Agricultural nonpoint source pollutant loads into water bodies in a typical basin in the middle reach of the Yangtze River.

Phosphorus and nitrogen pollution from agricultural nonpoint sources heavily burden the water environment, and a scientific calculating system is needed to calculate the pollutant loads under the water pollution treatment. This study established a system to calculate the coefficients of agricultural nonpoint source pollutants into water bodies in the subregion in Poyang Lake basin in the middle reach of the Yangtze River combining with multiple driving factors. Validation results showed that the errors of the typical unit were 30.58% for total phosphorus (TP), 13.43% for total nitrogen (TN) and 33.93% for ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), respectively. The errors of the subregion were 26.92% for TP, 31.83% for TN and 29.15% for NH3-N, respectively. Besides, there were higher TP and TN loads in the east area of subregion in both units and county scales, which indicated the heavy phosphorus and nitrogen burden on water environment. In contrast, higher NH3-N loads occurred in the north area of subregion. The establishment of coefficient system for agricultural pollutants into water bodies and the pollutant loads calculation would provide enlightenment for water pollution treatment and agricultural nonpoint source pollution controlling.

Impacts of land uses on spatio-temporal variations of seasonal water quality in a regulated river basin, Huai River, China.

Land use impacts from agriculture, industrialization, and human population should be considered in surface water quality management. In this study, we utilized an integrated statistical analysis approach mainly including a seasonal Mann-Kendall test, clustering analysis, self-organizing map, Boruta algorithm, and positive matrix factorization to the assessment of the interactions between land use types and water quality in a typical catchment in the Huai River Basin, China, over seven years (2012-2019). Spatially, water quality was clustered into three groups: upstream, midstream, and downstream/mainstream areas. The water quality of upstream sites was better than of mid-, down-, and mainstream. Temporally, water quality did not change significantly during the study period. However, the temporal variation in water quality of up-, down-, and mainstream areas was more stable than in the midstream. The interactions between land use types and water quality parameters at the sub-basin scale varied with seasons. Increasing forest/grassland areas could substantially improve the water quality during the wet season, while nutrients such as phosphorus from cropland and developed land was a driver for water quality deterioration in the dry season. Water area was not a significant factor influencing the variations of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and total phosphorus (TP) in the wet or dry season, due to the intensive dams and sluices in study area. The parameters TP, and total nitrogen (TN) were principally linked with agricultural sources in the wet and dry seasons. The parameters NH3-N in the dry season, and chemical oxygen demand (CODCr) in the wet season were mainly associated with point source discharges. Agricultural source, and urban point source discharges were the main causes of water quality deterioration in the study area. Collectively, these results highlighted the impacts of land use types on variations of water quality parameters in the regulated basin.

Analysis of water quality indexes and their relationships with vegetation using self-organizing map and geographically and temporally weighted regression.

Natural vegetation has been proved to promote water purification in previous studies, while the relevant laws has not been excavated systematically. This research explored the relationships between vegetation cover and water quality indexes in Liaohe River Basin in China combined with self-organizing map (SOM) and geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) innovatively and systematically based on the distributing heterogeneity of water quality conditions. Results showed that the central and northeast regions of the study area had serious organic and nutrient pollution, which needed targeted treatment. And SOM verified that high vegetation coverage with retention potential of organic and inorganic pollutants as well as nutrients improved water quality to some degree, while the excessive discharges of pollutants still had serious threats to nearby water environment despite the purification function of vegetation. GTWR indicated that the waterside vegetation was beneficial for dissolved oxygen increasing and contributed to the decreasing of organic pollutants and inorganic pollutants with reducibility. Natural vegetation also obsorbed nutrients like TN and TP to some degree. However, the retential potential of nitrogen and organic pollutants became not obvious when there were heavy pollution, which demonstrated that pollution sources should be controlled despite the purification function of vegetation. This study implied that natural vegetation purified water quality to some degree, while this function could not be revealed when there was too heavy pollution. These findings underscore that the pollutant discharge should be controlled though the natural vegetation in ecosystem promoted the purification of water bodies.

Potentially hazardous metals in the sediment of a subtropical bay in South China: Spatial variability, contamination assessment and source apportionment.

Potentially hazardous metals (PHMs) in the coastal environment have become a great concern due to their easy bioaccumulation, poor biodegradability and high toxicity. Surface sediment samples were collected in a subtropical bay in South China to analyse the spatial variations, contamination level and potential sources of PHMs. The results indicated that the order of average contents of PHMs in Qinzhou Bay sediment was Zn > Pb > Cr > Cu > As > Hg > Cd. The most important potential ecological risk factor was Hg pollution in the Qinzhou Bay sediments. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model results indicated that Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd and Cr mainly originated from natural sources while Hg and As were related to coal fired industrial inputs and petroleum production activities. The results could provide a basis for marine management to formulate relevant pollution prevention and control measures.

