Phytochemical screening of Cordia glabrata (MART.) A.DC. extracts and its potential antioxidant, photoprotective, antimicrobial and antiviral activities / Triagem fitoquímica de extratos de Cordia glabrata (MART.) A.DC. e sua potencial atividade antioxidante, fotoprotetora, antimicrobiana e antiviral

Abstract Species of the genus Cordia have shown biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, antiviral, and antifungal activities. The species Cordia glabrata (MART) A.DC. Has no information concerning its phytochemical profile and possible biological activities. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate this profile in ethanolic extracts of young, adult and senescent leaves, as well as their antioxidant, photoprotective, antimicrobial, and virucidal potentials. Phytochemical analysis was performed by TLC (thin-layer chromatography) and showed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, and terpenes. The evaluation by UPLC-MS/MS (Ultra performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometer) evidenced the presence of caffeic (3.89 mgL-1), p-cumaric (6.13 mgL-1), and ferulic (0.58 mgL-1) acids, whilst, in GC/MS (Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) analysis there was a greater amount of palmitic (51.17%), stearic (20.34%), linoleic (9.62%), and miristic (8.16%) fatty acids. The DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS+ (2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) radicals were used to verify the potential antioxidant activity, observing a better activity for the leaf extract in the adult phenological stage: 54.63 ± 1.06 µgmL-1 (DPPH) and 44.21 ± 1.69 mM (ABTS). The potential photoprotective activity of the extracts was determined by spectrophotometry and the in vitro values of SPF (Sun Protection Factor) in young and adult leaves (5.47 and 5.41, respectively) showed values close to the minimum SPF of 6.0 required by ANVISA (Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency). It was not observed an antimicrobial activity for Staphylococcus aureus with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 2000 μgmL-1, however the anti-herpetic assay against the Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) showed a potent virucidal activity at the tested concentrations with CV50 value <0.195 μgmL-1 and a Selectivity Index (SI = CC50 / CV50) greater than 448. The results obtained in this study suggest that extracts of leaves of C. glabrata in their adult phenological stage have potential antioxidant, photoprotective and virucidal activity, considering in vitro test results.

Resumo Espécies do gênero Cordia apresentam atividades biológicas, como anti-inflamatória, analgésica, antioxidante, antiviral e antifúngica. Para a espécie Cordia glabrata (MART) A.DC., ainda não existem informações sobre seu perfil fitoquímico e possíveis atividades biológicas, deste modo, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar este perfil em extratos etanólicos de folhas jovens, adultas e senescentes, bem como o potencial antioxidante, fotoprotetor, antimicrobiano e virucida. A análise fitoquímica foi realizada por CCD (Cromatografia em Camada Delgada), mostrando a presença de flavonóides, taninos e terpenos. Na avaliação por CLAE EM/EM (Cromatografia Líquida de Ultra Eficiência acoplada a Espectrometria de Massas) foi evidenciado a presença dos ácidos caféico (3,89 mgL-1), p-cumárico (6,13 mgL-1) e ferúlico (0,58 mgL-1), paralelamente, na CG/EM (Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada a Espectrometria de Massas) verificou-se maior quantidade dos ácidos graxos palmítico (51,17%), esteárico (20,34%), linoléico (9,62%) e mirístico (8,16%). Os radicais DPPH (2,2-Difenil-1-picrilhidrazil) e ABTS+ (2′-Azino-bis (ácido 3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-sulfônico)) foram utilizados para verificar o potencial antioxidante, observando-se uma atividade superior para o extrato da folha em sua fase fenológica adulta: 54,63 ± 1,06 µgmL-1 (DPPH) e 44,21 ± 1,69 mM (ABTS+). A potencial atividade fotoprotetora dos extratos foi determinada espectrofotometricamente e os valores in vitro de FPS (Fator de Proteção Solar) em folhas jovens e adultas (5,47 e 5,41 respectivamente) apresentaram valores próximos ao FPS mínimo de 6,0 exigido pela ANVISA (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária). Não foi observada atividade antimicrobiana para Staphylococcus aureus sendo a concentração inibitória mínima de 2000 μgmL-1, no entanto o ensaio anti-herpético contra o vírus Herpes simplex tipo 2 (HSV-2) mostrou uma potente atividade virucida nas concentrações testadas com um valor de CV50 <0,195 μgmL-1 e um Índice de Seletividade (IS = CC50 / CV50) maior que 448. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo sugerem que extratos de folhas de C. glabrata em seu estágio fenológico adulto apresentam potencial antioxidante, fotoprotetora e virucida, considerando os resultados de testes in vitro.

Efficient extraction of carrageenans from Chondrus crispus for the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles and formulation of printable hydrogels.

