reign) Liu Jia edition show different styles and characteristics in illustrations. They present different art styles and features in medicinal illustrations of ores, plants and animals because of the regional influences from the south and the north. In the process of carving and printing the illustrations of the two classics, different attitudes lead to similarities in the outline and yet differences in details. Besides, the different artistic levels in carving and printing contribute to different artistic standards. Compared with the paintings created in Song Dynasty, more subtle features are lost in Zhenghe Bencao(Huiming Sanctum edition) than in Daguan Bencao (Liu Jia edition). Therefore, the Zhenglei Bencao (, Collected Classified Materia Medica) Huiming Sanctum edition are much closer to the ones in Bencao Tujing and the real medicinals as well than those in Daguan Bencao (Liu Jia edition).

[Foreign medicinal materials in Bencao Tujing].

Bencao Tujing(, Illustration of Materia Medica) presents the exchange and application of foreign medicine in the middle period of the Northern Song Dynasty. The description Bencao Tujing records foreign medicinal materials from 29 extraterritorial countries, and also recorded some foreign medicinal materials from wide areas such as the Silk Road, the Maritime Silk Road and minority areas. Bencao Tujing systematically recorded foreign varieties before the Song Dynasty which used domestic resources in the Song Dynasty; it also recorded a large number of varieties of domestic and foreign resources, including genuine medicinal materials from abroad. The paintings of some foreign varieties in Bencao Tujing were basically true. However, some figures of foreign medicinal variety have conjecture elements, and some foreign medicinal materials have detailed traits described but no corresponding figures. The book also truthfully recorded that some samples of foreign medicinal materials have not been investigated. Through the Bencao Tujing, it can be deduced that foreign medicinal materials have been integrated into the daily life of the Song Dynasty, and the court of the Song Dynasty paid great attention to the investigation of foreign medicinal materials. Bencao Tujing systematically summarized foreign medicinal materials which were introduced before the Northern Song Dynasty, and provided precious historical materials for studying foreign medicinal materials in the Song Dynasty.

[Variety evolution and herbal textual research on "Dihuang" in Chinese classical prescriptions].

Rehmanniae Radix (Dihuang in Chinese) is a commonly used medicinal herb in a long history, raw Dihuang, dried Dihuang, processed Dihuang and other varieties have been recorded in the classical prescriptions of past dynasties. In order to clarify the origin and variety evolution of different processed products of Dihuang in Chinese classical prescriptions, ancient herbal books were examined in this paper. Both ancient and modern Dihuang is derived from Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch. in Scrophulariaceae, and R. chingii Li has been used as local medication. Dihuang has been cultivated since the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and the cultivation technique was mature in the Tang and Song Dynasties. Huaiqing Prefecture of Henan Province has been regarded as its genuine producing area. "Dried Dihuang" in Shennong Bencao Jing(, Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica) included raw Dihuang and processed Dihuang. Mingyi Bielu(, Alternative Records of Famous Physicians) has described "raw Dihuang" and "Dried Dihuang" separately, in which "raw Dihuang" should be fresh Dihuang in modern times. Bencao Tujing(, Illustration of Materia Medica) in the Song Dynasty has recorded "raw Dihuang" and "processed Dihuang" correspondingly. The "raw Dihuang" was similar to today's raw Dihuang. "Processed Dihuang" has been recorded in the prescriptions of the Qin and Han Dynasties, which was independently described in the Song Dynasty. The processing methods of processed Dihuang were various in the Ming Dynasty. Processed Dihuang mainly refers to the dried products after stewing with wine or steaming until dark, and the processing methods tend to be simplified in modern times. "Raw and dried Dihuang" and "dried and processed Dihuang" have been independently recorded first in ancient herbal books of the Ming Dynasty, which is the raw Dihuang and processed Dihuang, respectively. This paper has sorted out the varieties of Dihuang, providing a basis of herbology for the origin and processing of traditional Chinese medicinal materials of Dihuang.

[Shang Zhijun, a famous contemporary philogist in herbal literature research].

Mr. Shang is a famous herbalist in contemporary China and he devoted his life to the research of herbal literatures. During his lifetime, he has compiled and published a total 19 herbal literatures, 33 works of herbal literature, 268 academic papers, and more than 20 million words of handwritten herbal transcripts. In the field of herbal literature research, he has achieved fruitful results that are highly recognized by the academic communities. The research results can be roughly summarized as four aspects: the establishment of a two-line research network of herbal formulae, the research and collection of lost herbal works, the collation of the survived ancient herbal works and the textual research of famous herbal works. Many of his research results on herbal literature have been included in the modern higher education professional textbooks, and his outstanding academic achievements have opened the door for later scholars, influencing many scholars both home and abroad.