A holistic assessment of spatiotemporal variation, driving factors, and risks influencing river water quality in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) is the source for many of the most important rivers in Asia. It is also an essential ecological barrier in China and has the characteristic of regional water conservation. Given this importance, we analyzed the spatiotemporal distribution patterns and trends of 10 water quality parameters. These measurements were taken monthly from 67 monitoring stations in the northeastern QTP from 2015 to 2019. To evaluate water quality trends, major factors influencing water quality, and water quality risks, we used a series of analytical approaches including Mann-Kendall test, Boruta algorithm, and interval fuzzy number-based set-pair analysis (IFN-SPA). The results revealed that almost all water monitoring stations in the northeastern QTP were alkaline. From 2015 to 2019, the water temperature and dissolved oxygen of most monitoring stations were significantly reduced. Chemical oxygen demand, permanganate index, five-day biochemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus, and fluoride all showed a downward trend across this same time frame. The annual average total nitrogen (TN) concentration fluctuation did not significantly decrease across the measured time frame. Water quality index (WQI-DET) indicated bad or poor water quality in the study area; however, water quality index without TN (WQI-DET') reversed the water quality value. The difference between the two indexes suggested that TN was a significant parameter affecting river water quality in the northeastern QTP. Both Spearman correlation and Boruta algorithm show that elevation, urban land, cropland, temperature, and precipitation influence the overall water quality status in the northeastern QTP. The results showed that between 2015 and 2019, most rivers monitored had a relatively low risk of degradation in water quality. This study provides a new perspective on river water quality management, pollutant control, and risk assessment in an area like the QTP that has sensitive and fragile ecology.

Green synthesis of metal-based nanoparticles for sustainable agriculture.

The large-scale use of conventional pesticides and fertilizers has put tremendous pressure on agriculture and the environment. In recent years, nanoparticles (NPs) have become the focus of many fields due to their cost-effectiveness, environmental friendliness and high performance, especially in sustainable agriculture. Traditional NPs manufacturing methods are energy-intensive and harmful to environment. In contrast, synthesizing metal-based NPs using plants is similar to chemical synthesis, except the biological extracts replace the chemical reducing agent. This not only greatly reduces the used of traditional chemicals, but also produces NPs that are more economical, efficient, less toxic, and less polluting. Therefore, green synthesized metal nanoparticles (GS-MNPs) are widely used in agriculture to improve yields and quality. This review provides a comprehensive and detailed discussion of GS-MNPs for agriculture, highlights the importance of green synthesis, compares the performance of conventional NPs with GS-MNPs, and highlights the advantages of GS-MNPs in agriculture. The wide applications of these GS-MNPs in agriculture, including plant growth promotion, plant disease control, and heavy metal stress mitigation under various exposure pathways, are summarized. Finally, the shortcomings and prospects of GS-MNPs in agricultural applications are highlighted to provide guidance to nanotechnology for sustainable agriculture.

Mechanisms and influencing factors of yttrium sorption on paddy soil: Experiments and modeling.

High-technology rare earth elements (REEs) as emerging contaminants have potentially hazardous risks for human health and the environment. Investigating the sorption of REEs on soils is crucial for understanding their migration and transformation. This study evaluated the sorption mechanisms and influencing factors of the rare earth element yttrium (Y) on paddy soil via integrated batch sorption experiments and theoretical modeling analysis. Site energy distribution theory (SEDT) combined with kinetics, thermodynamics, and isotherm sorption models were applied to illustrate the sorption mechanism. In addition, the effects of phosphorus (P), solution pH, particle size of soil microaggregates, and initial Y content on the sorption processes were evaluated by self-organizing map (SOM) and Boruta algorithm. The sorption kinetic behavior of Y on paddy soil was more consistent with the pseudo-second-order model. Thermodynamic results showed that the Y sorption was a spontaneous endothermic reaction. The generalized Langmuir model well described the isotherm data of Y sorption on heterogeneous paddy soil and soil microaggregates surface. The maximum sorption capacity of Y decreased with increasing soil particle size, which may be related to the number of sorption sites for Y on paddy soil and soil microaggregates, as confirmed by SEDT. The heterogeneity of sorption site energy for Y was the highest in the original paddy soil compared with the separated soil microaggregates. The SOM technique and Boruta algorithm highlighted that the initial concentration of Y and coexisting phosphorus played essential roles in the sorption process of Y, indicating that the addition of phosphate fertilizer may be an effective way to reduce the Y bioavailability in paddy soil in practice. These results can provide a scientific basis for the sustainable management of soil REEs and a theoretical foundation for the remediation of REEs-contaminated soils.

