Effects of cigarette smoke inhalation and coffee consumption on bone formation and osseous integration of hydroxyapatite implant.

The present study aims to assess the effects of cigarette smoke inhalation and/or coffee consumption on bone formation and osseous integration of a dense hydroxyapatite (DHA) implant in rats. For this study, 20 male rats were divided into four groups (n = 5): CT (control) group, CE (coffee) group, CI (cigarette) group and CC (coffee + cigarette) group. During 16 weeks, animals in the CI group were exposed to cigarette smoke inhalation equivalent to 6 cigarettes per day; specimens in the CE group drank coffee as liquid diet; and rats in the CC group were submitted to both substances. In the 6th week a 5 mm slit in the parietal bone and a 4 mm slit in the tibia were performed on the left side: the former was left open while the latter received a DHA implant. As soon as surgeries were finished, the animals returned to their original protocols and after 10 weeks of exposure they were euthanised (ethically sacrificed) and the mentioned bones collected for histological processing. Data showed that exposure to cigarette smoke inhalation and coffee consumption did not interfere in weight gain and that solid and liquid diet consumption was satisfactory. Rats in the CC group showed a decrease in bone neoformation around the tibial DHA implant (31.8 ± 2.8) as well as in bone formation in the parietal slit (28.6 ± 2.2). On their own, cigarette smoke inhalation or coffee consumption also led to diminished bone neoformation around the implant and delayed the bone repair process in relation to the CT group. However, reduction in the bone repair process was accentuated with exposure to both cigarette smoke inhalation and coffee consumption in this study.

Efeito da Lecitina de Soja sobre os Lipídeos e Proteína C reativa e na prevenção da Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda de Camundongos Hiperlipidêmicos / Effect of soy lecithin on lipids and C-reactive protein and the prevention of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in hyperlipidemic mice

A regulação do metabolismo lipídico com drogas ou alimentos naturais é um alvo importante para diminuir o risco de doenças cardiovasculares. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o efeito da lecitina de soja na dislipidemia e na hipertrofia ventricular de camundongos hipercolesterolêmicos. Utilizaram-se quatro grupos de camundongos LDLr-/- com 3 meses de idade que receberam a seguintes dietas: Grupo S- ração padrão; Grupo S+Lec- ração padrão e lecitina de soja; Grupo HL- ração hiperlipídica; e Grupo HL+Lec- ração hiperlipídica e lecitina de soja. Após 15 dias, o sangue foi coletado para análise sérica dos lipídeos e da proteína C reativa. O ventrículo esquerdo foi separado, a proporção peso ventricular (mg) pelo peso do animal (g) foi calculada e, em seguida, processado histologicamente. Cortes histológicos foram corados com hematoxilina/eosina e picrosírius red para avaliar alterações morfológicas e morfométricas ventriculares. A lecitina de soja apresentou efeito antidislipidêmico e aumentou os níveis séricos de HDL nos camundongos do grupo S+Lec. Entretanto, nos camundongos do grupo HL+lec, a lecitina de soja não preveniu a dislipidemia, apenas aumentou o nível sérico do HDL. Este efeito nestes animais influenciou no processo inflamatório cardiovascular, reduzindo o nível sérico de proteína C reativa; e prevenindo a hipertrofia ventricular esquerda. A utilização da lecitina de soja representa um tratamento e/ou uma prevenção alternativa de baixo custo para as dislipidemias não associadas com dieta hiperlipídica. Contudo, a lecitina de soja aumenta os níveis séricos do HDL prevenindo o desenvolvimento da HVE mesmo em dislipidemias associadas com dieta hiperlipídica.

The regulation of lipid metabolism with drugs or natural foods is an important target for reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of soy lecithin on left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and dyslipidemia in hypercholesterolemic mice. We used four experimental groups of LDLr-/- mice (aged 3 months), which received the following diets: Group S: standard diet, Group S+Lec: standard diet and soy lecithin; Group HL: hyperlipidic diet and Group HL+Lec: hyperlipidic diet and soy lecithin. After 15 days on these diets, blood was collected for analysis of serum lipids and C-reactive protein. The left ventricle was dissected out and weighed and the ratio of its weight to the body weight of the animal was calculated, after which it was processed histologically. Sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and picrosirius red, to assess morphological and morphometric changes in the ventricle. In Group S+Lec, the soy lecithin had an antidyslipidemic effect and enhanced the serum levels of HDL. However, in the mice in group HL+Lec, soy lecithin did not prevent dyslipidemia, only increasing the serum level of HDL. These effects in these animals influenced the cardiovascular inflammatory process, reducing the level of serum C-reactive protein and preventing LVH. Soy lecithin could thus be used as a treatment or a low-cost alternative preventative measure against dyslipidemia associated with a non-fat diet. However, soy lecithin increases the serum level of HDL, reducing the risk of LVH even in dyslipidemia associated with a high-fat diet.

[Anthropometric and dietetic study of competitive swimmers from metropolitan areas of the southeastern region of Brazil]. / Estudo antropométrico e dietético de nadadores competitivos de áreas metropolitanas da região sudeste do Brasil.

The daily food intake and alimentary frequency of competitive swimmers of two clubs representative of the two largest cities in Brazil (S. Paulo and Rio de Janeiro) were studied. The 30 males and 37 females studied belonged to the swimming categories "junior" (15-17 yrs old) and "senior" (18-25 yrs old). Food intake obtained from self-register and 24 hour-recall showed similar results and therefore the 24 hour-recall was used for comparisons with the literature. Ages within both sexes were anthropometrically similar. The most frequently eaten foodstaffs were similar to those quoted by the metropolitan population of the respective areas. Moreover, the athletes from both cities reported similar food-supplements. The energy intake was found to average almost double the estimated value for the respective metropolitan populations, but were similar to results obtained for swimmers all over the world. Snacks between meals supplied 25-28% of the overall energy intake. The main caloric source were cereals. However, despite their contribution of almost 50% of the total energy intake, carbohydrates attained a level of only 55-60% of that recommended for competitive athletes. On the other hand, the protein intake found (2.5-3.0 g/kg/day) exceeded the recommended values by 100%. The fat intake particularly of satured fat, was also considered high. The swimmers' intake of micronutrients was well abone that quoted by the regular population of these metropolitan areas, when related to the caloric intake, but the values of Mg, Fe and vitamins A and D were somecohot lower than those recommended.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)