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This study aims to explore the chemical composition of Rehmanniae Radix braised with mild fire and compare the effect of processing method on the chemical composition of Rehmanniae Radix. To be specific, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with linear ion trap-orbitrap mass spectrometry(UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS) was used to screen the chemical constituents of Rehmanniae Radix. The chemical constituents were identified based on the relative molecular weight and fragment ions, literature information, and Human Metabolome Database(HMDB). The ion peak area ratio of each component before and after processing was used as the index for the variation. SIMCA was employed to establish principal component analysis(PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA) models of different processed products. According to the PCA plot, OPLS-DA plot, and VIP value, the differential components before and after the processing were screened out. The changes of the content of differential components with the processing method were analyzed. A total of 66 chemical components were identified: 57 of raw Rehmanniae Radix, 55 of steamed Rehmanniae Radix, 55 of wine-stewed Rehmanniae Radix, 51 of repeatedly steamed and sundried Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata, 62 of traditional bran-braised Rehmanniae Radix, and 63 of electric pot-braised Rehmanniae Radix. Among them, the 9 flavonoids of braised Rehmanniae Radix were from Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium. PCA suggested significant differences in the chemical composition of Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata prepared with different processing methods. OPLS-DA screened out 32 chemical components with VIP value >1 as the main differential components. Among the differential components, 9 were unique to braised Rehmanniae Radix(traditional bran-braised, electric pot-braised) and the degradation rate of the rest in braised(traditional bran-braised, electric pot-braised) or repeatedly steamed and sundried Rehmanniae Radix was higher than that in the steamed or wine-stewed products. The results indicated the chemical species and component content of Rehmanniae Radix changed significantly after the processing. The 32 components, such as rehmapicrogenin, martynoside, jionoside D, aeginetic acid, hesperidin, and naringin, were the most important compounds to distinguish different processed products of Rehmanniae Radix. The flavonoids introduced by Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium as excipient may be the important material basis for the effectiveness of braised Rehmanniae Radix compared with other processed products.
Subject(s)
Humans , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Rehmannia/chemistry , Flavonoids/analysisABSTRACT
Exosomes are lipid bilayer membranous vesicles actively secreted by various cells in the organism， which are like nanoparticles and have messenger targeting. Combining with the theory of supramolecular "Qi chromatography" of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， research ideas and strategies of modernization of TCM can be constructed. Exosomes are secreted by cells， and the membrane contains nucleic acids， proteins， lipids and small molecular metabolites and others， which can accurately coordinate the functions of each cell， concentrate and transmit the functional information of the parent cell， and is the concise form of reflecting cell functions. At the same time， it is loaded with the "imprinted templates" of the supramolecular "Qi chromatography" theory of TCM. If the "imprinted templates" carrying rules among the gene-protein-lipid-small molecules wrapped in it is studied， the modern experimental research ideas and strategies of TCM theory can be established for revealing the functions of the body's meridians and viscera. Firstly， the present situation of exosomes， including discovery， secretion， characteristics， functions， attribution， uptake， research methods and application status， were reviewed in this paper. And the natural properties of its precise messenger targeted delivery vehicle were elaborated， reflecting the operation law of microscopic substances in meridians and viscera. Secondly， to explore it as an important carrier of the concentrated "imprinted templates" of the supramolecular "Qi chromatography" theory of TCM， and integrating the research methods of exosomes and supramolecular chemistry of TCM， this paper proposes experimental research ideas and strategies on the microscopic material basis of meridians and viscera， compatibility of TCM compound， and targeting of TCM targeted preparations.
