Preparation of Herbal Nano-Formulation-Assisted Mouth Paint Using Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles and Its Biomedical Applications.

Background Mouth paint is a liquid oral care solution applied topically to the mouth, formulated to address oral health concerns like bacterial infections, inflammation, and bad breath. To improve the effectiveness of oral healthcare, nanomaterials are utilized in many dental products. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) exert their antimicrobial effects through mechanisms like producing reactive oxygen species and direct interaction with microbial cells. The current study explored the antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic effects of the mouth paint prepared using TiO2NPs using an aqueous formulation of lemongrass and dry ginger. Methods Mouthpaint prepared using TiO2NPs synthesized using lemongrass and ginger was prepared and tested for potential applications. The antimicrobial activity of the prepared TiO2NPs-mediated mouth paint at different concentrations (25, 50, and 100 µL) against oral pathogens (Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans) was evaluated using the Agar well diffusion method. The anti-inflammatory activity of the produced mouth paint was examined using a bovine serum albumin denaturation assay and an egg albumin denaturation assay. The cytotoxic effect of the produced mouthpaint was analyzed using a brine shrimp lethality assay.  Results Green synthesized TiO2NPs showed potent antimicrobial activity against the tested oral pathogens by exhibiting a zone of inhibition of 11 mm on Petriplate against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans at 100 µL concentration. The prepared nanoparticles-mediated mouth paint possesses significant anti-inflammatory activity by effectively preventing the denaturation of bovine serum albumin, with a 74% inhibition at a concentration of 50 µL. The egg albumin denaturation assay showed a percentage inhibition of 80% at 50 µL. At the lowest concentration of 5 µL of the prepared mouth paint, 90% of the nauplii (egg-to-larvae stage of brine shrimp) remained alive after 48 hours. Conclusion The results showed that mouthpaint prepared using titanium dioxide nanoparticles synthesized using lemongrass and dry ginger formulations possessed significant antimicrobial activity and also displayed potential anti-inflammatory activity. The prepared mouth paint also displayed less toxicity, and hence, it can be used as an alternative to the commercially available synthetic mouth paint, which has more side effects.

Formulation and evaluation of a novel herbal trio gel containing flax seed extract, carbopol and carboxymethyl cellulose.

It is of interest to formulate and evaluate herbal trio gel containing brown flax seed extract, carbopol, and carboxymethyl cellulose and to assess the antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory activity along with quality analysis using SEM and FTIR. The brown flax seeds were grinded into a fine powder and supercritical fluid was prepared which was mixed with CMC and carbopol. The formulation was checked for antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory activity, surface characteristics with SEM and FTIR. The results revealed that the activity of the trio gel was efficacious in hampering the growth of black pigmented anaerobes. The highest zone of inhibition for novel herbal trio gel was recorded at 100 µL measuring 14mm and for the standard chlorhexidine gel it was recorded at 100 µL measuring 23mm in diameter. The results proved that the zone of inhibition of novel herbal trio gel had a decent difference to that of standard chlorhexidine gel. The anti-inflammatory activity showed significant activity at 20 µL which accounted for 53% for the novel herbal trio gel and for the standard diclofenac gel it showed highest activity at 20 µL which accounted for 60%. However, there was not much difference between the herbal trio gel and standard diclofenac gel. SEM observations revealed that the components used in formulation of this trio gel have been bonded well to each other and exhibited appreciable surface characteristics. The lattice of the trio gel has been very well exhibited in SEM analysis. FTIR revealed high peaks showing the different components present in the trio gel. Within the limitations of the study, the results of our study concluded that novel herbal trio gel containing Linum usitatissimum extract, sorbitol, and carboxymethyl cellulose could be an efficient economic primeval substitute that is non-toxic, natural, and structured for clinical application.

Green Synthesis, Characterization and Bioactivity of Mangifera indica Seed-Wrapped Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles.

In the realm of nanoparticles, metal-based nanoparticles have traditionally been regarded as the pioneering category. Compared to other nanoparticles, zinc oxide nanoparticles have several advantages, including optical and biological properties, which provide them a significant competitive advantage in clinical and biological applications. In the current investigation, we used an aqueous Mangifera indica seed extract to synthesize nanoparticles of zinc oxide (ZnO NPs). UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, atomic force spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the synthesized ZnO NPs. The nanoparticles were assessed for their potential to inhibit bacterial growth and protect cells from free radical damage. According to the current study's findings, zinc oxide nanoparticles that had been modified with the aid of mango seeds were very efficient in preventing the development of the tested bacteria and were also powerful antioxidants.

Cytotoxicity, Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Activity of Camellia Sinensis and Citrus Mediated Copper Oxide Nanoparticle-An In vitro Study.