The integral utilization of sustainable resources with versatile, efficient and cleaner processes is encouraged. Hydrothermal treatment with subcritical water is a chemical free, tunable and rapid technology providing enhanced yield compared to conventional extraction and was explored for the benign by design extraction and depolymerization of carrageenan from Chondrus crispus. Up to 90% of the seaweed was solubilized operating under nonisothermal regime during heating up to 200 °C and 75.5% crude carrageenan yield was attained at 140 °C. Crude carrageenan could not be precipitated by ethanol from the extracts produced at 180 °C and higher temperatures, but ultrafiltration (100 kDa) of the extract obtained at 160 °C provided comparable recovery yields and similar rheological features to those of the ethanol precipitated product. Operation at 140 °C was preferred based on the higher recovery yield of the biopolymer and the whole extract was suitable for the green synthesis of polycrystalline decahedral quasi-spherical gold nanoparticles with a mean size distribution of 8.4 nm and Z potential value of -40.2 mV. Alternatively, the crude carrageen fraction was used for the formulation of printable biopolymer based gels with suitable mechanical properties, including a relevant gel strength enhancement (about 10-fold) when compared with conventional procedures.

Spray-drying microencapsulation of tea extracts using green starch, alginate or carrageenan as carrier materials.

Tea industry generates many by-products which could be used to produce and incorporate bioactive tea extracts (TE) into nutraceuticals, cosmetics and/or clinical applications. However, sensibility to external factors is a major disadvantage hindering its utilization. This study deals with the implementation and characterization of suitable biopolymer delivery systems based on starch, carrageenan or alginate, as microencapsulation, to stabilize and protect TE through innovative thin-carbohydrate-coated formulations. TE were spray-dried and microencapsulated in recycled carrier materials (alginate, carrageenan or starch). Product yields varied from 55 to 58%. High microencapsulation and loading efficiencies were achieved (60-93% and 65-84%, respectively). Antioxidant capacity varied from 32 to 46 g Trolox/100 g extract, within different carrier-systems; which also showed promising rheological and UV-protective properties when transformed into gels. Total phenolic content, particle-size distribution, HPSEC-analysis, SEM-analysis and FTIR-analysis were also performed. In sum, this paper characterizes and discusses the high potential of these recycled carbohydrate-coated microparticles for future applications.

Phytochemical screening of Cordia glabrata (MART.) A.DC. extracts and its potential antioxidant, photoprotective, antimicrobial and antiviral activities.

Species of the genus Cordia have shown biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, antiviral, and antifungal activities. The species Cordia glabrata (MART) A.DC. Has no information concerning its phytochemical profile and possible biological activities. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate this profile in ethanolic extracts of young, adult and senescent leaves, as well as their antioxidant, photoprotective, antimicrobial, and virucidal potentials. Phytochemical analysis was performed by TLC (thin-layer chromatography) and showed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, and terpenes. The evaluation by UPLC-MS/MS (Ultra performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometer) evidenced the presence of caffeic (3.89 mgL-1), p-cumaric (6.13 mgL-1), and ferulic (0.58 mgL-1) acids, whilst, in GC/MS (Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) analysis there was a greater amount of palmitic (51.17%), stearic (20.34%), linoleic (9.62%), and miristic (8.16%) fatty acids. The DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS+ (2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) radicals were used to verify the potential antioxidant activity, observing a better activity for the leaf extract in the adult phenological stage: 54.63 ± 1.06 µgmL-1 (DPPH) and 44.21 ± 1.69 mM (ABTS). The potential photoprotective activity of the extracts was determined by spectrophotometry and the in vitro values of SPF (Sun Protection Factor) in young and adult leaves (5.47 and 5.41, respectively) showed values close to the minimum SPF of 6.0 required by ANVISA (Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency). It was not observed an antimicrobial activity for Staphylococcus aureus with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 2000 µgmL-1, however the anti-herpetic assay against the Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) showed a potent virucidal activity at the tested concentrations with CV50 value <0.195 µgmL-1 and a Selectivity Index (SI = CC50 / CV50) greater than 448. The results obtained in this study suggest that extracts of leaves of C. glabrata in their adult phenological stage have potential antioxidant, photoprotective and virucidal activity, considering in vitro test results.

Eco-friendly extraction of Mastocarpus stellatus carrageenan for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles with improved biological activity.

