Identification and expression analysis of the WRKY gene family in Isatis indigotica.

The WRKY proteins, which represent one of the largest families of transcriptional regulators in plants, play pivotal roles in regulating multiple processes of growth and development, particularly in diverse stress responses. Isatis indigotica is widely used in Traditional Chinese Medicine and is famous for its use as a dye for the color indigo. However, reports of the WRKY gene family in I. indigotica are limited. In this study, 64 IiWRKY genes encoding proteins with the complete WRKY domain were identified from genome of I. indigotica. Based on their structure and phylogenetic relationships of this gene family in I. indigotica, the IiWRKY genes were classified into three groups: Group I (n = 13), Group II (n = 35) and Group III (n = 16). Sequence alignment revealed that IiWRKY proteins harbored two variants, WRKYRQK and WRKYGKK, of the highly conserved WRKYGQK motif. The number of exons in IiWRKY genes varied from two to 14, with most of IiWRKY genes containing three exons. Investigation of gene duplication demonstrated that 10 and 14 IiWRKY genes were incorporated in tandem and segmental duplication events, respectively. Finally, the expression profiles derived from transcriptome data and quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed distinct expression patterns of these IiWRKY gene in five different organs or in response to four abiotic stresses. Taken together, our results will contribute to functional analysis of IiWRKY genes, and also provide a basis for further clarification of the molecular mechanism of stress responses in this important herb.

[Effects of drought stress on glandular trichomes,stomatal density and volatile exudates of Schizonepeta tenuifolia].

In this research,we explored the effect of three groups of water treatments,including severe drought(the corresponding water content of cultivated substrate 5%-10%),moderate drought(45%-50%) and control(85%-90%),and different drought stress time(15,30,45 d) on the glandular trichome density(TD),stomatal density(SD) and volatile exudates of Schizonepeta tenuifolia.The results showed that there were two kinds of glandular trichomes on the surface of S. tenuifolia leaves: peltate and capitate glandular trichomes. The density of capitate glandular trichomes(CTD) was higher than that of peltate glandular trichomes(PTD). Both CTD and PTD on the abaxial surface of leaf were higher than those on the adaxial surface. Under severe drought stress,the CTD and SD were higher than the other two treatments. Under the same stress time,the biomass and leaf surface area of S. tenuifolia decreased with the deepening of stress degree. As the stress time prolonged,the surface area of leaves and biomass gradually increased,and the TD and SD decreased. The most abundant compound in volatile exudates of S. tenuifolia was pulegone. Under drought stress,the relative content of pulegone decreased,and the relative content of other monoterpenoids such as D-limonene and menthone increased. The n-hexadeconic acid and 2-methyl-1-hexadecanol were detected only at the stress of 15 d,while menthone was detected at the stress of 30 d and45 d. Drought stress affected the leaf growth and secondary metabolism of S. tenuifolia.

[Response of growth and photosynthetic characteristics of Polygonatum cyrtonema to shading conditions].

The purpose of this experiment was to study the effects of different shading conditions on the growth,physiological characteristics and biomass allocation of Polygonatum cyrtonema,which offered a theoretical basis for its cultivation.Different light environments(100%,80%,60% and 35% light transmittance) were simulated with shading treatments.Growth and photosynthetic indexes of P.cyrtonema were measured and the variances were analyzed.The results show that shading decreased superoxide anion radical(O-·2)production rate and hydrogen peroxide(H_2O_2) accumulation,kept the activity of SOD,POD and CAT enzyme at a high level.Furthermore,The content of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b,net photosynthetic rate(Pn),stomatal conductance(Gs),transpiration rate(Tr),maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem Ⅱ(Fv/Fm),photochemical quenching index(q P) and effective quantum yield of photosystem II(ΦPSⅡ) of P.cyrtonema were increased while the intercellular CO2 concentration(Ci),Foand NPQ were decreased by shading.Shading is beneficial to P.cyrtonema growth,can increase the total biomass P.cyrtonema.The allocation proportion of biomass on the aerial portion of P.cyrtonema increased but underground parts decreased with increasing shading conditions.In this study,P.cyrtonema can grow well in shading conditions,shading is beneficial to the formation of the yield and quality of the rhizomes of P.cyrtonema,especially in 65% light transmittance.

[Changes of ion absorption, distribution and essential oil components of flowering Schizonepeta tenuifolia under salt stress].

