Mineral requirements for growth and maintenance of F1 Boer × Saanen male kids.

The objective of this study was to determine the net requirements of minerals for the growth and maintenance of intact male F1 Boer × Saanen goat kids in the initial phase of growth. The following 2 experiments were performed: Exp. 1 was performed to determine the net growth requirements for Ca, P, Mg, Na, and K by F1 Boer × Saanen goat kids from 5 to 25 kg of BW and Exp. 2 was performed to determine the maintenance requirements of F1 Boer × Saanen goats from 15 to 25 kg BW. In Exp. 1, 32 intact male goat kids were distributed in a completely randomized design and mineral body composition was fit to an allometric equation in the form of a nonlinear model. To determine the mineral requirements for maintenance in Exp. 2, 21 intact male goat kids were distributed in a randomized block design, where the goat kids were subjected to 3 levels of feed restriction (0, 30, and 60% feed restriction). At the onset of Exp. 2, 7 goat kids were harvested and used to estimate the initial body composition (15 kg BW). Initial body composition was used to calculate the retention of minerals. The maintenance requirements were estimated by regressions obtained from the retention of minerals in the empty body and the intake of the mineral. The concentration of Ca, P, Na, and K in the empty BW decreased by 11, 13, 26, and 23% with the increase in BW from 5 to 25 kg (P < 0.01). As a consequence, our results showed that net requirements of Ca, P, Mg, Na, and K for weight gain decreased by 27.5, 27.8, 4.25, 43.2, and 39.7%, respectively, with the increase in BW from 5 to 25 kg (P < 0.01). The net requirements (g/kg of ADG) decreased from 9.7 to 7.0 for Ca, 6.5 to 4.7 for P, 0.38 to 0.36 for Mg, 0.88 to 0.50 for Na, and 1.9 to 1.2 for K when BW increased from 5 to 25 kg. The daily net requirements for maintenance per kilogram of BW were 38 mg of Ca, 42 mg of P, 1.6 mg of Mg, 5.0 mg of Na, and 19 mg of K. These results for the nutritional requirements of minerals may help to formulate more balanced diets for F1 Boer × Saanen goat kids in the initial growth phase.

Efeito da suplementação com Blocos Multinutricionais sobre o desempenho e características de carcaça de ovinos e caprinos na Caatinga / Effect of supplementation with Multinutrient Blocks on the performance and carcass characteristics of sheep and goats in Caatinga

Este trabalho avaliou o desempenho e as características de carcaça e não constituintes de carcaça de ovinos e caprinos em área de caatinga, suplementados com blocos multinutricionais (BMs). O trabalho foi desenvolvido na Estação Experimental da EMEPA em Soledade, Paraíba, Brasil, de acordo com um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso com 3x2 tratamentos fatoriais (3 níveis de suplementação de animais em pastejo na caatinga: S1 = sal mineral; S2 = BMs; e S3 = BMs + feno de capim buffel, e duas espécies de animais: ovinos e caprinos) e dez repetições de um animal. Os ganhos de peso se mostraram mais elevados para os animais suplementados com sal mineral. Os ovinos obtiveram ganho de peso médio diário (GPMD=104,83g) e ganho de peso total (GPT=11,32kg) superior aos caprinos (GPMD=92,90g e GPT=10,04kg). O peso vivo ao abate (PVA), o peso da carcaça quente (PCQ) e fria (PCF) foram superiores para os animais suplementados com sal mineral. O peso corporal vazio (PCV), rendimento biológico (RB), rendimento comercial (RC), rendimento verdadeiro (RV) e perda por resfriamento (PPR) não foram afetados pelos níveis de suplementação. O PVA dos ovinos (PVA=27,62kg) superou o dos caprinos (PVA= 25,34kg), e o RB, RC e RV dos caprinos foram superiores aos dos ovinos. Houve efeito significativo (P<0,05) dos níveis de suplementação no rendimento (%) do peso do trato gastrintestinal cheio (TGIc), peso do trato gastrintestinal vazio (TGIv), fígado, coração e rins. A suplementação com blocos multinutricionais ou em conjunto com feno de baixa qualidade, para ovinos e caprinos sob pastejo direto na caatinga, com forragem em quantidade e qualidade satisfatórias, não resulta em ganhos produtivos significativos...