Carrageenan was extracted from Mastocarpus stellatus using hot water extraction under atmospheric and pressurized conditions. The influence of heating temperature during a non-isothermal heating profile up to temperatures in the range 70-190 °C was studied to evaluate the extraction yields and properties of the carrageenan fraction. Under the selected conditions (130 °C), extracted carrageenan (CMs) was used for the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). After the optimization of the reaction conditions, the synthesized gold nanoparticles (Au@CMs) were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, Z potential measurements, electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis, which confirmed the formation of spherical, polycrystalline, and negatively charged nanoparticles with a mean diameter of 14.3 ± 2.1 nm. The study conducted by scanning transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis and mapping confirmed the presence of carrageenan stabilizing AuNPs. Finally, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy was performed to analyze the functional groups of CMs involved in the reduction and stabilization of AuNPs. The selective cytotoxicity and the antioxidant activity of the Au@CMs were evaluated in different cell lines and compared to the CMs. Au@CMs showed an improved antioxidant capacity in cells under oxidative stress and the induction of apoptosis in a monocytic cell line, while no antitumor effect was observed in a lung endothelial cell line.

Supplemental progesterone during early pregnancy exerts divergent responses on embryonic characteristics in sows and gilts.

Progesterone (P4) plays a key role in pregnancy establishment and maintenance; during early pregnancy, P4 stimulates the production and release of uterine secretions necessary for conceptus growth prior to implantation; therefore, exogenous P4 supplementation may improve embryo development. This study evaluated the effects of supplementation during early pregnancy with long-acting injectable progesterone or altrenogest on embryonic characteristics of sows and gilts. Thus, a total of 32 sows and 16 gilts were used. On day 6 of pregnancy sows and gilts were allocated to one of the following groups: non-supplemented; supplemented with 20 mg of altrenogest, orally, from days 6 to 12 of pregnancy; supplemented with 2.15 mg/kg of long-acting injectable progesterone on day 6 of pregnancy. Animals were killed on day 28 of pregnancy, and ovulation rate, embryo survival, embryo weight, crown-to-rump length, uterine glandular epithelium and endometrial vascularization were assessed. Treatments had no effect on pregnancy rate, embryo survival or endometrial vascular density (P > 0.05). Non-supplemented gilts presented larger and heavier embryos compared to gilts from supplemented groups (P < 0.05). Sows in the altrenogest group presented larger and heavier embryos compared to non-supplemented sows and sows supplemented with long-acting injectable progesterone. In conclusion, supplementation of sows and gilts with progestagen from day 6 of pregnancy can be used as a means to improve embryo survival without deleterious effects.

Sacral neuromodulation for fecal incontinence in Latin America: initial results of a multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) is a widely used therapeutic option for fecal incontinence (FI). Larger series are mainly from Western countries, while few reports address the results of SNM in less developed or less wealthy countries. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of SNM in patients with FI in Latin America. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on patients with FI who had SNM between 2009 and 2016 at 15 specialized colorectal surgery centers in Latin America. Main outcomes measures were functional outcomes, postoperative complications, requirement of revisional surgery, and requirement of device removal. All patients had failed conservative management and had clinical assessment including recording of the validated Cleveland Clinic Florida Fecal Incontinence Score (CCF-FIS) and, when available, anal manometry and endoanal ultrasound. Patients were followed up for a median of 36.7 (1-84) months. RESULTS: One hundred and thirty-one patients [119 females, median age of 62.2 (range 19-87) years] were included. The most common etiology of FI was obstetric injury (n = 60; 45.8%). After successful test lead implantation, the stimulator was permanently placed in 129 patients (98.5%). One patient failed to respond in the test phase and one patient did not proceed to permanent implantation for insurance reasons. Nineteen patients (14.7%) had 19 complications including infection (n = 5, 3.8%), persistent implant site pain (n = 5, 3.8%), generator/lead dislodgment (n = 5, 3.8%), malfunctioning device (n = 3, 2.3%), and hematoma (n = 1, 0.7%). Reimplantation after the first and second stages was necessary in 2 (1.5%) and 3 patients (2.3%), respectively. The device removal rate was 2.2%. At a median follow-up of 36.7 (range 1-84) months, the CCF-FIS significantly improved from a preoperative baseline of 15.9 ± 2.98 to 5.2 ± 3.92 (95%CI: 15.46 vs 4.43; p < 0.0001). Overall, 90% of patients rated their improvement as "significant". CONCLUSIONS: Sacral nerve stimulation for FI is safe and efficient, even in less wealthy or less developed countries.

A systematic review on the composting of green waste: Feedstock quality and optimization strategies.

