ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Physical exercise decreases the incidence of breast cancer and also improves survival in breast cancer patients. However, the mechanistic basis of these protective effects of exercise is not well known. Changes in tumor cytokines, such as oncostatin-M (OSM), have been associated with modulation of antitumor immune responses in breast cancer. Exercise and antioxidants such as selenium affect both antitumor immune responses as well as tumor cytokine expression. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of aerobic exercise training (AET) and selenium nanoparticle (SeNP) administration on T-helper 1 and 2 and tumor tissue cytokines in mice bearing the 4 T1 mammary carcinoma. METHODS: We examined the effects of 6 wk of AET and SeNP administration (100 µg three times/wk) on tumor size, concentration of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-4 and OSM in tumor tissue and INF-γ and IL-4 in splenocytes of 64 mice bearing the 4 T1 mammary carcinoma. RESULTS: AET increased OSM levels in tumor tissue. Moreover, AET increased levels of TNF-α in tumor tissue, whereas SeNP supplementation decreased IL-4 levels tumor tissue. Also, the combination of AET and SeNP administration decreased tumor volume and increased T-helper 1 cytokines in the splenocytes of tumor-bearing mice. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the combination of AET and SeNP supplementation effects antitumor immune responses in splenocytes, whereas AET induced antitumor cytokines, such as OSM and TNF-α in tumor tissue.
Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms/metabolism , Cytokines/metabolism , Dietary Supplements , Physical Conditioning, Animal/physiology , Selenium/pharmacology , Th1 Cells/metabolism , Th2 Cells/metabolism , Animals , Breast Neoplasms/therapy , Female , Interferon-gamma/metabolism , Interleukin-4/metabolism , Interleukin-6/metabolism , Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Nanoparticles , Selenium/administration & dosage , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolismABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: During the latency period of herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1), the virus can occasionally reactivate, travel back to the eye and cause recurrent ocular disease. As this condition arises from the ability of HSV-1 to produce a dormant infection, effective medication to prevent the virus enter a latent state should prevent it. In this study, we applied Echinacea polysaccharide (EP) fraction as prophylactic mediator for latency prevention. METHODS: In order to investigate the protective properties of EP, we evaluated its immunostimulatory functions on different immune aspects that play important roles in latency prevention (particularly IFN-gamma as one of the main indicators of cellular immunity and latency). Finally, we assessed establishment of latency by detection of thymidine kinase gene in trigeminal ganglia of BALB/c mice. RESULTS: We demonstrated that EP promotes immune response, leading to a reduced latency rate, and it has a promising effect on latency prevention. CONCLUSION: EP was able to exert an antiviral action on the development of recurrent HSV-1 disease when supplied prior to infection.