ABSTRACT
There are few reported cases of colorectal metastasis from cancers of other organs, particularly other segments of the colon. Here we describe the long-term survival of a 68-year-old male patient with metachronous rectal metastasis from cecal cancer who underwent repetitive resection and chemotherapy. The patient underwent ileocecal resection and hepatectomy for cecal cancer with liver metastasis (T3, N1a, M1a, Stage IVA) in 2006. The patient subsequently underwent splenectomy for splenic metastasis in 2007. In August 2008, barium enema revealed compression of the rectal wall, and abdominal computed tomography (CT) detected a mass along the rectum extending into the pelvis. Rectal metastasis from cecal cancer was suspected and Hartmann's operation with bilateral seminal vesicle dissection was performed. Histological examination of the excised tumor revealed moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma formed in the muscularis propria of the rectum and infiltrating the connective tissue between the seminal vesicle and rectum. However, no tumor was detected in the rectal mucosa or submucosa. These histological findings supported the diagnosis of rectal metastasis from cecal cancer. The patient has been monitored at our clinic for 60 months after surgical removal of the rectal metastasis. The findings from this case should alert oncologists to the potential danger of rectal metastasis from primary colon cancer and the benefits of timely complete resection in terms of improved patient outcomes.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use , Cecal Neoplasms/mortality , Hepatectomy/mortality , Liver Neoplasms/mortality , Neoplasms, Second Primary/mortality , Rectal Neoplasms/mortality , Splenic Neoplasms/mortality , Adenocarcinoma/mortality , Adenocarcinoma/secondary , Adenocarcinoma/therapy , Aged , Cecal Neoplasms/pathology , Cecal Neoplasms/therapy , Combined Modality Therapy , Humans , Liver Neoplasms/secondary , Liver Neoplasms/therapy , Male , Neoplasms, Second Primary/secondary , Neoplasms, Second Primary/therapy , Prognosis , Rectal Neoplasms/secondary , Rectal Neoplasms/therapy , Splenic Neoplasms/secondary , Splenic Neoplasms/therapy , Survival Rate , Tomography, X-Ray ComputedABSTRACT
The effects of Phx-3 on changes in intracellular pH (pHi) in the MKN45 and MKN74 human gastric cancer cell lines were evaluated in order to determine the mechanism for the proapoptotic effects of 2-aminophenoxazine-3-one (Phx-3) on these cells. Phx-3 (100 µM) reduced pHi in MKN45 from 7.45 to 5.8, and in MKN74 from 7.5 to 6.2 within 1 min of engagement with these cells. Such a decrease of pHi was closely correlated with the dose of this phenoxazine and continued for 4 h. The activity of Na+/H+ exchanger isoform l (NHE1), which is involved in H+ extrusion from the cells, was dose-dependently suppressed by Phx-3 in these cells, and was greatly suppressed in the presence of 100 µM Phx-3. This result indicates that the decrease of pHi in MKN45 and MKN74 cells is closely associated with the inhibition of NHE1 in these cells. The morphology of these cells at 24 h after treatment with Phx-3 indicated shrinkage of the cells and condensation of the nuclear chromatin structure, which are characteristic of the apoptotic events in these gastric cancer cells. Cytotoxicity of Phx-3 against MKN45 and MKN74 cells was extensive because almost all MKN45 cells lost viability at 24 h in the presence of 20 µM Phx-3, and nearly 50% of the MKN74 cells lost viability in the presence of 50 µM Phx-3. These results suggest that rapid and extensive decrease of pHi in human gastric cancer MKN45 and MKN74 cells caused by Phx-3 might disturb intracellular homeostasis, leading to apoptotic and cytotoxic events in these cells. Phx-3 is a good candidate for therapeutics of gastric cancer that is intractable to conventional chemopreventive therapies.