Green waste (GW) is an important fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW). The composting of lignocellulosic GW is challenging due to its low decomposition rate. Recently, an increasing number of studies that include strategies to optimize GW composting appeared in the literature. This literature review focuses on the physicochemical quality of GW and on the effect of strategies used to improve the process and product quality. A systematic search was carried out, using keywords, and 447 papers published between 2002 and 2018 were identified. After a screening process, 41 papers addressing feedstock quality and 32 papers on optimization strategies were selected to be reviewed and analyzed in detail. The GW composition is highly variable due to the diversity of the source materials, the type of vegetation, and climatic conditions. This variability limits a strict categorization of the GW physicochemical characteristics. However, this research established that the predominant features of GW are a C/N ratio higher than 25, a deficit in important nutrients, namely nitrogen (0.5-1.5% db), phosphorous (0.1-0.2% db) and potassium (0.4-0.8% db) and a high content of recalcitrant organic compounds (e.g. lignin). The promising strategies to improve composting of GW were: i) GW particle size reduction (e.g. shredding and separation of GW fractions); ii) addition of energy amendments (e.g. non-refined sugar, phosphate rock, food waste, volatile ashes), bulking materials (e.g. biocarbon, wood chips), or microbial inoculum (e.g. fungal consortia); and iii) variations in operating parameters (aeration, temperature, and two-phase composting). These alternatives have successfully led to the reduction of process length and have managed to transform recalcitrant substances to a high-quality end-product.

Specific immunotherapy in local allergic rhinitis: A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial with Phleum pratense subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Allergen immunotherapy has been shown to be an effective treatment for local allergic rhinitis (LAR) to house dust mites. Studies with pollen allergen immunotherapy are limited to observational studies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of Phleum pratense subcutaneous immunotherapy (Phl-SCIT) in LAR. METHODS: In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study, 56 patients with moderate-severe LAR to grass pollen received Phl-SCIT with a depigmented polymerized pollen vaccine or placebo for the first year, and Phl-SCIT the second one. The blind was maintained throughout the study. Primary outcome was combined symptom medication score (CSMS) during grass pollen season (GPS). Secondary clinical outcomes included organ-specific symptoms, medication-free days, rhinitis severity and asthma control. Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (RQLQ), nasal allergen provocation test (NAPT), skin testing, serum levels of specific IgG4 and specific IgE and safety were also evaluated. RESULTS: Subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) had a short-term and sustained effect with significant improvements of all primary and secondary clinical outcomes and RQLQ score. SCIT significantly increased serum sIgG4 levels and allergen tolerance, from the 6th to 24th months of treatment. At the end of the study, 83% of patients treated with ≥6 months of SCIT tolerated a concentration of P. pratense over 50 times higher than baseline, and 56% gave a negative NAPT. SCIT was well tolerated; six mild local reactions occurred, and there were no serious adverse events related to the study medication. CONCLUSIONS: Subcutaneous immunotherapy with depigmented polymerized allergen extracts is a safe and clinically effective treatment for LAR to P. pratense.

[NUTRIENTS AND RADIOTHERAPY; REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE]. / NUTRIENTES Y RADIOTERAPIA; REVISIÓN DE LA LITERATURA.

INTRODUCTION: nutrition is an important influence on treatments and quality of life of cancer patients. The relationship between different nutritional components and radiotherapy is today a topic of growing interest. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the influence of macro and micronutrients on tolerance and effectiveness of radiotherapy and their role in modulating chronic toxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: we performed a research of the published literature by consulting the MEDLINE database and Cochrane Library online between 1995 and 2015, relevant publications based on impact factor were selected. Data from the analyzed studies were exposed in sections by type of nutrient. RESULTS: most of the studies showed common features: small sample sizes, high heterogeneity, underpowered results and few prospective randomized studies. In the section of fiber, its use in prophylaxis and treatment of radiation enteritis has been successfully evaluated in some studies, although evidence of its recommendation is still weak. Omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids have a high metabolic potential, however the evidence regarding this benefit is limited to observational studies in certain tumors. Among the amino acids, glutamine is the most studied, and controversial results of its effect on mucositis, esophagitis and radiation enteritis were found. Vitamins and minerals are a heterogeneous group of substances that showed potential benefit due to their antioxidant activity and their supposed protector effect against toxicity secondary to radiotherapy. Ketogenic diets are beginning to be clinically studied after promising preclinical results. CONCLUSIONS: the analyzed studies show controversial or inconclusive results regarding the influence of nutrients in the radiotherapy. It has been not found Sorong evidence about their role in patients receiving ionizing radiation. Well-designed, prospective and randomized studies are needed to establish recommendations.