In this paper, a pot experiment using quartz sands was conducted to study the effects of different concentrations of NaCl (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 mmol·L⁻¹) on the ion absorption, distribution and essential oil components of flowering Schizonepeta tenuifolia. The results showed that as NaCl concentration increased, Na⁺ content of root, stem, leaf and flower increased significantly, and that of the aerial parts was in a higher level than in the root. Regarding the K⁺ content, it decreased in the root but increased in stem, leaf and flower. Some changes were detected in the Ca²âº content, but not significant on the whole. The value of K⁺/Na⁺ and Ca²âº/Na⁺ reduced as a result of increasing NaCl concentrations. The content of essential oil increased under medium salt treatment (50 mmol·L⁻¹ NaCl). However, the synthesis and accumulation of essential oil was inhibited by the serious salt treatment (100 mmol·L⁻¹ NaCl). Over 98% of the essential oil components were terpenes, in which pulegone and menthone were the most two abundant compounds. Varieties of essential oil components did not change significantly under salt stress but their relative proportions did. The transformation of pulegone to menthone was enhanced and the value of pulegone/menthone based on their relative contents decreased with NaCl concentration increasing. Consequently, menthone ranked the most abundant compound by replacing pulegone. Relative content of D-limonene increased under medium and serious salt stress, and that of ß-caryophyllene only increased under mild treatments. So our research could provide references for the standard cultivation on saline soil of S. tenuifolia.

[Effects of N and Zn interaction on growth, yield and active components of Agastache rugosa].

The study is aimed to explore the effect of combination use of nitrogen(N) and zinc(Zn) fertilizers on the growth, yield and the effective components of Agastache rugosa. A. rugosa was grown under two N application rate (120, 300 kg·hm⁻²) and five Zn levels (0, 20, 50, 100，150 kg·hm⁻²) under field condition. The effect of the treatments on the physiological indicators, distribution of nitrogen and zinc and volatile oil components of A. rugosa were studied. The results showed that the combination use of N and Zn could significantly affect the growth and development, yield and volatile oil components of A. rugosa. Under the test conditions, the highest yield of Agastaches Herba was obtained when 50 kg·hm⁻² of Zn fertilizer was applied with high N application rate of 300 kg·hm⁻². Under the same N application rate, the increase of Zn production was positively correlated with the amount of Zn application in a certain concentration range, but excessive Zn application led to the decrease of yield. With the increase of N application level, the content of Zn also significantly increased. The combination use of N and Zn increased the yield of Agastaches Herba. High level of N application was beneficial to the absorption and accumulation of N and Zn of A. rugosa. Zn fertilizer could also promote the absorption and accumulation of N of A. rugosa. The interaction between N and Zn had significant influence on the main chemical constituents of the volatile oil of A. rugosa. Among the volatile oil chemical constituents of A. rugosa the content of pulegone (34.56%-53.91%) and piperonyl methyl ether (18.86%-42.27%) were much higher. Under the same N application rate, different Zn application rates also had significant effects on the main chemical components of volatile oil.

[Effects of exogenous MeJA, SA and two kinds of endophytic fungi on physiology and total phenols content of seedlings of Bletilla striata].

Tissue culture seedlings of Bletilla striata were treated with MeJA, SA and two kinds of endophytic fungi in order to study the effects of those treatments on the physiology and total phenols content. The method of tissue culture was used to culture seeds into seedlings, and then different treatments were applied on them to observe and measure the changes of physiology and total phenols content. We find that the growth of seedlings treated with SA was poor, which treated with 40 µmol•L⁻¹ MeJA, 50 mL•L⁻¹ Hypocrea koningii and 10 mL•L⁻¹ Trichoderma koningiopsis showed better. The activity of SOD, POD and CAT was at a high level under SA treatment of each concentration. The activity of SOD and POD increased as the rise of MeJA concentration, while CAT was highest at 80 µmol•L⁻¹. The activity of SOD and POD increased with the increasing of the concentration of H. koningii treatment, while CAT reached the highest at 1 mL•L⁻¹. The activity of SOD, POD and CAT increased first and then declined with the concentration of T. koningiopsis increasing, and the highest activity was at 10 mL•L⁻¹. The contents of MDA, soluble protein and proline were increased more or less under the four treatments. The content of polysaccharide was at a high level under 60 µmol•L⁻¹ of MeJA. The total phenols content was at a high level under 40 µmol•L⁻¹ of MeJA, 60 µmol•L⁻¹ of SA, 1 mL•L⁻¹ of H. koningii and 10 mL•L⁻¹ of T. koningiopsis. The results indicated that the addition of exogenous MeJA, SA and endophytic fungi under certain concentrations could improve the resistance of B. striata and increase the content of total phenols at some degree and the trearment of MeJA, H. koningii and T. koningiopsis could promote the growth of seedlings under certain concentrations.

