ABSTRACT
Purified milk sphingomyelin (SM) was obtained from lipid concentrated butter serum (LC-BS) by successive separations involving solvent fractionation, selective saponification, and silicic acid column chromatography. The SM obtained was given to obese/diabetic KK-A(y) mice and wild-type C57BL/6J mice. SM supplementation significantly increased fecal lipids paralleled with a decrease in non-HDL cholesterol levels in the serum and neutral lipids and in cholesterol levels in the livers of KK-A(y) mice. The reduction of liver lipid levels also resulted in a decrease in the total fatty acid content of the KK-A(y) mice livers, while n-3 fatty acids derived from the conversion of α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) increased due to SM supplementation. In contrast to the KK-A(y) mice, little change in the serum and liver lipids was observed in wild-type C57BL/6J mice. The present study suggests that SM may be effective only in subjects with metabolic disorders.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus/metabolism , Diet , Lipid Metabolism/drug effects , Milk/chemistry , Obesity/metabolism , Sphingomyelins/administration & dosage , Animals , Cholesterol/blood , Fatty Acids, Omega-3/metabolism , Feces/chemistry , Lipids/analysis , Lipids/blood , Liver/chemistry , Liver/metabolism , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Obese , alpha-Linolenic Acid/metabolismABSTRACT
To clarify the role of biotin in palatal formation, we investigated the effects of biotin deficiency on the development of palatal processes in mouse fetuses at midgestation. We also investigated protein expressions in the palatal processes. Pregnant mice were given either a biotin-deficient diet or a biotin-supplemented (control) diet from day 0 of gestation (dg 0). Some dams in the biotin-deficient group were changed to a biotin-supplemented diet on dg 12, 13 or 14. On dg 15, the palatal processes were dissected from these fetuses and their peptides were characterized using two-dimensional electrophoresis and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) system. Regarding Trasler's stage for the growth of the palatal processes in mouse fetuses on dg 15, the average stage of palatal development was 5.83 +/- 0.39 in the biotin-supplemented group, 5.39 +/- 0.66 in the dg 13-supplemented group, and 4.64 +/- 0.90 in the biotin-deficient group. The development of the palatal processes significantly increased in relation to the earlier day of biotin supplementation. In a protein analysis of palatal processes by isoelectro focusing (IEF) and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), a 19-kDa spot was confirmed around position at pI 6-7 in the biotin-supplemented group, but this protein was not present in either the biotin-deficient group or the dg 13-supplemented group. From the MS/MS database of peptides, adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribosylation factor 2 (arf2) and alpha-crystallin were detected in the mesenchyme of the palatal processes. It is suggested that the expression of these proteins may be downregulated by biotin deficiency, inducing the inhibited development of palatal processes.