Introducción: la nutrición ejerce una importante influencia sobre los tratamientos y la calidad de vida del paciente oncológico. En la actualidad, la relación de los distintos componentes nutricionales con el tratamiento radioterápico es un tema de creciente interés. Objetivos: evaluar la posible influencia de los macro y micronutrientes sobre la tolerancia y eficacia del tratamiento radioterápico, así como su papel en la modulación de la toxicidad crónica. Material y métodos: se ha realizado una revisión bibliográfica consultando las bases de datos MEDLINE y Biblioteca Cochrane online entre los años 2000 y 2015, seleccionando los trabajos más relevantes según factor de impacto. Los datos obtenidos de los estudios analizados se han expuesto por apartados según el tipo de nutriente. Resultados: la mayoría de los estudios analizados presentan características comunes: pequeños tamaños muestrales, alta heterogeneidad en estudios de un mismo tema, escaso poder estadístico, pocos estudios prospectivos y aleatorizados. En el apartado de la fibra, su empleo como profilaxis y tratamiento de la enteritis rádica ha sido evaluado con resultados satisfactorios en algunos estudios, aunque la evidencia de su recomendación es todavía débil. Los ácidos grasos omega­3 y omega­6 tienen una gran potencialidad metabólica, aunque la evidencia de su beneficio se limita a estudios observacionales en determinados tumores. Entre los aminoácidos, la glutamina es el más estudiado, con resultados contradictorios en el aporte de beneficio en la mucositis oral, la esofagitis y la enteritis rádica. Las vitaminas y minerales constituyen un grupo heterogéneo de sustancias con beneficio potencial por su actividad antioxidante y su posible efecto protector, disminuyendo la toxicidad producida por la radioterapia. Las dietas cetogénicas están comenzando a estudiarse clínicamente después de los prometedores resultados preclínicos. Conclusiones: los estudios analizados muestran resultados contradictorios o poco concluyentes respecto a la influencia de los nutrientes en el tratamiento radioterápico. No se pueden establecer en la actualidadrecomen daciones claras sobre su papel. Son necesarios estudios prospectivos y aleatorizados, bien diseñados, para poder establecer recomendaciones.

Immunologic responses to the major allergen of Olea europaea in local and systemic allergic rhinitis subjects.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the in vivo and in vitro responses to nOle e 1 in allergic rhinitis (AR) and local allergic rhinitis (LAR) patients sensitized to olive tree pollen (OL) confirmed by nasal allergen provocation test (NAPT). METHODS: Twelve subjects with AR, 12 with LAR and 12 subjects as control group (CG) were selected. Skin testing and NAPT with nOle e 1 were performed. Eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) and tryptase were measured in nasal lavages before and after NAPT. Serum IgE to OL allergens was measured by ELISA. Basophil activation tests (BAT) with OL and nOle e 1 and dendritic cell maturation/proliferation studies were carried out. RESULTS: All AR (12/12) and 10/12 (83%) of LAR had a +NAPT to nOle e 1. ECP levels in nasal lavages were significantly increased after NAPT in both AR and LAR compared with CG at 15 min (P < 0.05). Serum IgE was positive only in AR. All AR had +BAT responses to OL and 10/12 to nOle e 1 (83%); 8/12 LAR (66.6%) had a +BAT to OL and 4/12 (33%) to nOle e 1, with only one subject of the CG with a +BAT to both OL and nOle e 1 (8%). Dendritic cell proliferation to nOle e 1 was increased in AR compared to LAR and CG (P = 0.019 and P = 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: Both AR and LAR had a similar in vivo response to nOle e 1 with release of inflammatory mediators. Specific basophil activation with OL and nOle e 1 was observed in LAR confirming previous data obtained with dust mites.

Actualización de las recomendaciones para la evaluación y tratamiento de la osteoporosis asociada a enfermedades endocrinas y nutricionales. Grupo de trabajo de osteoporosis y metabolismo mineral de la SEEN / Update of recommendations for evaluation and treatment of osteoporosis associated to endocrine and nutritional conditions. Working Group on Osteoporosis and Mineral Metabolism of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology

Objetivo: Actualizar las recomendaciones previas formuladas por el Grupo de trabajo de osteoporosis y metabolismo mineral de la Sociedad Española de Endocrinología y Nutrición (SEEN) para la evaluación y el tratamiento de la osteoporosis asociada a diferentes enfermedades endocrinas y alteraciones nutricionales. Participantes: Miembros del Grupo de trabajo de osteoporosis y metabolismo mineral de la SEEN. Métodos: Las recomendaciones se formularon de acuerdo al sistema Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) para establecer tanto la fuerza de las recomendaciones como el grado de evidencia. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en PubMed de las nuevas acerca de cada enfermedad usando las siguientes palabras clave asociadas al nombre de cada proceso patológico: AND osteoporosis, fractures, bone mineral density, bone markers y treatment. Se revisaron artículos escritos en inglés con fechas de inclusión comprendidas entre el 18 de octubre de 2011 y el 30 de octubre de 2014. Tras la formulación de las recomendaciones estas se discutieron de forma conjunta por el Grupo de trabajo.Conclusiones: Esta actualización resume los nuevos datos acerca de la evaluación y tratamiento de la osteoporosis en las enfermedades endocrinas y nutricionales que se asocian a baja masa ósea o a un aumento del riesgo de fractura.(AU)

