ABSTRACT
Despite a few relationships between fungiform papillae (FP) density and 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) taster status have been reported for sensory qualities within foods, the impact on preferences remains relatively unclear. The present study investigated responses of FP number and PROP taster groups to different bitter compounds and how these affect coffee perception, consumption and liking. Subjects (Ss) with higher FP numbers (HFP) gave higher liking ratings to coffee samples than those with lower FP numbers (LFP), but only for sweetened coffee. Moreover, HFP Ss added more sugar to the samples than LFP Ss. Significant differences between FP groups were also found for the sourness of the coffee samples, but not for bitterness and astringency. However, HFP Ss rated bitter taste stimuli as stronger than did LFP Ss. While coffee liking was unrelated to PROP status, PROP non-tasters (NTs) added more sugar to the coffee samples than did super-tasters (STs). In addition, STs rated sourness, bitterness and astringency as stronger than NTs, both in coffee and standard solutions. These results confirm that FP density and PROP status play a significant role in taste sensitivity for bitter compounds in general and also demonstrate that sugar use is partly a function of fundamental individual differences in physiology.
Subject(s)
Coffee , Food Preferences , Taste Perception , Taste Threshold , Tongue/anatomy & histology , Adult , Caffeine/administration & dosage , Caffeine/chemistry , Coffee/chemistry , Dietary Sucrose/administration & dosage , Female , Food Preferences/physiology , Humans , Hydrochloric Acid/administration & dosage , Hydrochloric Acid/chemistry , Male , Middle Aged , Propylthiouracil/administration & dosage , Psychophysics , Quinine/administration & dosage , Quinine/chemistry , Taste Perception/physiology , Taste Threshold/physiology , Young AdultABSTRACT
The vast literature on antimicrobial drug use in animals has expanded considerably recently as the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) crisis in human medicine leads to questions about all usage of antimicrobial drugs, including long-term usage in intensively managed food animals for growth promotion and disease prevention. Attention is also increasingly focusing on antimicrobial use and on bacterial resistance in companion animals, which are in intimate contact with the human population. They may share resistant bacteria with their owners, amplify resistant bacteria acquired from their owners, and act as a reservoir for human infection. Considerable effort is being made to describe the basis of AMR in bacterial pathogens of animals. Documentation of many aspects of use of antimicrobials in animals is, however, generally less developed and only a few countries can describe quantities of drugs used in animals to kg levels annually. In recent years, many national veterinary associations have produced 'prudent use guidelines' to try to improve antimicrobial drug use and decrease resistance, but the impact of guidelines is unknown. Within the evolving global movement for 'antimicrobial stewardship', there is considerable scope to improve many aspects of antimicrobial use in animals, including infection control and reduction of use, with a view to reducing resistance and its spread, and to preserving antimicrobial drugs for the future.
Subject(s)
Animal Diseases/prevention & control , Animals, Domestic/growth & development , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Drug Residues/analysis , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Food Contamination/analysis , Animals , Animals, Domestic/microbiology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Colony Count, Microbial/veterinary , Consumer Product Safety , Disease Reservoirs/veterinary , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Meat/analysis , Microbial Sensitivity Tests/veterinary , ZoonosesSubject(s)
Animals, Domestic , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Dog Diseases , Dogs/microbiology , Leptospira/isolation & purification , Leptospirosis , Public Health , Animals , Antibodies, Bacterial/analysis , Canada/epidemiology , Disease Vectors , Dog Diseases/diagnosis , Dog Diseases/epidemiology , Dog Diseases/prevention & control , Humans , Incidence , Leptospira/immunology , Leptospirosis/diagnosis , Leptospirosis/epidemiology , Leptospirosis/prevention & control , Patient Education as TopicABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether duration of hospitalization in the intensive care unit (ICU) of a veterinary teaching hospital was associated with prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among rectal Escherichia coli isolates from dogs, whether antimicrobial treatment was associated with prevalence of antimicrobial resistance, and whether there were associations among antimicrobial drugs to which isolates were resistant. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. ANIMALS: 116 dogs hospitalized in an ICU for >or= 3 days. PROCEDURES: Rectal swab specimens were obtained every 3 days and submitted for bacterial culture for E coli. Isolates were tested for susceptibility to 12 antimicrobial agents by means of disk diffusion. RESULTS: For each additional day that a dog was hospitalized in the ICU, the odds of being colonized with an E coli isolate resistant to 1 or more of the 12 antimicrobials tested increased by a factor of 1.5, independent of antimicrobial treatment. Dogs that were treated with enrofloxacin were 25.6 times as likely to be colonized by a quinolone-resistant E coli strain as were dogs that did not receive any antimicrobials. Significant correlations were found for resistance to agents in the extended-spectrum cephalosporin group and the quinolone group. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggested that the proportion of rectal E coli isolates obtained from dogs housed for >or= 3 days in a veterinary teaching hospital ICU that were resistant to antimicrobial agents increased as the duration of hospitalization in the ICU increased. Thus, ICU hospitalization time should be as short as possible to prevent development of antimicrobial resistance among rectal E coli isolates.