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In the era of artificial intelligence based on big data， data acquisition， storage and processing are more convenient， which provides a guarantee for accelerating the development of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， but it has not yet achieved organic integration with TCM theory. Based on preliminary research on the supramolecular "Qi chromatography" theory of TCM， combined with the current development trend of artificial intelligence， this paper analyzed the biological intelligence attribute of the function of TCM supramolecular "imprinting template"， in order to provide reference for the development of TCM drug innovation. Both the human body and Chinese materia medica are giant complex supramolecular bodies evolved from natural organisms. According to the "imprinting template"， the "social molecules" are controlled step by step to form the meridians and viscera. The interaction produces the original theory of TCM， in which the self-recognition， self-assembly， self-organization and self-replication of the "imprinting template" reflect the "intelligence" function attributes：the human body uses the "imprinting template" to self-identify and sense the ingredients of TCM， and store the memory information database in the meridian and collateral organs in the form of "imprinting template"， and then pass the "imprinting template". The comparison， analysis， and judgment of imprinting templates guide the self-assembly， self-organization and self-replication among "molecular society"， synthesize biological machines， produce biological functions， repair or strengthen biological supramolecular bodies， and present the most basic "intelligence" attribute. This suggests that the theory of theory-method-prescription-medicine of TCM is the weak embodiment of biological "intelligence"， while the human brain function is the strong embodiment of biological "intelligence". Since the intelligent function of supramolecular "imprinting template" runs through the natural world， artificial intelligence that can characterize the strong "intelligence" form of the human brain will also be integrated into all aspects of the natural world， suggesting the development direction of "intelligence" functionalization of drug innovation mode.
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Objective:Taking ultrafine granular powder of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma （UGPSMR） as the research object， to establish a method for evaluating its physical properties. Method:A method was established for measuring the particle size distribution and specific surface area of UGPSMR， and the methodological investigation was carried out. A total of 15 physical indicators ［D90 （particle size value when the cumulative particle distribution reaches 90%）， particle size distribution range， particle size distribution width， bulk density， tap density， intergranular porosity， Carr index， specific surface area， pore volume， angle of repose， tablet angle， Hausner ratio， black to white degree L*， red to green degree a*， yellow to blue degree b*］ were used to characterize the quality attributes of UGPSMR and to construct the physical fingerprint. Multivariate statistical analysis methods such as similarity analysis， cluster analysis （CA）， principal component analysis （PCA） and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis （OPLS-DA） were used to evaluate the quality of 11 batches of UGPSMR （S1-S11） produced in different years， and to find out the difference index between samples from different batches. Result:The method for measuring the particle size distribution and specific surface area of UGPSMR was feasible and repeatable. The similarities between the physical fingerprint of 10 batches of samples （S1-S3， S5-S11） from production and control fingerprint of UGPSMR were above 0.85， but the similarity between sample S4 and the control fingerprint was only 0.488. There were some differences in physical property indicators between different batches of UGPSMR， and the characteristic difference indicators were intergranular porosity， specific surface area， pore volume， b*， L*， Carr index， particle size distribution width， respectively. Conclusion:This method can comprehensively evaluate the physical quality attributes of UGPSMR， and can reflect the effect of differences in material basis of the medicinal materials or production process on the physical properties of finished products， and can evaluate quality consistency between batches from the physical state level， which provides new ideas for the quality control of ultrafine granular powder of herbal medicine.
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In this paper, based on the supramolecular "Qi chromatography" of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), combined with the characteristics of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the historical origin and characteristics of theoretical research on the treatment of epidemic diseases by TCM were analyzed retrospectively, and the key scientific problems for achieving its modernization were proposed, and the countermeasures were illustrated. In fact, the emergence and development history of TCM epidemic theory is a comprehensive and scientific understanding of biomolecular chemistry for epidemic caused by pathogen. From the exploration of the cause of abnormal Qi to the epidemic pathogenic factor, from the treatment based on syndrome differentiation by six meridians to by the defensive Qi and nutrient blood and the triple energizer, which is gradually close to the modern theoretical system of infectious diseases and immunology, all of which are stamped with brand of TCM supramolecular "Qi chromatography" theory. In the long history of biological evolution in nature, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as epidemic pathogenic factor in TCM, human body and Chinese materia medica are biological supramolecules at a specific stage of evolution in nature, which are controlled by the "imprinting templates" of molecular society in gradual biomolecules, with the unchanged laws of mutual advancement, mutation, suitability and mutual restriction. Based on the analysis of the law of supramolecular action hiding in the prevention and treatment of epidemic diseases dealt with TCM on procession of principle-method-recipe-medicines, this paper discusses the key scientific problems of its modernization and puts forward the solutions. It can not only clarify the scientific principle of the prevention and treatment with TCM, develop the multi-component Chinese medicine, accelerate the control of the epidemic situation, but also promote the solution of original frontier key scientific problems such as the material basis of meridians, viscera and syndromes, and the compatibility law of the TCM prescription, in order to protect the existing medical resources and open up a new situation in the modernization of TCM research.