Objective: To update previous recommendations developed by the Working Group on Osteoporosis and Mineral Metabolism of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition for the evaluation and treatment of osteoporosis associated to different endocrine and nutritional diseases. Participants: Members of the Working Group on Osteoporosis and Mineral Metabolism of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition. Methods: Recommendations were formulated according to the GRADE system (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) to describe both the strength of recommendations and the quality of evidence. A systematic search was made in MEDLINE (Pubmed) using the following terms associated to the name of each condition: AND "osteoporosis", "fractures", "bone mineral density", and "treatment". Papers in English with publication date between 18 October 2011 and 30 October 2014 were included. The recommendations were discussed and approved by all members of the Working Group. Conclusions: This update summarizes the new data regarding evaluation and treatment of osteoporosis associated to endocrine and nutritional conditions.(AU)

Cysteine dietary supplementation reverses the decrease in mitochondrial ROS production at complex I induced by methionine restriction.

It has been described that dietary cysteine reverses many of the beneficial changes induced by methionine restriction in aging rodents. In this investigation male Wistar rats were subjected to diets low in methionine, supplemented with cysteine, or simultaneously low in methionine and supplemented with cysteine. The results obtained in liver showed that cysteine supplementation reverses the decrease in mitochondrial ROS generation induced by methionine restriction at complex I. Methionine restriction also decreased various markers of oxidative and non-oxidative stress on mitochondrial proteins which were not reversed by cysteine. Instead, cysteine supplementation also lowered protein damage in association with decreases in mTOR activation. The results of the present study add the decrease in mitochondrial ROS production to the various beneficial changes induced by methionine restriction that are reversed by cysteine dietary supplementation.

Sorafenib prevents liver fibrosis in a non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) rodent model.

Liver fibrosis occurring as an outcome of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) can precede the development of cirrhosis. We investigated the effects of sorafenib in preventing liver fibrosis in a rodent model of NASH. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a choline-deficient high-fat diet and exposed to diethylnitrosamine for 6 weeks. The NASH group (n=10) received vehicle and the sorafenib group (n=10) received 2.5 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1) by gavage. A control group (n=4) received only standard diet and vehicle. Following treatment, animals were sacrificed and liver tissue was collected for histologic examination, mRNA isolation, and analysis of mitochondrial function. Genes related to fibrosis (MMP9, TIMP1, TIMP2), oxidative stress (HSP60, HSP90, GST), and mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC1α) were evaluated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Liver mitochondrial oxidation activity was measured by a polarographic method, and cytokines by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Sorafenib treatment restored mitochondrial function and reduced collagen deposition by nearly 63% compared to the NASH group. Sorafenib upregulated PGC1α and MMP9 and reduced TIMP1 and TIMP2 mRNA and IL-6 and IL-10 protein expression. There were no differences in HSP60, HSP90 and GST expression. Sorafenib modulated PGC1α expression, improved mitochondrial respiration and prevented collagen deposition. It may, therefore, be useful in the treatment of liver fibrosis in NASH.

The allergenic structure of the thaumatin-like protein ole e 13 is degraded by processing of raw olive fruits

Background: The thaumatin-like protein (TLP) Ole e 13 in raw olive fruit is responsible for occupational allergy in olive oil mill workers. However, these workers do not experience allergic symptoms after ingestion of edible olive. Objectives: To analyze the presence of IgE-reactive TLP in raw and edible olive fruit and to assess the allergenic potency of both sources. Methods: The content of TLP in raw and edible olive fruit protein extracts was analyzed using immunoblotting with sera from allergic patients and with olive TLP-specific IgG. The structural and immunological stability of TLP were assayed using immunoblotting after treatment of both raw olive and purified TLP with 0.25 M NaOH solution for 24 hours. Olive pollen extract was investigated by immunoblotting for TLP content. Results: The TLP contained in raw olive fruit was not present in edible olives as a result of maceration before human consumption. No TLP was detected in olive pollen using specific IgG or sera from patients allergic to olive fruit. Sera from patients allergic to olive pollen did not react with purified TLP. Conclusions: IgE-reactive TLP is not present in edible olive, thus explaining the low number of patients allergic to this highly consumed fruit. Patients allergic to olive pollen are not sensitized to TLP and, therefore, not expected to be at risk of food allergy to olive fruit or TLP plant sources (AU)