[The study of crude drugs producing regions, genuine producing regions and its distribution in Bencao Tujing].

Bencao Tujing (Illustrated Classic of Materia Medica)《》 is one of the famous Chinese herbalism works in the Song Dynasty. This book contains a total of 814 kinds of medicinal herbs, recorded a lot of crude drugs and the producing regions information. The records of crude drugs can be divided into two parts: the text and the attached drawings.So we carries on the statistics, the comparison and the analysis to the crude drugs producing regions and the genuine producing regions two aspects.The results show that there are 537 producing regions in the text, of which the specific producing regions about 3/4, generally referred producing regions only about 1/4. There are 90 genuine producing regions.About 80% of the text has medicinal producing regions records. The producing regions, genuine producing regions and the producing regions of attached drawings showed high consistency, has a relatively high preciseness and scientific reference significance.The distribution of the producing regions of crude drugs in the book reflects the utilization of medicinal resources in the Song Dynasty is unbalanced. The patterns of the utilization of medicinal resources of the Central Plains cultural area and border area are different from each other.It also has certain reference significance to the exploitation and utilization of the traditional Chinese medicine resources.In addition, the information about the producing regions of these medicinal herbs, especially the genuine producing regions, provides valuable historical experience for the study and utilization of traditional Chinese medicine resources.

[Factors influencing the quality of Peucedanum Praeruptorum Dunn and "assessment of quality based on its features"].

The factors influencing the evaluation of the quality of Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn, called "Qianhu" in Chinese, include the botanical origin, places of production, harvesting time and its nature of "Ci Xiong" (bolting and unbolting) etc. The orthodox products are derived from Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn in successive dynasties, especially the unbolting one produced in Anhui and Zhejiang Provinces picked up during the Beginning of Winter. The "assessment of quality based on its features" includes the "Earthworm head" , "black skin of the root" , "gold inlaid with white jade" , "soft texture like sweet rice" and "strong fragrant smell" . Therefore, the "assessment of quality based on its features" is the summary of all its properties, including the morphology, color, flavor, and property, and it's also the background for evaluating its quality and embodying the wisdom of distinguishing experiences of ancient herbologists.

[Textual research on the origin and producing area of Baitouweng (Radix Pulsatillae)].

Baitouweng (Pulsatilla Root), a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine, was first recorded in Shen nong ben cao jing (Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica) . Pulsatilla chinensis (Bunge) Regel from Ranunculaceae had become the authentic source for the Baitouweng since the Song Dynasty, which was consistent with the Radix Pulsatillae collected in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Chuzhou, Anhui province, being regarded as the main producing area in ancient times, had been its genuine producing area since the period of Republic of China. From the Tang Dynasty to Ming Dynasty, the origin of Baitouweng recorded in the works of Chinese materia medica could also include P. cernua, P. dahurica and P. ambigua. Therefore, P. chinensis in Chuzhou, with large quantity and high quality, is a superior resource that need to increase its protection and further studies, whereas P. cernua, P. dahurica and P. ambigua have better to be used as local drugs.

[Textual research on Fengqing Jixueteng (Kadsura interior A. C. Smith), Kunming Jixueteng (Millettia dielsiana Harms ex Diels) and Jixueteng (Spatholobus suberectus Dunn)].

Being a common materia medica, the confusion of Jixuetengcaused by the homonyms of different substances for Jixuetengis always very complicated. Fengqing JixuetengPaste was first created in the Qing Dynasty. Fengqing Jixuetengwas derived from the dried stems of a variety of species in KadsuraJuss. and SchisandraMichx. from Schisandracea; while Kunming Jixueteng, derived from the dried stem of Millettia dielsianaHarms ex Diels, was firstly recorded in the Zhi wu ming shi tu kao(Textual Research on Reality and Titles of Plants). The earliest records of Spatholobus suberectusDunn as the original plant of Jixuetengwas in Guang xi ben cao xuan bian(Selected Compilation of Chinese Materia Medica in Guangxi). It was not until 1997 that Spatholobus suberectusDunn was recorded as an origin of orthodox product of Jixuetengin the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. At present, the origins of Jixuetengis very complicated as recorded in different provincial standards, including three species of three genus from Leguminosae.The varieties of species from KadsuraJuss. and SchisandraMichx. had long been used as Fengqing Jixueteng, but currently the most extensively used one is Spatholobus suberectusDunn as Jixueteng. There are more differences in records of Jixuetengin history up to the present, hence, further investigation and research on Jixuetengis still necessary.