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Pneumonia caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection emerged in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China in December 2019. By Feb. 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) officially named the disease resulting from infection with SARS-CoV-2 as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). COVID-19 represents a spectrum of clinical manifestations that typically include fever, dry cough, and fatigue, often with pulmonary involvement. SARS-CoV-2 is highly contagious and most individuals within the population at large are susceptible to infection. Wild animal hosts and infected patients are currently the main sources of disease which is transmitted via respiratory droplets and direct contact. Since the outbreak, the Chinese government and scientific community have acted rapidly to identify the causative agent and promptly shared the viral gene sequence, and have carried out measures to contain the epidemic. Meanwhile, recent research has revealed critical aspects of SARS-CoV-2 biology and disease pathogenesis; other studies have focused on epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, management, as well as drug and vaccine development. This review aims to summarize the latest research findings and to provide expert consensus. We will also share ongoing efforts and experience in China, which may provide insight on how to contain the epidemic and improve our understanding of this emerging infectious disease, together with updated guidance for prevention, control, and critical management of this pandemic.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Amino Acid Motifs , Antiviral Agents , Betacoronavirus , Genetics , China , Epidemiology , Communicable Disease Control , Methods , Coronavirus Infections , Diagnosis , Epidemiology , Therapeutics , Immunization, Passive , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Pandemics , Pneumonia, Viral , Diagnosis , Epidemiology , Therapeutics , Protein Domains , Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus , Chemistry , Viral VaccinesABSTRACT
The Chinese medicine is mostly derived from plants or animals, highly polymorphic, with dynamic components which are reflected by the characteristic peaks and fingerprint peaks in chromatographic fingerprints. The chromatopharmacokinetics method for determined components is not applicable due to dynamic changes of chromatopharmacokinetics. Based on the preliminary study, dynamic pharmacokinetics mathematical model for multiple components in Chinese medicine was set up and verified by Buyang Huanwu Decoction as the model drug, applying the principle of the total quantum statistical moment(TQSM), superimposing or subtracting the relevant statistical parameters in blood samples and blank samples. This provided a new method for the chromatopharmacokinetic study of Chinese medicine. HPLC was used to determine the TQSM parameters in blood and blank sample fingerprints of Buyang Huanwu Decoction at each point, and the overall TQSM parameters of drug-containing blood sample and blank samples were obtained with addition calculation of TQSM; while the initial TQSM of the pure drug can be obtained with subtraction calculation. The metabolic and absorption equilibrium constants were calculated iteratively to a steady state using the estimated metabolic equilibrium constants, then the metabolic chromatopharmacokinetic parameters in rats were obtained: VUC_T 1.262×10~8 mAu·s, MRT_T 37.48 h, VRT_T 9.016×10~2 h~2, CL_T 25.79 mL·h~(-1)·kg~(-1), Vs 1.586×10~2 mL·kg~(-1), t_(T,0.5) 6.15 h, respectively. This suggested that 95% of the compounds in whole recipe were metabolized and secreted from the body after 0-96.33 h. The experiment verified that the established mathematical model and the total quantum moment statistics parameters can represent the dose-time relationship of Buyang Huanwu Decoction, which can be used to study on in vivo metabolism dynamics for Chinese medicine.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , PharmacokineticsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of acupuncture in the treatment of epilepsy. METHODS: We first collected research data about randomized control trials (RCTs) of acupuncture treatment of epilepsy from databases CNKI, CBM, VIP and Wanfang using key words "(acupuncture)", "(epilepsy)"or "(epilepsy)"or "(epilepsy)", and from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library using key words "acupuncture" "needling" "prod" "epilepsy" "epilepsies" or "seizure disorder" or "simple seizure" from the date of database construction to May 5, 2017. Then, two researchers extracted the study outcomes and evaluated the evidence qualification of the research data independently using GRADE profile 3.6 software and analyzed the primary outcome indexes using RevMan 5.3 and STATA 14.0. RESULTS: Eleven articles containing 827 cases were included in the Meta-analysis. We found that acupuncture or acupuncture in combination with other conventional drugs had a