[Effects of Ca2+ and SA on physiological and photosynthesis of Platycodon grandiflorum under high temperature stress].

In order to reveal feasibility of different concentrations of Ca2+ and SA on Platycodon grandiflorum under high temperature stress, the effects of Ca2+ on physiological index and related photosynthetic parameters were studied. Pot cultured P. grandiflorum leaves under the same outdoor conditions were sprayed with CaCl2 and SA separately, and then placed in the high incubator [35 degrees C/25 degrees C (day/night), light intensity 3 600 lx], and sprayed with distilled water at 25 degrees C and under high temperature stress were set as the control. The related photosynthesis, relative conductivity, contents of proline, malondialdehyde, soluble protein, activities of SOD and CAT, ASA and GSH content were measured. The results show that the 6 mmol x L(-1) CaCl2 and 1.5 mmol x L(-1) SA enhanced the activities of SOD and CAT, the contents of proline and soluble protein, and effectively reduced the damage of heat stress on cell membrance. At the same time, the exogenous Ca2+ and SA increased the contents of chlorophyll and carotenoid, the efficiency of leaf photosynthesis and ASA and GSH content, and thus effectively resisted the oxidative stress caused by high temperatures, but with the increasing concentration of spraying, P. grandiflorum decreased the ability to resist high temperature stress. In conclusion, the foliage spraying CaCl2 and SA could reduce the damage of high temperature stress on P. grandiflorum leaves.

[Study on accumulation law of peimine in different Fritillaria thunbergii cultivar].

In order to study the accumulation of Fritillaria thunbergii cultivar, peimine content in Xiaye, Kuanye, Duozi and Xiaosanzi bulbs of different sizes and parts was determined by HPLC-ELSE. The results indicated that the peimine content varied significantly with the cultivar type, the size and part of bulb. The distribution laws of peimine were as follow: Xiaosanzi > Duozi > Xiaye > Kuanye, small-size bulb > big-size bulb, core bud > scale. The peimine yield per plant in Duozi was the highest.

[Effect of different nitrogen forms and ratio on growth and active ingredient content of Platycodon grandiflorum].

To providing evidence about nitrogen adequate application of Platycodon grandiflorum, the pot culture experiment was conducted to study the effect of nitrogen on the growth, physiological metabolism and the quality of P. grandiflorum. The activity of NR, GS and SOD, POD and CAT were determined. And the nitrate and ammonium nitrogen content, photosynthetic characteristics, active components of P. grandiflorum were determined. The results showed that the nitrate nitrogen content and P. biomass reached its maximum value, when NH4(+)-N/NO3(-) -N was 0: 100, the activity of NR. The activity of GS was the highest at the NH4(+) -N/NO3(-) -N ratio of 25:75 and ammonium nitrogen content was the highest at 75:25. The activity of SOD decreased and then increased with the increasing of NO3(-) -N. At the NH4(+) -N/NO3(-) -N ratio of 25: 75, the activity of CAT had its maximum value and the content of MDA had the minimum value. At the same time, the content of platycodon D was the highest at this treatment. The studies had shown that different nitrogen forms and ratio had a significant effect on the characteristics of photosynthetic physiology, nitrogen metabolism and resistance adjustment, growth and the quality of P. grandiflorum. The NH4(+) -N/NO3(-) -N ratio of 25: 75 was a suitable ratio of nitrogen forms for the growth of P. Grandiflorum and accumulating the content of platycodon D.

[Effects of nitrogen form on growth and quality of Chrysanthemums morifolium].