[Distribution of Xin'an TCM physicians and their medical works and the reasons of its formation of medical center].

Based on the living times, native places and medical works of Xin'an TCM physicians described in the Xin an ming yi kao(Textual Research of Famous Physicians of Xin'an Region), the geographical distribution of ancient TCM physicians was analyzed by using Excel software. It is found that Xin'an medicine was originated from the Eastern Jin Dynasty and highly developed in the Qing Dynasty, and the number of its TCM physicians in the Ming and Qing Dynasties was large than the summation of those from the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty. In regard to the district, the distribution of Xin'an TCM physicians was characterized by more in the southeastern and less in the northwestern parts, forming a distribution area concentrated in the three counties of Shexian, Wuyuan and Xiuning. The reasons of such concentration of Xin'an TCM physicians are closely related to the economic growth, the influence of Neo-Confucianism and the density of population.

[Classes of crude drugs and its distribution of producing area in the attached illustrations in Ben cao tu jing (Illustrated Classic of Materia Medica)].

Ben cao tu jing (Illustrated Classic of Materia Medica) is the earliest extant atlas book of materia medica in China, with 933 attached drawings. Among them, the largest portion, amounting to 670, are herbaceous plants, mostly commonly used, with definite marks of the origin producing areas, distributed across 149 administrative divisions(prefectures and counties) of the Song Dynasty, most of them in Northern area which were distributed denser than those in Southern area. The densest ones were located in Southern Shanxi, Eastern Sichuan and Eastern Anhui. In the attached drawings, the frequency of highest occurrence appeared in this Classic are three prefectures, Chuzhou, Shizhou and Guangzhou.

[Evolution and quality evaluation of Gardenia jasminoides(Zhizi) of successive ages].

In addition to its frequently-used antipyretic function, Gardenia jasminoides is also used in food or industrial dyeing. In ancient times, herbalists believed that the quality of Gardenia jasminoides for medical use was different from that for dye due to its different germplasm. Since the 1912, Gardenia jasminoides for dye was named "Shui(watery) Zhizi" in order to distinguish it from "Shan (hilly) Zhizi" . Henan was the earliest producing area for Gardenia jasminoides in ancient times, then after the Ming Dynasty, the producing area migrated to the Southern regions, including Jiangxi and Fujian Provinces. Nowadays, both provinces are the main producing area. The ancient herbal books paid great attention to the quality evaluation of officinal Gardenia jasminoides, which was mainly based on its appearance and the quality differences between wild and cultivated varieties. Since modern times, Gardenia jasminoides has been divided into different commodity specification levels according to the producing area, external properties and other elements, and its external properties are consistent with the ancient records. The germplasm, producing area, harvest and quality evaluation of Gardenia jasminoides in the herbal books of successive ages are sorted out, and the division elements of its commercial specification levels analyzed since modern times, thus providing a basis for present study on the commodity specification levels and the grading of the commercial specificity of Gardenia jasminoides.

Quality evaluation of Polygonum multiflorum in China based on HPLC analysis of hydrophilic bioactive compounds and chemometrics.

Polygonum multiflorum is one of the most commonly used Chinese medicines. In this study, an effective pressurized water extraction and HPLC method was developed for first simultaneous determination of 8 hydrophilic compounds, including gallic acid, Hypaphorine, Catechin, Proanthocyanidin B1, Epicatechin, Proanthocyanidin B2, Emodin-8-O-ß-d-glucopyranoside, stilbene glycosides, in P. multiflorum. The analysis was performed on a Zorbax SB-AQ column with gradient elution of 0.05% phosphoric acid aqueous solution and acetonitrile in 45 min. All calibration curves showed good linearity (R(2)>0.9994) within test ranges. The LOD and LOQ were lower than 0.2 and 1.0 µg/mL on column, respectively. RSD for intra- and inter-day of 8 analytes were less than 4.1% and 4.0%, respectively, and the overall recovery was 96.0-100.7%. The validated method was successfully applied to quantification of 8 hydrophilic compounds in samples of P. multiflorum from different locations of China. Chemometrics such as principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) were used to evaluate homogeneity of P. multiflorum in China, which suggested that their quality homogeneity was good.