significantly better efficacy than conventional drugs in the treatment of epilepsy [OR=3.94, 95%CI (2.49, 6.24), Z=5.85, P<0.000 01]. There was a statistical heterogeneity (P=0.04, l2=60%), and the Meta-analysis was not feasible for the studies of acupuncture vs medication. Combination of acupuncture and Chinese traditional drugs was significantly better than simple Chinese traditional drugs [OR = 4.61, 95%CI (2.18, 9.74), Z=4.01, P<0.000 1], and combination of acupuncture and wes-tern medicines was obviously better than simple western medicines [OR=3.07, 95%CI(1.24, 7.65), Z=2.41, P=0.02] in the treatment of epilepsy. CONCLUSION: Acupuncture therapy may have a positive effect in the treatment of epilepsy but the conclusion needs further verification due to very fewer high-quality and well-designed RCTs found at the present.
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Chinese material medica (CMM) is the foundation for treating disease using traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), which is not only guided by the basic theory of TCM but also follows the general rules of drug action. There are both toxicity and efficacy in TCM. For TCM the integrated regularities of its toxicity and efficacy were demonstrated in their prescription, which were qualitatively characterized by compatible experiences such as "seven emotions", "Yin" and "Yang" compatibility, etc. When the toxicity is still produced by oral administration according to the prescription of TCM theory or administration is not abided by original requirement, the integral regularities of toxicity and efficacy that depends on experience appears to be at a loss what to do. Especially in recent years, with the modernization of TCM and the continuous advantages in new medicinal innovation, the CMM safety incidents occurred frequently. It is very urgent for us how to establish a set of integrated methods that are adequately situated to multiple components for TCM. With the combination of the biological supramolecular chemistry and the basic theory of TCM, an integrated model of toxicity and efficacy based on TCM supramolecular "imprinting template" has begun to take shape. The CMM and the human body are both biological supramolecular bodies that follow the autonomic action rules of their "imprinting template". The integrated trends of toxicity and efficacy are able to build on systematical results of single components in CMM based on the theory of TCM to treat diseases by prescription on syndromes. It is also the systematic actions resulting from single effective components in CMM by the supramolecular "imprinting template" self-acted regularities. Through the qualitative and quantitative analysis of supramolecular "imprinting templates" characteristics and actions and their network chromatotoxicometrology (chromatopharmacometrology), a toxic and effective integrated analysis methods will be established on an integrated "therapeutic window" for components in the CMM. This effort will finally permit the description of the components of the pharmacokinetic overlaid law of "therapeutic window", plotted to lower-overflow, entering and higher-overflow profiles.
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The (anaphylactoid) hypersensibility mechanism of ″imprinting templates″ characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) injection supramolecules was clarified to lay the foundation to build safety evaluation method. Based on the previous publication on special impact of Chinese medicine theories on supramolcular chemistry, combined with the natural origination of (anaphylactoid) hypersensitized special rules as well as the sensitization phenomenon of cordate houttuynia injection, the impact of the structure characteristics of ″imprinting templates″ in TCM injection supramolecules on its (anaphylactoid) hypersensibility was clarified. In Chinese medicine injections, the supramolecular structures can independently be generated, showing overall apparent (anaphylactoid) hypersensibility nature, and their structure characteristics were dependent on the strength. In addition, (anaphylactoid) hypersensitive critical supramolecular structure was present. When it was administrated by ″injection″, it's structure was not easy to be destroyed, often showing apparent immunogenicity, whereas if it was administrated by ″oral″, the structure would be destroyed by the gastrointestinal tract, showing weaker or no apparent immunogenicity. Therefore, there are differences in (anaphylactoid) hypersensibility between ″injection″ and ″oral″ administration of TCM. TCM injections would produce the supramolecules between ″molecular society″ by independent reaction of supramolecular ″imprinting template″ (chemical determinants), showing apparent immune process of recognition, copying, and storage. Single molecule is a special example for this. The screening of anaphylactoid (sensitinogen) includes the single ingredients and their forming supramolecules for TCM injection. This is the unique feature for safety evaluation of Chinese medicine injection.
