Protective effect of SKB_Gutbiotic against castor oil and E.coli induced diarrhea in laboratory animals.

The aim of this study is to evaluate antidiarrheal activity of SKB_Gutbiotic against Castor oil and E.coli induced diarrhea in Swiss albino mice and Sprague Dawley rats. In present study three doses of SKB_Gutbiotic were tested against castor oil induced diarrhea in mice. Its effect on co-administration with l-arginine was studied. SKB_Gutbiotic delayed onset of diarrhea, reduced fecal output and fecal weight. In Gastrointestinal transit time and Castor oil induced enteropooling, SKB_Gutbiotic significantly reduced peristaltic index and volume of intestinal content respectively. In E.coli induced diarrhea model, E.coli suspension was administered for 3 days for inducing diarrhea. SKB_Gutbiotic significantly and dose dependently reduced fecal output, improved fecal consistency, reduced fecal water content and improved WBC count. Histopathological images showed improvement in damage caused to the mucosal epithelium due to E.coli and also improved complete crypt cell architecture and integrity of goblet cells. These results indicated that SKB_Gutbiotic can be used as an antidiarrheal agent against castor oil and E.coli induced diarrhea. It inhibits colonization of E.coli bacteria on colonic epithelium which results into decreased intestinal hypersecretion and motility which is very useful in the management of infectious diarrhea. Thus SKB_Gutbiotic could be an effective alternative to standard antidiarrheal drugs.

Production of cephamycin C by Streptomyces clavuligerus NT4 using solid-state fermentation.

Cephamycin C is an extracellular broad spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic produced by Streptomyces clavuligerus, S. cattleya and Nocardia lactamdurans. In the present study, different substrates for solid-state fermentation were screened for maximum cephamycin C production by S. clavuligerus NT4. The fermentation parameters such as substrate concentration, moisture content, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, inoculum size and ammonium oxalate were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). The optimized conditions yielded 21.68 +/- 0.76 mg gds(-1) of cephamycin C as compared to 10.50 +/- 1.04 mg gds(-1) before optimization. Effect of various amino acids on cephamycin C production was further studied by using RSM, which resulted in increased yield of 27.41 +/- 0.65 mg gds(-1).

A statistical approach using L(25) orthogonal array method to study fermentative production of clavulanic acid by Streptomyces clavuligerus MTCC 1142.

Clavulanic acid is a naturally occurring antibiotic produced by Streptomyces clavuligerus. The present work reports on clavulanic acid production by Streptomyces clavuligerus MTCC 1142 using one-factor-at-a-time and L(25) orthogonal array. The one-factor-at-a-time method was adopted to investigate the effect of media components (i.e., carbon source, nitrogen source and inoculum concentration) and environmental factors such as pH for clavulanic acid production. Production of clavulanic acid by Streptomyces clavuligerus was investigated using seven different carbon sources (viz. glucose, sucrose, modified starch, rice-bran oil, soybean oil, palm oil, and glycerol) and six different nitrogen sources (viz. peptone, yeast extract, ammonium chloride, ammonium carbonate, sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate). A maximum yield of 140 microg/mL clavulanic acid was obtained in the medium containing soybean oil as a carbon source and yeast extract as nitrogen source. Subsequently, the concentration of soybean flour, soybean oil, dextrin, yeast extract and K2HPO4 were optimized using L25 orthogonal array method. The final optimized medium produced 500 microg/mL clavulanic acid at the end of 96 h as compared to 140 microg/mL before optimization. Synthesis of precursor molecules as a metabolic driving force is of considerable importance in antibiotic synthesis. Attempts to increase the clavulanic acid synthesis by manipulating the anaplerotic flux on C(3) and C(5) precursors by supplementing the medium with arginine, ornithine, proline, valine, leucine, isoleucine, pyruvic acid and alpha-ketoglutarate were successful. Supplementing the optimized medium with 0.1 M arginine and 0.1 M leucine increased the yield of clavulanic acid further to 1100 microg/mL and 1384 microg/mL respectively.

Enhanced production of scleroglucan by Sclerotium rolfsii MTCC 2156 by use of metabolic precursors.

The aim of this work was to study the effect of addition of different amino acids and sugar nucleotides as metabolic precursors on the production of scleroglucan. A maximum yield of 20.00 g/l and 22.32 g/l was obtained with optimized media supplemented with L-lysine (1.1 mM) and uridine mono-phosphate (UMP), respectively as compared to 16.52 g/l scleroglucan achieved with the control in the absence of metabolic precursors.