Evaluation of water quality using a Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy neural network and determination of heavy metal pollution index in a typical site upstream of the Yellow River.

Assessment of river water quality is very important for understanding the impact of human activities on aquatic ecosystems. As the second-largest river in China, the Yellow River's water environment is closely related to the social development and water security of northern China. The Huangshui River is a major tributary of the upper Yellow River, and it supplies water to cities in the lower reaches. In this study, a Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy neural network was used to evaluate water quality of the Huangshui River, and pollutant sources were analyzed. The heavy metal pollution index (HPI) was calculated to assess the heavy metal pollution level, and the health risks posed by heavy metal elements were assessed. The results indicated that the main contaminants in the Huangshui River were ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and total phosphorus (TP), which was affected by various activities of industry, agriculture, and urbanization, and the maximum concentration of NH3-N and TP was 5.90 mg/L and 0.36 mg/L, respectively. The T-S evaluation results of some points in the middle reaches were 3.317 and 3.197, which belonged to Level Ⅳ and the water quality was poor. The concentrations of Cu, Zn and Cr in the river were 0.57-44.58 µg/L, 10-122.50 µg/L and 2-28.67 µg/L, respectively, and they were relatively large. The T-S fuzzy neural network could evaluate water quality, avoiding extreme evaluation results by using fuzzy rules to reduce the influence of pollutant concentrations that are too high or too low. In addition to qualitative categorization of water quality, this approach can also quantitatively assess water quality within a single category. The results of water quality assessment could provide a scientific data support for river management.

Effects of adding selenium on different remediation measures of paddy fields with slight-moderate cadmium contamination.

A number of remediation measures have been used in paddy fields to alleviate serious cadmium (Cd) contamination, which may pose a public health risk through the food chain. In this study, a field trial was conducted in paddy fields with slight-moderate Cd contamination to investigate the remediation effects of combined remediation measures (CRMs), including the use of Cd-safe rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars, water management modes (WMMs), lime application (LA), soil amendment application (SAA), and foliar silicon (Si) fertilizers. Two groups of field trials were designed including CRMs with selenium (Se) and without selenium (non-Se) application. The results show that soil measures (LA + SAA) can increase the soil pH by 0.99 and decrease the soil DTPA-extracted Cd content by 34.19% (p < 0.05). All measures used in the present study significantly decreased the Cd content in husked rice and yield, except for the WMMs; the CRMs achieved the best results, and Se application enhanced the effects of all measures. This study shows that CRMs significantly decreased the Cd content in husked rice by 58.10%; this value increased to 72.69% after Se application (p < 0.05). These results provide useful information for selecting remediation measures in paddy fields with slight-moderate Cd contamination.

High-resolution imaging of labile phosphorus and its relationship with iron redox state in lake sediments.

A thorough understanding of the labile status and dynamics of phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe) across the sediment-water interface (SWI) is essential for managing internal P release in eutrophic lakes. Fe-coupled inactivation of P in sediments is an important factor which affects internal P release in freshwater lakes. In this study, two in-situ high-resolution diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) techniques, Zr-Oxide DGT and ZrO-Chelex DGT, were used to investigate the release characteristics of P from sediments in a large freshwater lake (Dongting Lake, China; area of 2691 km2) experiencing a regional summer algal bloom. Two-dimensional distributions of labile P in sediments were imaged with the Zr-Oxide DGT without destruction of the original structure of the sediment layer at four sites of the lake. The concentration of DGT-labile P in the sediments, ranging from 0.007 to 0.206 mg L-1, was highly heterogeneous across the profiles. The values of apparent diffusion flux (Fd) and release flux (Fr) of P varied between -0.027-0.197 mg m-2 d-1 and 0.037-0.332 mg m-2 d-1, respectively. Labile P showed a high and positive correlation (p < 0.01) with labile Fe(II) in the profiles, providing high-resolution evidence for the key role of Fe-redox cycling in labile P variation in sediments.

Distribution characteristics of phosphorus in the sediments and overlying water of Poyang lake.