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More and more disputes have happened to confront us continuously since the separation of Japanese(wild) honeysuckle flower in Chinese Pharmacopoeia in 2005. The state pharmacopeia committee decided to separate Japanese(wild) honeysuckle flower into two species for japanese(wild) honeysuckle flower, but didn't define their the convincing reasons still did not provide to us as a result that two medicines are not described the differences in natural properties, efficiency and indication, usage and dosage, as well as not given a resolving methodand specific solution. It was known for us that in the history of traditional Chinese medicine（TCM）, the phenomenenphenomena of the "one drug from multi-species" and "one species for multi-drug" are very ordinary thingswere ubiquitous. Whether separation of the drug species are separated shall be decided to by clinical efficiency. Through Chinese pharmacopoeia (2015 edition) issue of Chinese Pharmacopoeia the 2015 issue of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, we still cannot find a scientific solution for the dispute of for Japanese (wild) honeysuckle flower, perhaps because of insufficient reorganization of TCM clinical medication regularities, such as "treatment of different diseases with same drug", " treatment of the same disease with different drugs" and "treatment of the same syndrome with multi-prescriptions", and "one prescription treating multiple syndromes"; lack of in-depth analysis for multi-component TCM compounds and autonomisation of "supermolecular template" for organs and meridians; less attention to the advance of efficacy and safety evaluation technologies for multi-component TCM compounds; impacts from the medication mode of "one ingredient-one composition-one effect"; as well as insufficient research methods for bioequivalent evaluation in preclinic and clinic studies . The dispute for species combination or separation for Japanese(wild) honeysuckle flower was apparently caused by regional economy, drug biological equivalent of efficacy and safety, but arising from clinical principles for systematical syndrome treatment with TCM, or concepts in the treatment of diseases with TCM or western medicines. This paper focused on current studies on Japanese(wild) honeysuckle flower in the combination with TCM clinical medication regularities, such as "treatment of different diseases with same drug", "treatment of the same disease with different drugs" and "treatment of the same syndrome with multi-prescriptions", and "one prescription treating multiple syndromes", expounded the specific pharmacological regularity of "heterogeneous equivalence" of Japanese (wild) honeysuckle flower, and put forward methods for studying bioequivalence of Japanese(wild) honeysuckle flower, in order to solve the combination and separation of Japanese(wild) honeysuckle flower and lay a foundation for promoting the development of Chinese herbal medicine industry.
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To investigate the effect of the ingredient group of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with different "imprinted template" on the supramolecular solubilization ability of licorice, in order to lay a theoretical foundation for explaining the solubilization phenomenon of the components of TCM. Based on the independent supramolecular "imprinted template" rules, molecular connectivity index (MCI) and the correlation of n-octanol-water partition coefficient (logP) were used to indicate hydrophilic lipophilic capacity of TCM, and the extractum rate was used to indicate the solubilization effect of licoriceon single TCM herbs or compounds. The solubilization ability of licorice was evaluated based on MCI, logP and the extractum rate. According to the results, the correlation coefficient between MCI and logP for single herbs was 0.942, and that for single herb adding licorice was 0.916. The extractum rate of most herbs was increased after adding licorice. The correlation coefficient among the extractum rate as well as MCI and logP change values before and after adding licorice were respectively 0.837, 0.405. The correlation coefficient between MCI and logP for eight compounds was 0.937. Meanwhile, licorice had a solubilization effect on the remaining 7 compound except for Huangqi decoction. Therefore, licorice shows the solubilization effect through the independent supramolecular "imprinted template", so as to improve the hydrophilic lipophilic ability. There was a high positive correlation between the MCI and logP in ingredients for TCM, which could be used as important parameters to indicate the "imprinted template" feature for components of TCM. The study on the solubilizing effect of TCM with the supramolecular "imprinted template" theory was feasible, and will lay a foundation for the reform of single-herb dosage form.