This study evaluated the performance and carcass characteristics and non carcass constituents of sheep and goats foraging in the caatinga rangeland, supplemented with multi-nutrients blocks (MBs). The experiment was carried out at EMEPA Experimental Station in Soledade-PB, Brazil, according to a completely randomized design with 3x2 factorial treatments (three levels of supplementation of animal foraging in the caatinga rangeland: S1 = mineral salt; S2 = MBs, and S3 = MBs + buffel grass hay, and 2 species: sheep and goat) and 10 replications of one animal. Mean daily and total weight gain (MDWG and TWG) showed to be higher for animals supplemented with salt, and it was higher for sheep (MDWG=104.83 g and TWG=11. 32 kg) than for goats (MDWG=92.90 g and TWG=10.04 kg). Slaughtering weight (SW), hot carcass (HCW) and cold carcass (CCW) weights were higher for animals supplemented with mineral salt. Empty body weight (EBW), biological yield (BY), commercial yield (CY), true yield (TY) and loss by cooling (LC) were not affected by supplementation levels. Sheep SW=27.62 kg was higher than goat SW=25.34, while BR, CR and VR were higher for goats. There were significant (P<0.05) effects of supplementation levels on yield (%) of weight of the full gastrointestinal tract (IGTc), weight of the empty gastrointestinal tract (IGTv), liver, heart and kidneys. Supplementation with multi-nutrient blocks alone or in conjunction with low quality hay for sheep and goats grazing in the caatinga rangeland with satisfactory forage quantity and quality does not result in significant productivity gains...

Efeitos da suplementação com fósforo em caprinos no semiárido do nordeste brasileiro / Effect of phosphorus supplementation for goats in the Brazilian semiarid region

To evaluate the effect of phosphorus supplementation for goats grazing for the semiarid region, one group of 16 recently weaned Moxotó goats was supplemented with a mineral supplement containing Na, Cl, Zn, Cu, Se, Co, and P during 240 days. Another similar group was supplemented with a similar mineral supplement without P. The mean daily consumption of supplement by animal was of 7.09±2.77g and 7.67±3.14g for the groups with and without P, respectively. The mean weight gain of the P supplemented group (45.20±5.56g) was significantly higher (P<0.05) than the non-supplemented group (40.03±2.80g). The average total P in soil was 30.8mg/kg and in the pasture 0.13 percent in dry matter. These results demonstrate the occurrence of P deficiency in some areas of the Brazilian semiarid region.

Imunidade passiva, ingestão de colostro e mortalidade em cabritos Moxotó criados em sistemas extensivo e intensivo / Passive immunity, colostrum ingestion, and mortality of Moxotó kids raised under extensive and intensive breeding systems

Dosou-se a proteína sérica total para avaliar a aquisição de imunidade passiva em cabritos Moxotó. Para tal, formaram-se quatro grupos experimentais, sendo dois sistemas de criação, extensivo e intensivo, e dois manejos de colostro, ingestão natural e artificial. Tanto no sistema intensivo quanto no extensivo, os teores de proteína no soro foram significativamente mais altos nos animais com ingestão natural de colostro, 7,11±0,2g/dL, do que nos com ingestão artificial, 6,35±0,17g/dL. Independentemente da forma de ingestão de colostro, os cabritos do sistema intensivo tiveram teores de proteína sérica total, 7,21±0,19g/dL, mais elevados que os do sistema extensivo, 6,25±0,18g/dL, no entanto a imunidade passiva foi satisfatória nos dois grupos de animais. Ocorreu alta mortalidade de crias no sistema extensivo, 37 por cento, devido ao complexo hipotermia/inanição em decorrência dos baixos níveis de colostro ingeridos. No sistema intensivo de criação não ocorreu mortalidade de cabritos. A produção de colostro das cabras criadas intensivamente, 163,5±14,71mL, foi mais alta que das cabras criadas extensivamente, 53,75±19,12mL. O peso total dos cabritos foi semelhante nos dois sistemas de criação, 2881±252,78g no sistema extensivo, e 2297±194,59g no sistema intensivo. Conclui-se que a ingestão de colostro nos dois sistemas de produção permitiu adequada aquisição de imunidade em cabritos, porém o sistema extensivo determinou severa deficiência nutricional nas mães, com baixa produção de colostro e graves perdas de neonatos.

The acquisition of passive immunity in Moxotó kids was determined by dosages of total serum proteins. Four experimental groups were formed in two breeding systems - extensive and intensive - and two managements of colostrum intake - suckling from the mother or supplying in bottles. In both breeding systems, the serum protein levels were significantly higher in kids with natural ingestion of colostrum, 7.11±0.2g/dL, than in kids with artificial ingestion, 6.35±0.17g/dL. The kids of the intensive system had levels of total serum protein of 7.21±0.19 g/dL which was higher than the one of the extensive breeding system, 6.25±0.18g/dL. However, the passive immunity was satisfactory in all groups. There was high mortality of kids, 37 percent, due to starvation/hypothermia, in the extensive breeding system. This mortality was apparently due to the low levels of colostrum ingestion, 55.83±8.7mL. The production of colostrum by does from intensive breeding sistem, 163.5±14.71mL, was significantly higher than those from extensive breeding system, 53.75±19.12mL. The total weight of the kids born in the extensive breeding system, 2,881±252.78g, was similar to those born in the intensive breeding system, 2,297±194.59g. The colostrum ingestion allowed appropriate immunity acquisition by kid raised under both systems. However, the extensive breeding system determined a severe nutritional deficiency in the does with low colostrum production and high neonatal losses.