Introducción: La aceituna natural contiene una proteína de la familia de las taumatinas (TLP) que es responsable de la alergia ocupacional en trabajadores de molinos de aceite. Sin embargo, éstos no presentan síntomas cuando ingieren aceitunas comestibles. Objetivos: Analizar la presencia de TLP en aceituna natural y comestible, y correlacionar sus niveles con la potencia alergénica de ambos productos. Métodos: El contenido de TLP en los extractos proteicos de las aceitunas fue analizado por inmunotransferencia y tinción con sueros de pacientes alérgicos así como con antisuero específico para TLP de olivo. La estabilidad estructural e inmunológica de la TLP se ensayó mediante inmunotinción después del tratamiento del extracto de aceituna natural y de la TLP purificada con NaOH 0.25 M durante 24 h. También se analizó la presencia de TLP en el polen de olivo por inmunotinción. Resultados: La TLP presente en la aceituna natural no se detecta en la comestible como consecuencia del tratamiento de maceración al que es sometida para obtener el producto apto para el consumo humano. No se observó TLP reactiva en el polen de olivo, ni con anticuerpos específicos ni con sueros de pacientes alérgicos a aceituna. Sueros de pacientes alérgicos al polen de olivo no reaccionan con la TLP purificada de aceituna. Conclusiones: La TLP de olivo no está presente en las aceitunas comestibles lo que explica el escaso número de pacientes alérgicos a la aceituna. Además, los pacientes alérgicos al polen de olivo no están sensibilizados a TLP, por lo que no tendrían riesgo de sufrir alergia alimentaria a aceitunas o a fuentes vegetales de TLPs (AU)

[Flax-leaved daphne (Daphne gnidium L.): an ancient European timbo]. / El torvisco (Daphne gnidium L.): un timbó ancestral europeo.

TITLE: El torvisco (Daphne gnidium L.): un timbo ancestral europeo.

Comparison of 99mTc-sestamibi and 11C-methionine PET/CT in the localization of parathyroid adenomas in primary hyperparathyroidism / Comparación del 99mTc-sestamibi y 11C-metionina PET/TC en la localización del adenoma de paratiroides en el hiperparatiroidismo primario

Aim: To evaluate the usefulness of 11C-methionine PET/CT (MET) in the localization of the parathyroid adenomas and to compare the results with those obtained with the conventional technique in double-phase 99mTc-sestamibi scintigraphy (MIBI). We evaluated the optimal timing to acquire MET images. Material and methods: A prospective study that included 14 patients (mean age: 65.5 ± 9.7 years) with primary hyperparathyroidism (PH) who underwent surgery was performed. Mean serum iPTH was 215.8 ± 108 pg/mL and serum calcium 10.8 ± 0.9 mg/dL. MIBI (planar and SPECT) was obtained 10 min and 2–3 h after injection of 740 MBq (20 mCi) of 99mTc-sestamibi. MET was obtained 10 min and 40 min after injection of 740 MBq (20 mCi) of 11C-methionine. MIBI and MET images were visually evaluated and compared. A score for 10 min and 40 min MET images from 0 (no abnormal uptake) to 3 (intense uptake) was assigned. Results: MIBI and MET were positive and concordant in 11/14 patients and in 10 of them the parathyroid adenoma was correctly localized. In 3/14 MIBI was positive and MET negative (MIBI correctly localized the parathyroid adenoma in 2 of them). According to the timing of MET imaging acquisition, the 10 min and 40 min acquisition showed the same score in 10 patients, it was higher at 10 min acquisition in 3 and in 1 the parathyroid adenoma was only detected at 40 min acquisition. Conclusion: MIBI remains the technique of choice for the localization of parathyroid adenomas in patients with PH. MET may play a complementary role in selected patients. Delayed acquisition should be included in the MET protocol when the early acquisition is negative (AU)

Objetivos: Evaluar la utilidad de la 11C-metionina PET/TC (MET) en la localización de adenoma de paratiroides comparado con la técnica convencional en doble fase con 99mTc-sestamibi (MIBI). Evaluar el tiempo adecuado para la adquisición de imágenes MET. Material y métodos: Este estudio prospectivo incluyó 14 pacientes (edad: 65,5 ± 9,7 años) con hiperparatiroidismo primario (HPTP) sometidos a cirugía. La iPTH fue de 215,8 ± 108 pg/mL y el calcio sérico 10,8 ± 0,9 mg/dL. El MIBI (planar, SPECT) fue realizado a los 10 min y 2-3 horas tras la inyección de 740 MBq (20 mCi) de MIBI. La MET fue realizada 10 min y 40 min tras la inyección de 740 MBq (20 mCi) de MET. Las imágenes fueron evaluadas visualmente y comparadas. Las imágenes con MET a 10 min y 40 min fueron valoradas según el grado de captación (0[no captación] a 3[intensa]). Resultados: MIBI y MET fueron positivos y concordantes en 11/14 pacientes, en 10 de ellos el adenoma de paratiroides fue correctamente localizado. En 3/14 el MIBI fue positivo y la MET negativa (el MIBI localizó correctamente 2). Con respecto al tiempo de adquisición imágenes MET a los 10 min y 40 min se observó la misma puntuación en 10 pacientes, fue mayor a los 10 min en 3 y en un paciente sólo fue positivo a los 40 min. Conclusiones: El MIBI continúa siendo la técnica de elección para la localización del adenoma de paratiroides en pacientes con HPTP. La MET podría tener un papel complementario en pacientes seleccionados. La adquisición tardía de la MET debería ser incluida cuando la imagen precoz sea negativa (AU)