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Ultrafine powder and cell wall-broken powder of herbal medicine lack of the morphological characters and microscopic identification features. This makes it hard to identify herb's authenticity with traditional methods. We tested ITS2 sequence as DNA barcode in identification of herbal medicine in ultrafine powder and cell wall-broken powder in this study. We extracted genomic DNAs of 93 samples of 31 representative herbal medicines (28 species), which include whole plant, roots and bulbs, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds. The ITS2 sequences were amplified and sequenced bidirectionally. The ITS2 sequences were identified using Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) method in the GenBank database and DNA barcoding system to identify the herbal medicine. The genetic distance was analyzed using the Kimura 2-parameter (K2P) model and the Neighbor-joining (NJ) phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA 6.0. The results showed that DNA can be extracted successfully from 93 samples and high quality ITS2 sequences can be amplified. All 31 herbal medicines can get correct identification via BLAST method. The ITS2 sequences of raw material medicines, ultrafine powder and cell wall-broken powder have same sequence in 26 herbal medicines, while the ITS2 sequences in other 5 herbal medicines exhibited variation. The maximum intraspecific genetic-distances of each species were all less than the minimum interspecific genetic distances. ITS2 sequences of each species are all converged to their standard DNA barcodes using NJ method. Therefore, using ITS2 barcode can accurately and effectively distinguish ultrafine powder and cell wall-broken powder of herbal medicine. It provides a new molecular method to identify ultrafine powder and cell wall-broken powder of herbal medicine in the quality control and market supervision.
Subject(s)
Cell Wall , DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic , DNA, Plant , Genetics , DNA, Ribosomal Spacer , Genetics , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Phylogeny , Plants, Medicinal , Classification , Genetics , Powders , Quality ControlABSTRACT
The paper, based on the previous publication as special impact of Chinese medicine theories on supramolcular chemistry, aims to analyze the natural origination for the Chinese medicine and to explain the special impact of "Qi chromatography" reaction on "imprinting templates" in supramolcular host of human being with Chinese medicine, in order to reveal the CM's properties of "medical element" with "imprinting templates" autonomisation generally took place in natural supramolecules, and also to discover that the CM's pharmacology are satisfied with its own approaches different form western pharmacology. It was decided, for CM's pharmacology guided by CM's theories, to "Qi chromatography" relations between the CM's ingredient groups and the meridian zang-fu viscera. The supramolcular chemistry played an all-through role in procession of making macro-regularities and special presentation on behavior of "Qi chromatography" impulse owning to the matching action of all kinds of ingredients on the meridian zang-fu viscera with similar "imprinting templates". The CM's pharmacology were guided by CM's theories, owing to its interpretation of supramolecular chemistry. The pharmacology was achieved to construct up completely on base of classical chemical single molecular bonds whereas the CM's pharmacology be configured to big building by way of "imprinting templates" as multi-weak bonds among "supramolecular society". CM's pharmacology was supramolcular pharmacology dealt with "molecular society" on the base of western pharmacology, and employed to double research approaches both math-physical quantitative representation on macroscope and qualitative analyses in microscope.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Meridians , Molecular Imprinting , QiABSTRACT
In this paper, based on the special influence of supramolecular chemistry on the basic theory of Chinese medicines ( CM) , the authors further analyzed the history of meridian tropism and natural origins of CM organisms and explained CM ingredients and the universal regularity of the automatic action of the supramolecular "imprinting templates" hole channel structure. After entering human bodies, CMs, as the aggregation of supramolecular "imprinting templates" , automatically seek supramolecular subjects that are matched with their "imprinting templates" in human meridians and organs for the purpose of self-recognition, self-organization, self-assembly and self-replication, so as to generate specific efficacy in meridians and organs, which is reflected as the meridian tropism phenomena at macro level. This regularity can be studied by in vitro and in vivo experimental studies. In vitro methods are mostly supra molecular structure analysis and kinetic and thermodynamic parameter calculation; Whereas in vivo methods are dominated by the analysis on object component distribution, chromatopharmacodynamic parameters and network chromatopharmacodynamic parameters; Particularly, the acupoint-medicine method can simplify to study the supramolecular subject-object relations. Consequently, CM's'meridian tropism reveals the universal regularity for interactions of macromolecular and micromolecular "imprinting templates" of subjects and objects in natural organisms. As the first barrier for the material base of the CM theory and breakthrough in the modernization of the basic CM theory, meridian tropism plays an important role in studies on basic theories of the basic CM theory.
