Non-surgical ablation for breast cancer: an emerging therapeutic option.

Non-surgical ablation is emerging as an alternative local therapy option for patients with early-stage breast cancer and encompasses two main types of percutaneous therapeutic procedures: radiofrequency ablation and cryoablation. Both techniques involve obliteration of a spherical lesion and feasibility studies have shown that complete tumour ablation is achievable with good or excellent cosmetic results. Although few clinical studies have directly compared non-surgical ablation with conventional surgical resection, observational studies indicate that clinical outcomes are favourable with acceptable rates of local control and no detriment to long-term survival. There remain outstanding issues with these percutaneous ablative techniques that require resolution before they could be incorporated into routine clinical practice. Hence, a consensus meeting was convened to discuss the challenges of non-surgical ablation and clarify indications for its use alongside clinical management pathways. In this Policy Review we will address some of the broader biological aspects of non-surgical ablation, including immune-modulatory effects and potential novel applications for the future.

Optimization of prediction methods for risk assessment of pathogenic germline variants in the Japanese population.

Predicting pathogenic germline variants (PGVs) in breast cancer patients is important for selecting optimal therapeutics and implementing risk reduction strategies. However, PGV risk factors and the performance of prediction methods in the Japanese population remain unclear. We investigated clinicopathological risk factors using the Tyrer-Cuzick (TC) breast cancer risk evaluation tool to predict BRCA PGVs in unselected Japanese breast cancer patients (n = 1,995). Eleven breast cancer susceptibility genes were analyzed using target-capture sequencing in a previous study; the PGV prevalence in BRCA1, BRCA2, and PALB2 was 0.75%, 3.1%, and 0.45%, respectively. Significant associations were found between the presence of BRCA PGVs and early disease onset, number of familial cancer cases (up to third-degree relatives), triple-negative breast cancer patients under the age of 60, and ovarian cancer history (all P < .0001). In total, 816 patients (40.9%) satisfied the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines for recommending multigene testing. The sensitivity and specificity of the NCCN criteria for discriminating PGV carriers from noncarriers were 71.3% and 60.7%, respectively. The TC model showed good discrimination for predicting BRCA PGVs (area under the curve, 0.75; 95% confidence interval, 0.69-0.81). Furthermore, use of the TC model with an optimized cutoff of TC score ≥0.16% in addition to the NCCN guidelines improved the predictive efficiency for high-risk groups (sensitivity, 77.2%; specificity, 54.8%; about 11 genes). Given the influence of ethnic differences on prediction, we consider that further studies are warranted to elucidate the role of environmental and genetic factors for realizing precise prediction.

A close association between alteration in growth kinetics by neoadjuvant chemotherapy and survival outcome in primary breast cancer.

Few surrogate markers are available for predicting the survival benefit from chemotherapy in primary breast cancer. We examined tumor growth kinetics by assessing cytokeratin 18 neo-epitope (CK18NE), an apoptosis marker detected by M30 antibody and Ki-67 antigen, a proliferation marker detected by MIB-1 antibody in 72 primary breast cancer patients who underwent pre-operative anthracycline-based chemotherapy. Increase in M30 index and decrease in MIB-1 index after the exposure of 2 to 4 cycles of chemotherapy correlated significantly with pathological tumor response. Univariate survival analysis, conducted in the subgroup of 42 patients who underwent CAF (cyclophosphamide, adriamycin and 5-FU) therapy alone, showed that the patients with the high levels of M30 index (>35 counts/1000 tumor cells) and the low levels of MIB-1 index (<140 counts/1000 tumor cells) after chemotherapy had a remarkably favorable prognosis as compared with patients in other categories. In addition, the alteration in growth kinetics by the treatment showed a significant prognostic value. Multivariate analysis also confirmed that the post-treatment growth kinetics was an independent prognostic indicator. These findings suggest that the alteration in growth kinetics revealed by CK18NE and MIB-1 might be a surrogate marker for predicting the survival benefit from chemotherapy in primary breast cancer.