ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Polysaccharides have been expected to have a suppressive effect on starch digestibility by blending. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of anionic (xanthan gum), neutral (guar gum), and cationic (chitosan) polysaccharides on the in vitro digestibility of raw and gelatinized starch using six potato cultivars differing in phosphorus content. RESULTS: By comparing the starch digestibility between potato cultivars, a significant difference was observed for the raw starches, and 'Benimaru', which is a potato cultivar containing a higher proportion of short-chain amylopectin and the lowest phosphorus content in starch, showed a distinctly faster rate of starch hydrolysis. The added polysaccharides decreased the extent of digestion of both raw and gelatinized starches. No significant correlation between phosphorus content and the extent of starch digestion was observed in mixed systems, whereas significant correlations were noted between the extent of starch digestion and Rapid Visco Analyser parameters. The extent of raw and gelatinized starch digestion negatively correlated with pasting temperature, initial viscosity before heating, and peak viscosity (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The added polysaccharides were observed to decrease the starch digestibility, and their suppressive effects were mainly dependent on the increase of viscosity rather than chemical interactions. A combination of potato cultivar and type of polysaccharide was proved to be important for nutritional value of potato starch. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Subject(s)
Digestion , Polysaccharides/chemistry , Solanum tuberosum/chemistry , Starch/chemistry , Chitosan/chemistry , Chitosan/metabolism , Food Handling/methods , Galactans/chemistry , Galactans/metabolism , Mannans/chemistry , Mannans/metabolism , Phosphorus/chemistry , Plant Gums/chemistry , Plant Gums/metabolism , Polysaccharides/metabolism , Polysaccharides, Bacterial/chemistry , Polysaccharides, Bacterial/metabolism , Solanum tuberosum/classification , Starch/metabolismABSTRACT
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is involved in the onset of allergic reaction, and the suppression of IgE production leads to alleviation of allergic symptoms. We found that mango peel ethanol extract (MPE) significantly suppresses IgE production by human myeloma cell line U266 cells, suggesting that MPE has an anti-allergic effect by inhibiting the production of IgE. Although mangiferin is contained in mango, which suppresses IgE production by U266 cells, it was not contained in MPE. We investigated the suppressive effect of MPE in 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced allergic contact dermatitis model mice. The elevation of serum IgE level was significantly suppressed by oral administration of MPE. Intake of MPE also suppressed the expression level of IL-4 in the DNFB-challenged ears, suggesting that MPE suppresses the IL-4-mediated maturation into IgE-producing cells. Our findings indicate that MPE has a potential to alleviate the increase in serum IgE level that is feature of type I allergy.
Subject(s)
Ethanol/chemistry , Immunoglobulin E/biosynthesis , Mangifera/chemistry , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Animals , Cell Line, Tumor , Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/immunology , Dinitrobenzenes/toxicity , Disease Models, Animal , Ear , Gene Expression/drug effects , Humans , Immunoglobulin Class Switching , Immunoglobulin E/blood , Immunoglobulin E/genetics , Interleukin-4/genetics , Mice, Inbred BALB CABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to analyze human eating behaviors in chewing and slurping buckwheat noodles. We used electromyography to measure the activity of the jaw-closing, jaw-opening, and lip-closing muscles while healthy adults ate one mouthful of buckwheat noodles. Slurping the noodles required a longer mastication period but smaller muscle activity per movement than chewing the same samples. Total muscle activity was greater in slurping. Slurping also showed a longer average cycle time but greater variances in the cycle time than rhythmical chewing. The mechanical properties of buckwheat noodles significantly differed between the noodle types (half-raw and dry), but the human mastication variables for the two types of noodles were not significantly changed within a subject. Both types of noodles kept for 10 min at 23 degrees C after being cooked could be consumed with less mastication effort than those immediately served, and this observation corresponded to softening of the noodles during the standing time.
Subject(s)
Fagopyrum , Feeding Behavior/physiology , Mastication/physiology , Adult , Electromyography , Female , Humans , Male , Mechanical Phenomena , Time Factors , Young AdultABSTRACT
Potato amylopectin with phosphate groups was immobilized on a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCMD) using the attractive interaction between opposite charges, and enzymatic starch hydrolysis was monitored directly. Poly( L-lysine) (PLL) proved to be an appropriate cationic linker between the QCMD silica sensor and potato amylopectin. Increased mass and dissipation were observed when amylopectin was adsorbed onto the PLL layer and reversed when alpha-amylase was added. The effect of chitosan with cationic property on the hydrolysis of amylopectin was studied. Chitosan was observed to be adsorbed onto the amylopectin surface and to suppress hydrolysis by alpha-amylase. The formation of alternating layers of amylopectin and chitosan was monitored by QCMD. Amylopectin-chitosan trilayers increased resistance to digestion by alpha-amylase compared to one layer and to control without chitosan.