This paper is aimed to study the effects of nitrogen form on the growth and quality of Chrysanthemums morifolium at the same nitrogen level. In order to provide references for nutrition regulation of Ch. morifolium in field production, pot experiments were carried out in the greenhouse at experimental station of Nanjing Agricultural University. Five proportions of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen were set up and a randomized block design was applied four times repeatedly. The results showed that the growth and quality of Ch. morifolium were significantly influenced by the nitrogen form. The content of chlorophyll and photosynthesis rate were the highest at the NH4(+) -N /NO3(-) -N ratio of 25:75; The activities of NR in different parts of Ch. -morifolium reached the highest at the NH4(+) - N/NO3(-) -N ratio of 0: 100. The contents of nitrate nitrogen in the root and leaves reached the highest at the NH4(+) -N/NO3(-) -N ratio of 50:50. The activities of GS, GOGAT and the content of amylum increased with the ratio of NO3(-) -N decreasing and reached it's maximum at the NH4 + -N/NO3 - -N ratio of 100: 0. The content of ammonium nitrogen were the highest at the NH4 + -N /NO3 --N ratio of 75: 25, while the content of soluble sugar reached the highest at the NH4(+)-N/NO3(-) -N ratio of 25: 75. The content of flavones, chlorogenic acid and 3,5-O-dicoffeoylqunic acid were 57.2 mg x g(-1), 0.673% and 1.838% respectively, reaching the maximum at the NH4(+) -N /NO3(-) -N ratio of 25:75; The content of luteoloside increased with the ratio of NO3(-) -N increasing and reached it's maximum at the NH4(+) -N/NO3(-) -N ratio of 0: 100. The yield of Ch. morifolium reached it's maximum at the NH4(+) -N /NO3(-) -N ratio of 25:75. Nitrogen form has some remarkable influence on the nitrogen metabolism, photosynthesis and growth, Nitrogen form conducive to the growth and quality of Ch. morifolium at the NH4(+) -N /NO3(-) -N ratio of 25: 75.

[Effect of NH4(+) -N/NO3(-)-N ratio in applied supplementary fertilizer on nitrogen metabolism and main chemical composition of Pinellia ternata].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of nitrogen forms on nitrogen metabolism and main chemical composition of Pinellia ternate. METHOD: Through the soilless cultivation experiment and based at the same nitrogen level and different NH4(+) -N/NO3(-) -N ratios, nitrate reductase (NR) activity, glutamine synthetase (GS) activity, the content of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen in different parts of P. ternate were determined. The contents of total alkaloid, free total organic acids and guanosine in the tuber were determined. The yield of bulbil and tuber was calculated. RESULT: The test results showed that, with the NH4(+) -N/NO3(-) -N ratio increasing, the activity of nitrate reductase decreased, the content of nitrate nitrogen in the leaves, petioles and tuber increasing initially, then decreased, and the content of nitrate nitrogen in the root decreased. Meanwhile, with the NH4(+) -N/NO3(-) -N ratio increasing, the activity of glutamine synthetase in the leaves, petioles and root increased, the activity of glutamine synthetase in the tuber increasing initially, then decreased. The contents of ammonium nitrogen in the leaves, tuber and root increased initially, then decreased, and the contents of ammonium nitrogen in the petioles increased with the NH4(+)(-N/NO3(-)-N ratio increasing. The yield of bulbil and tuber were the highest at the NH4(+)-N/NO3(-) -N ratio of 75: 25. The content of total alkaloid and guanosine in the tuber were the highest at the NH4(+)-N/NO3(-) -N ratio of 0: 100, and the contents were 0.245% and 0.0197% respectively. With the NH4(+)-N/NO3(-) -N ratio of 50: 50, the content of free total organic acids was the highest, it reached 0.7%, however, the content of free total organic acids was the lowest at the NH4(+) -N/NO3(-) -N ratio of 0: 100. CONCLUSION: Nitrogen fertilization significant influences the nitrogen metabolism, the yield and main chemical composition of P. ternate.

[Effect of low-temperature vernalization on metabolism of carbon and nitrogen of Isatis indigotica].

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of low temperature vernalization on metabolism change of carbon and nitrogen of Isatis indigotica. METHOD: The Yunnan and Beijing I. indigotica seedlings with six leaves were vernalized at 4 degrees C for 25 days, and the metabolism indicators of carbon and nitrogen were measured. RESULT: There appeared a dramatic increase in the soluble sugar content, reducing sugar content and soluble protein content in response to the low temperature, after termination of vernalization it reached the maximum, however, starch and total nitrogen concentration decreased significantly, after termination of vernalization it reached the minimum. CONCLUSION: The high C/N value can promote the low temperature vernalization of I. indigotica.

[Accumulation law of epigoitrin in roots of Isatis indigotica of different breed types].

