ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to systematically assess the nutrition care procedures in nutrition guidelines for cancer patients and identify gaps limiting evidence-based practise. METHODS: A systematic search of databases and websites was conducted to identify nutrition guidelines for cancer patients. The quality of the eligible guidelines was evaluated by using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE II). The Measurement Scale of Rate of Agreement (MSRA) was used to assess the scientific agreement of formulated recommendations for nutrition care procedures in the guidelines (2017-2019), and evidence supporting these recommendations was extracted and analysed. RESULTS: Seventeen nutrition guidelines for cancer patients were identified. Only European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) and Australian guidelines have a total quality score of more than 60%, which is worthy of clinical recommendation. Twelve guidelines (2017-2019) were included to further analyse the heterogeneity and causes of nutrition care procedures, and we found that the content and tools of nutrition screening and assessment, the application of immune nutrients, and the selection of nutritional support pathways were heterogeneous. The main reasons for the heterogeneity of nutrition care procedures were insufficient attention to nutrition risk screening, differences in recommendations for nutrition assessment, immune nutrients and nutritional support, unreasonable citation of screening and assessment evidence, preference of developers, and lack of evidence of high-quality research on energy and nitrogen demand. In addition, the fairness and propensity of the guidelines for the selection of evidence for different cancer patients are also potential reasons for the heterogeneity of nutritional care procedures. CONCLUSIONS: The quality of the nutrition guidelines for cancer patients was highly variable. The nutrition care procedures were heterogeneous among the different guidelines in the last 3 years. Specific improvement of the factors leading to the heterogeneity of nutrition care procedures will be a reasonable and effective way for developers to upgrade the nutrition care procedures in the guidelines for cancer patients.
Subject(s)
Healthcare Disparities/standards , Malnutrition/diet therapy , Neoplasms/diet therapy , Nutrition Assessment , Nutrition Therapy/standards , Nutritional Status , Practice Guidelines as Topic/standards , Professional Practice Gaps/standards , Consensus , Humans , Malnutrition/diagnosis , Malnutrition/mortality , Malnutrition/physiopathology , Neoplasms/diagnosis , Neoplasms/mortality , Neoplasms/physiopathology , Nutrition Therapy/adverse effectsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To provide anatomical evidences for the morphological and histological identification of 20 medicinal species in Hypericum. METHOD: Morphological and anatomical study on the organs of 20 medicinal species in Hypericum using tissue clearing, paraffin sectioning and thin sectioning. RESULT: According to their anatomical characteristics, the secretory structures can be divided into nodules, secretory cavities (canals) and tiny secretory tubes of 20 medicinal species in Hypericum. Hypericin was produced and stored in the nodules, while the volatile oil was produced and stored in the secretory cavities (canals) and tiny secretory tubes. The types differed markedly from each other in location, diameter and distributional density of leaf, and the anatomical structures differed from each other of stem, calyx, petal, anther and fruit among the 20 species in Hypericum. CONCLUSION: The secretory structures may be as anatomical evidences for the morphological and histological identification of 20 medicinal species in Hypericum.