Subject(s)
Humans , Acupuncture Points , Drug Therapy , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Chemistry , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , MeridiansABSTRACT
Ultrafine powder and cell wall-broken powder of herbal medicine lack of the morphological characters and microscopic identification features. This makes it hard to identify herb's authenticity with traditional methods. We tested ITS2 sequence as DNA barcode in identification of herbal medicine in ultrafine powder and cell wall-broken powder in this study. We extracted genomic DNAs of 93 samples of 31 representative herbal medicines (28 species), which include whole plant, roots and bulbs, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds. The ITS2 sequences were amplified and sequenced bidirectionally. The ITS2 sequences were identified using Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) method in the GenBank database and DNA barcoding system to identify the herbal medicine. The genetic distance was analyzed using the Kimura 2-parameter (K2P) model and the Neighbor-joining (NJ) phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA 6.0. The results showed that DNA can be extracted successfully from 93 samples and high quality ITS2 sequences can be amplified. All 31 herbal medicines can get correct identification via BLAST method. The ITS2 sequences of raw material medicines, ultrafine powder and cell wall-broken powder have same sequence in 26 herbal medicines, while the ITS2 sequences in other 5 herbal medicines exhibited variation. The maximum intraspecific genetic-distances of each species were all less than the minimum interspecific genetic distances. ITS2 sequences of each species are all converged to their standard DNA barcodes using NJ method. Therefore, using ITS2 barcode can accurately and effectively distinguish ultrafine powder and cell wall-broken powder of herbal medicine. It provides a new molecular method to identify ultrafine powder and cell wall-broken powder of herbal medicine in the quality control and market supervision.
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The paper aimed to elucidate the specific impact of supramolecular chemistry on the Chinese medicine theories (CMT) in their modernization, after had summarized up the research status of supramolecular chemistry and analyzed the possible supramolecular forms of Chinese medicine (CM), as well as considered the problems in modernization of CM theories. On comparison of the classical chemistry that delt with chemical bonds among atoms, the supramolecular chemistry was rather concerned with varietes of weak noncovalent bonds intermolecules, and reflected the macro-apparent chemical properties of each molecules, and was the most appropriate chemical theories to explain the CMT and microcosmic materials. The molecules in the human body and Chinese material medica (CMM) formed supramolecules by way of self-assembly, self-organization, self-recognition and self-replication, with themselves or with complexation, composition, chelation, inclusion, neutralization etc. Meridian and Zang-fu viscera in CMT might be a space channel structure continuously consisted of unique molecules cavity that was imprinted with the supramolecularly template inside and outside of cells, through which the molecules in CMM interacted with the meridian and Zang-fu viscera. When small molecules in human body imprinted with macromolecules in meridian and Zang-fu viscera, in other words, they migrated along within imprinting channels of meridian and Zang-fu viscera on behavior of "Qi chromatography" impulsed by the heart beat, finally showed up on macroscopic the anisotropy of tissue and organ, as described namely as visceral manifestation in Chinese medical science. When small molecules in CMM interacted with imprinting channel on meridian and Zang-fu viscera, the natural properties and efficacy regularities of CMM was reflected on macroscopic. Therefore, the special representation forms of basic CMT is based on the macroscopic expression of "Qi chromatography" abided by imprinting effect regularities, and on whether the imprinted template of small molecules matched with cavity template of macromolecules in meridian and Zang-fu viscera, only is the adequate representation of supramolecular chemistry for them. The CMM materials is the mixture including single molecules and supramolecules. The compatibility for CM prescriptions can significantly change the function rules. Therefore in the study of basic CMT, we should pay special attention to the laws of supramolecular chemistry. It is the most essential differences of the CMT from the modern medicine which established by the laws of single molecular theories.