Phosphorus (P) is a key indicator of the aquatic organism growth and eutrophication in lakes. The distribution and speciation of P and its release characteristics from sediments were investigated by analyzing sediment and water samples collected during high flow and low flow periods. Results showed that the average concentrations (ranges) of total phosphorus (TP) in the surface and deep water were 0.06 mg L(-1) (0.03-0.13 mg L(-1)) and 0.15 mg L(-1) (0.06-0.33 mg L(-1)), respectively, while the average concentration (range) of TP in sediments was 709.17 mg kg(-1) (544.76-932.11 mg kg(-1)). The concentrations of TP and different forms of P varied spatially in the surface sediments, displaying a decreasing trend from south to north. P also varied topographically from estuarine areas to lake areas. The vertical distribution of TP and different forms of P were observed to decrease as depth increased. The P concentrations during the low flow period were higher than those during the high flow period. Inorganic phosphorus (IP) was the dominant form of P, accounting for 61%-82% of TP. The concentration of bioavailable phosphorus in sediments was relatively large, indicating a high risk of release to overlying water. The simulation experiment of P release from sediments showed that the release was relatively fast in the first 0-5 min and then decreased to a plateau after 1 hr. Approximately 84-89% of the maximum amount of P was released during the first hour.

Effects of exogenous rare earth elements on phosphorus adsorption and desorption in different types of soils.

Phosphorus (P) is an important biogeochemical element and the environmental fate of P receives increasing attention. Through batch equilibration experiments, the adsorption and desorption of P in the absence and presence of exogeneous rare earth elements (REEs) were investigated in five types of agricultural soil samples collected from China. The results showed that the addition of different doses of REEs had influences on P adsorption processes in the soils, and there were differences in different soil types and different P concentrations of the P solutions. The amount of P adsorption tended to decline when the five types of soils were amended with low concentrations of REEs. The characteristics of P adsorption were more complicated when high concentrations of REEs were added to the different soils. Affected by the high concentrations of REEs, when the P concentration of the P solution added to soils was less than 20 mg L(-1), the rate of P adsorption tended to increase in all the five types of soils. However, when the P concentration of the P solution added to soil was greater than 30 mg L(-1), the rate of P adsorption tended to decrease. The Langmuir equation fitted P adsorption in all the five types of soils well. Compared with the control, when soil samples were amended with REEs, the P desorption rates of the five types of soils increased.

An experimental study on using rare earth elements to trace phosphorous losses from nonpoint sources.

Controlling phosphorous (P) inputs through management of its sources and transport is critical for limiting freshwater eutrophication. In this study, characteristics of exogenous rare earth elements (REEs) and P and their losses with surface runoff (both in the water and sediments) during simulated rainfall experiments (83 mm h⁻¹) were investigated. The results revealed that on average most REEs (La, 94%; Nd, 93%; Sm, 96%) and P (96%) transported with sediments in the runoff. The total amounts of losses of REEs and P in the runoff were significantly correlated, suggesting the possibility of using REEs to trace the fate of agricultural nonpoint P losses.

Effects of soil type on leaching and runoff transport of rare earth elements and phosphorous in laboratory experiments.

INTRODUCTION: Through leaching experiments and simulated rainfall experiments, characteristics of vertical leaching of exogenous rare earth elements (REEs) and phosphorus (P) and their losses with surface runoff during simulated rainfall in different types of soils (terra nera soil, cinnamon soil, red soil, loess soil, and purple soil) were investigated. RESULTS AND ANALYSES: Results of the leaching experiments showed that vertical transports of REEs and P were relatively low, with transport depths less than 6 cm. The vertical leaching rates of REEs and P in the different soils followed the order of purple soil > terra nera soil > red soil > cinnamon soil > loess soil. Results of the simulated rainfall experiments (83 mm h⁻¹) revealed that more than 92% of REEs and P transported with soil particles in runoff. CONCLUSION: The loss rates of REEs and P in surface runoff in the different soil types were in the order of loess soil > terra nera soil > cinnamon soil > red soil > purple soil. The total amounts of losses of REEs and P in runoff were significantly correlated.

[Preliminary study on the association of lanthanum and phosphorous loss from soil].

Through laboratory lysimeter experiments and artificial rainfall experiments, characteristics of P and La transportation from both vertical and horizontal directions are investigated. The association between La and P loss from soil is preliminarily discussed. Results of lysimeter experiment show that both La and P are difficult to transport vertically. Downward depths are no deeper than 6-8 cm for all forms of La and P. With the increasement of exogenous La amount, the amount of Water soluble P, NaHCO3-extractable P and NaOH-extractable P decrease, while HCl-extractable P and residual form of P increase. Results of artificial rainfall experiment show that majority of La and P transport with fine soil particles in runoff, which is more than 95%. Loss of total P and La in runoff from the manure-applied soil are correlated significantly, both in loss rate and loss amount.