Comparison of 99mTc-sestamibi and 11C-methionine PET/CT in the localization of parathyroid adenomas in primary hyperparathyroidism.

AIM: To evaluate the usefulness of (11)C-methionine PET/CT (MET) in the localization of the parathyroid adenomas and to compare the results with those obtained with the conventional technique in double-phase (99m)Tc-sestamibi scintigraphy (MIBI). We evaluated the optimal timing to acquire MET images. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective study that included 14 patients (mean age: 65.5 ± 9.7 years) with primary hyperparathyroidism (PH) who underwent surgery was performed. Mean serum iPTH was 215.8 ± 108 pg/mL and serum calcium 10.8 ± 0.9 mg/dL. MIBI (planar and SPECT) was obtained 10 min and 2-3h after injection of 740 MBq (20 mCi) of (99m)Tc-sestamibi. MET was obtained 10 min and 40 min after injection of 740 MBq (20 mCi) of (11)C-methionine. MIBI and MET images were visually evaluated and compared. A score for 10 min and 40 min MET images from 0 (no abnormal uptake) to 3 (intense uptake) was assigned. RESULTS: MIBI and MET were positive and concordant in 11/14 patients and in 10 of them the parathyroid adenoma was correctly localized. In 3/14 MIBI was positive and MET negative (MIBI correctly localized the parathyroid adenoma in 2 of them). According to the timing of MET imaging acquisition, the 10 min and 40 min acquisition showed the same score in 10 patients, it was higher at 10 min acquisition in 3 and in 1 the parathyroid adenoma was only detected at 40 min acquisition. CONCLUSION: MIBI remains the technique of choice for the localization of parathyroid adenomas in patients with PH. MET may play a complementary role in selected patients. Delayed acquisition should be included in the MET protocol when the early acquisition is negative.

Diabetes y osteoporosis: acción de las hormonas gastrointestinales sobre el hueso / Diabetes and osteoporosis: action of gastrointestinal hormones on the bone

Mujer de 62 años, que consulta para valoración de tratamiento de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) de 4 años de evolución, en tratamiento con metformina 850mg/12h, sin complicaciones crónicas asociadas. Presenta hipertensión y dislipemia. Tratada con candesartán/hidroclorotiazida 32/12,5mg/día y atorvastatina 40mg/día. Pesaba 92kg y medía 162cm (IMC:35,1kg/m2). En el último control analítico, glucemia basal 168mg/dl y HbA1c 7,5%. La microalbuminuria era negativa. Las cifras de presión arterial y el perfil lipídico se encontraban dentro de los objetivos terapéuticos. Hace 2 años tuvo una fractura de Colles no traumática en la muñeca izquierda motivo por el que toma un suplemento de calcio y vitamina D diariamente y bifosfonato alendronato una vez por semana. En resumen, nos encontramos ante una mujer con obesidad y DM2, con un control metabólico inadecuado, que además presenta antecedentes de fractura por fragilidad. ¿Cómo debe ser evaluada y tratada esta paciente?(AU)

A 62-year-old woman consulted for evaluation of treatment for her type 2 diabetes diagnosed four years ago. He had been received treatment with metformin 850mg twice, with no chronic associated complications. She had hypertension and dyslipidemia. She was being treated with candesartan/hydrochlorothiazide 32/12.5mg and atorvastatin 40mg. Her weight was 92kg and height 162cm (BMI, 35.1kg/m2). The last analysis showed fasting glucose 168mg/dl and glycated hemoglobin 7.5%, Microalbuminuria was negative. Blood pressure and lipid profile were within the therapeutic range. Two years ago she suffered a nontraumatic Colle's fracture in her left arm for which she was taking a daily calcium and vitamin D supplement and weekly alendronate. In summary, this is an obese female patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus and inadequate metabolic control, She also has a history of fragility fracture. How should this patient be evaluated and treated?(AU)