OBJECTIVE: To study the distribution law of epigoitrin in roots of Isatis indigotica of different breed types and provide a scientific basis for screening of high-quality Isatis indigotica breed. METHODS: Determined the contents of epigoitrin in tap root and lateral root of Chinese-cabbage-leaf Isatis, cabbage-leaf Isatis, mustard-leaf Isatis and tetraploid Isatis by HPLC. Also, compared the contents of epigoitin in xylem and phloem of Isatis indigotica. RESULTS: Contents of epigoitrin in the tap root and lateral root of Isatis indigotica of the different breed types were significant different. In four breed types of Isatis indigotica, contents of epigoitrin in the tap root and phloem were higher than those in the lateral root and xylem, respectively. CONCLUSION: Contents of epigoitrin in the lateral root of Isatis indigotica are higher than those of tap root and epigoitrin distributes mainly in phloem.

[Effect of different nitrogen forms and concentrations on biomass and alkaloids of isatidis folium].

OBJECTIVE: In order to provide theoretical basis of improving nitrogen utilization efficiency in Isatis indigotica, the biomass and active components in Isatidis Folium under different nitrogen forms and concentrations were analyzed. METHOD: I. indigotica was cultivated by sand culture in greenhouse, and the experiment was designed with orthogonal test L25 (5(6)). As an index to the biomass and indigo, indirubin, the effects on the I. indigotica by three factors [NO3(-) -N, NH4(+) -N, CO(NH2)2] at five different levels were studied. RESULT: There were significant difference of the biomass and active components by different nitrogen forms and concentrations. The effect of amide nitrogen [CO(NH2)2] on biomass of Isatidis Folium was the most apparent, and the effect of ammonium nitrogen on indirubin was more obvious. Considering the biomass and active ingredient, one combination was optimized, which was (NH4)2SO(4)-7.5 mmol x L(-1), KNO(3)-2.5 mmol x L(-1), CO(NH2)(2)- 5 mmol x L(-1). CONCLUSION: It is important to promote the growth in pre-stage of I. indigotica, and cost-effective combination of balanced nitrogen fertilizer could reasonably promote the growth, and improve the contents of active components and individual biomass.

[Karyotype and pollen morphology of main Fritillaria thunbergii cultivars].

OBJECTIVE: To study the differences in pollen morphology and karyotype among main Fritillari thunbergii cultivars. METHOD: Pollen morphologies of three F. thunbergii cultivars were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the chromosome numbers and karyotypes were studied by applying traditional squash technique. RESULT: The pollen shape of F. thunbergii (Xiaye) was ovoid, while those of the other F. thunbergii (Kuanye, Duozi) were oblong. There were significant differences in mesh ridge width, mesh size among three F. thunbergii cultivars. The karyotype formula ofthree cultivars were as follows: F. thunbergii (Xiaye) was 2n =2x =3m +1sm + 8st(2SAT) + 12t(4SAT), F. thunbergii (Kuanye) was 2n = 2x =2m + 2sm + 10st(2SAT) + 10t (2SAT), F. thunbergii (Duozi) was 2n =2x = 24 =2m +2sm +5st(2SAT) +15t(4SAT). The three cultivars of karyotype belonged to 3B; There were the heterozygosity of homologous chromosome in both F. thunbergii (Xiaye) and F. thunbergii (Duozi). CONCLUSION: The genetic diversity of F. thunbergii is very rich, which could enhance the adaptability, and lay the foundations for new variety selection of F. thunbergii.

[Effect of exogenous Ca2+ on protective infection of Pinellia ternata and accumulation of major components under high temperature stress].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of exogenous Ca2+ on protective infection of Pinellia ternata and accumulation of major components under high temperature stress. METHOD: The soilless cultivation experiment was applied, stress resistance index of P. ternata leaves, statistics the rate of lodge P. ternata,the content of oxalate in different places in the plant, the content of total alkaloids, total organic acids and glucosine in P. ternata tubers were measured based on different concentrations of exogenous Ca2+. RESULT: The test results showed that, at lower concentrations of Ca2+ treatments, the rate of lodge P. ternata was higher than that of the others. With Ca2+ concentration increasing, activities of SOD and POD initially increased and then decreased, however, proline level tended to be down then up. Soluble oxalic acid content was lower than the content of unhandled treatment in P. ternata leaves and tubers; with Ca2+ concentration increasing, soluble oxalic acidl content and yield showed a tendency of decrease after increase in the leaves and tubers. Compared with other treatments, spraying 400 mg x L(-1) Ca2+ significantly enhanced the accumulation of total alkaloid and guanosine in P. ternata tubers. At Lower concentrations of Ca2+, the content of total free organic acid was higher in the tuber. CONCLUSION: With the treatment of Ca2+ the capacity of heat resistance was improved in P. ternata plants, the rate of lodge P. ternata was postponed, growing period was extended and corresponding production has increased by spraying exogenous Ca2+.