Aim: Several applications of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) have been documented in various fields, including healthcare, dentistry, medication delivery, tissue and cancer imaging, biolabeling, and biosensing. Therefore, this study aimed to synthesize CuONPs using the plant extracts of Camellia Sinesis (CS) and citrus limon (CL). The nanoparticles were then evaluated for their cytotoxicity, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Materials and Methods: CuONPs were prepared using CS and CL through the green synthesis method. The Zone of Inhibition (ZOI) test was used to assess the antibacterial activity against strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans. The albumin denaturation assay was used to assess the substances' anti-inflammatory activity. The cytotoxicity was determined by conducting the brine shrimp lethality test. Additionally, the antioxidant nature was tested using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl method. Results: CuONPs mediated by CS and CL were successfully synthesized. The nanoparticles demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against the bacteria being studied, specifically S. aureus. The cytotoxic effect was observed to be the least when the concentrations were below 20 µL. A potent antioxidant effect, characterized by its maximum absorbance at 517 nm, was observed at a concentration of 50 µL. A significant anti-inflammatory effect was noted for all tested concentrations. Conclusion: The use of CS- and CL-mediated CuONPs demonstrates a favorable antimicrobial effect with reduced cytotoxicity, as well as improved anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects at higher concentrations.

Green synthesis of copper nanoparticles using Cissus vitiginea and its antioxidant and antibacterial activity against urinary tract infection pathogens.

The green approachable of metal nanoparticles is treated to be an eco-friendly path and cost-effectiveness. In this present study, nano copper was synthesized profitably by Cissus vitiginea. The synthesized nano copper was used to evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial activity against urinary tract infections pathogens. The resulting constructed nanoparticles were characterized by using ultraviolet spectroscopy absorbance around 370 nm. Scanning electron microscopy results showed the distribution of nanoparticles and particles sizes are found to be in the range of 5-20 nm. X-ray diffraction spectrum characteristic diffraction peaks for copper nanoparticles were observed at 2θ ranges 35.5 and 43.2° correspond to lattice planes (1 1 1) and (2 0 2), respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy shows that two distinct peaks at binding energy resulted that the chemical states of copper. The results serve the evidence that the green mediated nano copper might indeed be the potential source to treat urinary tract infections caused by E. coli, Enterococcus sp., Proteus sp. and Klebsiella sp. This fact-finding conclusion is that C. vitiginea leaf extract based green synthesis nano copper particles proved to effectively kill it or significantly inhibit activity contra to urinary tract infection pathogens and exhibit excellent antioxidant activity.

Seed and bark extracts of Acacia catechu protects liver from acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity by modulating oxidative stress, antioxidant enzymes and liver function enzymes in Wistar rat model.

In this study we investigated the hepatoprotective effects and possible mechanism of Acacia catechu in acetaminophen (APAP) induced hepatotoxicity using female Wistar rat model. Hepatotoxicity was induced by oral administration of acetaminophen (750 mg/kg body weight) for 24 h. The seed (400 mg/kg body weight) and bark (400 mg/kg body weight) extract's treated groups exhibited hepatoprotective effects and was compared with well-known clinical anti-dote N-acetylcysteine (NAC). When groups treated with acetaminophen, significant increase of liver weight/body weight ratio, liver function enzymes such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and decrease of antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were observed. The histopathology of APAP treated groups also showed moderate degree of sinusoidal congestion, centrilobular necrosis with polymorph nuclear cells infiltration, marked vacuolations and congestion. However, pretreatment with seed or bark extract groups decreased LPO accumulation, reduced the liver function enzymes and increased antioxidant defense enzymes. Moreover, histopathology of seed extract treated groups showed normal architecture whereas bark extract treated groups exhibited mild degree of vacuolations in the hepatocytes with minimal sinusoidal congestion. Taken together, our study concludes that A. catechu seed extract to be a more promising agent for protecting liver from APAP induced hepatotoxicity.

Piper nigrum leaf and stem assisted green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and evaluation of its antibacterial activity against agricultural plant pathogens.

Utilization of biological materials in synthesis of nanoparticles is one of the hottest topics in modern nanoscience and nanotechnology. In the present investigation, the silver nanoparticles were synthesized by using the leaf and stem extract of Piper nigrum. The synthesized nanoparticle was characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The observation of the peak at 460 nm in the UV-vis spectra for leaf- and stem-synthesized silver nanoparticles reveals the reduction of silver metal ions into silver nanoparticles. Further, XRD analysis has been carried out to confirm the crystalline nature of the synthesized silver nanoparticles. The TEM images show that the leaf- and stem-synthesized silver nanoparticles were within the size of about 7-50 nm and 9-30 nm, respectively. The FTIR analysis was performed to identify the possible functional groups involved in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Further, the antibacterial activity of the green-synthesized silver nanoparticles was examined against agricultural plant pathogens. The antibacterial property of silver nanoparticles is a beneficial application in the field of agricultural nanotechnology.

Optimization and stabilization of gold nanoparticles by using herbal plant extract with microwave heating.

In this study, we have synthesized the gold nanoparticles by using Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, a medicinal plant. The gold nanoparticles were synthesized rapidly by the involvement of microwave heating. By changing of plant extract concentration, gold solution concentration, microwave heating time and power of microwave heating the optimized condition was identified. The surface Plasmon resonance found at 520 nm confirmed the gold nanoparticles synthesis. The spherical sized nanoparticles in the size range of 16-30 nm were confirmed by Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). The stability of the nanoparticles is very well proved in the invitro stability tests. The biochemical like alkaloids and flavonoids play a vital role in the nanoparticles synthesis was identified using the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Combining the phytochemical and microwave heating, the rapid synthesis of gold nanoparticles is the novel process for the medically applicable gold nanoparticles production.