[Plant traits and quality evaluation of different cultivation forms of Isatis].

OBJECTIVE: To lay a foundation for the study on good variety selection of Isatis indigotica, comparison of plant traits and quality evaluation of Isatis germplasm resources from different production area was conducted. METHOD: Field cultivation and randomized block experiment were adopted to compare those plant traits of leaf, root, silique and seed of Isatis from different production area and the content of R,S-goitrin and polysaccharide in the root was determined. RESULT: Different cultivation forms of Isatis had significant difference from each other in leaf, root, silique and seed, content of R,S-goitrin and polysaccharide in the root were also different. R,S-goitrin content in Isatis of Chinese cabbage leaf type ( production area: Yunnan ) was comparative higher, 0.59% , while polysaccharide content in autotetraploid Isatis was comparative higher, 8.68%. CONCLUSION: According to the plant traits, Isatis were classified into three types: Chinese cabbage leaf type, cabbage leaf type and mustard leaf type, of which R,S-goitrin content in Chinese cabbage leaf type (production area: Yunnan) was comparative higher, while polysaccharide content in autotetraploid Isatis was comparative higher.

[Dynamic accumulation of dry matter and active element in Pinellia ternata of Taizhou].

OBJECTIVE: To study the dynamic accumulation of dry matter and index components and provide reference to the manual cultural technique of Pinellia ternata. METHOD: Seedlings of Taizhou P. ternata were used as the pot experiment material, and the contents of free total organic acid and guanosine of each organ were determined at different stages of spring and autumn period. RESULT: P. ternata had two growth climax in spring and autumn. Under the same condition of cultivation and management, dry matter largely accumulated in spring. The contents of free total organic acid and guanosine was ascending during the growth period, but dropped during sprout tumble bolting and sprout tumble stage. CONCLUSION: High temperature and bolting affect the accumulation of organic acids significantly, it is reasonable to prevent the temperature stress in production.

[Study on salt stress tolerance of Chrysanthemum morifolium 'Hangbaiju' and 'Huangju' and F1 seedlings].

OBJECTIVE: To study the salt stress tolerance of Hongxinju, Huangju and F1 seedlings from orthogonal and reciprocal cross under different salt treatments. Grope for transmissibility of salt tolerance between parents and F1 seedlings, and relativity between flavone, chlorogenic acid contents and salt tolerance. METHOD: The materials were put in 5 different concentrations of Hoagland nutrient solution (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 mmol x L(-1)) containing NaCl, keeping grads while raising the consistency of NaCl day by day. The injured leaf area per plant, proline, betaine, MDA, flavones and chlorogenic acid contents were measured and analyzed after treatment. RESULT: As NaCl concentration was below 120 mmol x L(-1), the salt tolerance of Hongxinju was higher than that of Huangju, the salt tolerance of Hongxinju x Huangju higher than that of parents, the salt tolerance of Huangju x Hongxinju was at the level of parents. As NaCl concentration between 120 to 160 mmol x L(-1), the salt tolerance of Huangju was higher than that of Hongxinju, the salt tolerance of Huangju x Hongxinju higher than that of parents and the salt tolerance of Hongxinju x Huangju was at the level of parents. CONCLUSION: Salt tolerance of F1 is more influenced by female parent, relativity showed between flavonoids, chlorogenic acid contents and salt tolerance.

[Studies on the chemical constituents in fruits of Acanthopanax gracilistylus].

OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents in the fruits of Acanthopanax gracilistylus. METHODS: The chemical components were isolated and purified by silica gel, ODS C-18, and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatogram. The chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of physicochemical properties and spectral data. RESULTS: Ten compounds were isolated and identified as acankoreoside D(1), 3alpha, 11alpha-dihydroxylup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid(2), 3/3-([O-beta-D-glucopyranuronosyl] oxy) -olean-12-ene-28-olc acid (3),3beta-([O-beta-D-glucopyranuronosyl]oxy)-28-O-P3-D-glucopyranosyl-olean-12-ene-28-olc acid(4),oleanolic acid-3-O-6'-O-methyl-beta-D-glucuronopyranoside(5), acantrifoside A(6), acankoreoside A(7), (-)-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid(8), protocatechuic acid (9),beta-sitosterol(10). CONCLUSION: Compounds 2-5 are obtained from the fruits of the plant for the first time.