Subject(s)
Humans , Chemistry, Pharmaceutical , Drug Therapy , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Meridians , NanotechnologyABSTRACT
The paper aims to elucidate and establish a new mathematic model: the total quantum statistical moment standard similarity (TQSMSS) on the base of the original total quantum statistical moment model and to illustrate the application of the model to medical theoretical research. The model was established combined with the statistical moment principle and the normal distribution probability density function properties, then validated and illustrated by the pharmacokinetics of three ingredients in Buyanghuanwu decoction and of three data analytical method for them, and by analysis of chromatographic fingerprint for various extracts with different solubility parameter solvents dissolving the Buyanghanwu-decoction extract. The established model consists of four mainly parameters: (1) total quantum statistical moment similarity as ST, an overlapped area by two normal distribution probability density curves in conversion of the two TQSM parameters; (2) total variability as DT, a confidence limit of standard normal accumulation probability which is equal to the absolute difference value between the two normal accumulation probabilities within integration of their curve nodical; (3) total variable probability as 1-Ss, standard normal distribution probability within interval of D(T); (4) total variable probability (1-beta)alpha and (5) stable confident probability beta(1-alpha): the correct probability to make positive and negative conclusions under confident coefficient alpha. With the model, we had analyzed the TQSMS similarities of pharmacokinetics of three ingredients in Buyanghuanwu decoction and of three data analytical methods for them were at range of 0.3852-0.9875 that illuminated different pharmacokinetic behaviors of each other; and the TQSMS similarities (ST) of chromatographic fingerprint for various extracts with different solubility parameter solvents dissolving Buyanghuanwu-decoction-extract were at range of 0.6842-0.999 2 that showed different constituents with various solvent extracts. The TQSMSS can characterize the sample similarity, by which we can quantitate the correct probability with the test of power under to make positive and negative conclusions no matter the samples come from same population under confident coefficient a or not, by which we can realize an analysis at both macroscopic and microcosmic levels, as an important similar analytical method for medical theoretical research.
Subject(s)
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Drug Combinations , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Chemistry , Models, Statistical , Plants, Medicinal , Chemistry , SolubilityABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the status of reaching meridian research for the Chinese Matria Medica and to raise point-medicine method.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>To review and analyze the studied situation of the corresponding relationships between "materials", as the constituents in the Chinese materia medica (CMM) as reaching meridian material foundation, and "image", as the function states of the zang-fu viscera, to investigate the problems and the measures to solve it.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>There are imprinting relationships among "materials", as the constituents alike metabolic pathway in the CMM as reaching meridian material foundation, and "image", as the function of the zang-fu viscera related with meridians, and "symptom", the states of them, retroacted, represented and explored by the corresponding meridianed constituents in the CMM as quantitative pharmacologic parameters,also modified by special acupuncture points, finally to establish the new method of reaching meridian according to meridian point-medicine action and also to investigate the relations between the constituents in the CMM and network targets of disease as to kill two birds with one arrow.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>There are imprinting relationships among "materials", "image", "symptom" versus CMM, zang-fu viscera function related with meridians, their function status respectively, which are modified by acupuncture merisian points. The point-medicine method for assuring reaching meridian is the most simple way to investigate reaching meridian for CMM, is also a important way to investigate visceral and meridianal manifestations.</p>
Subject(s)
Humans , Acupuncture Points , China , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , History , Therapeutic Uses , History, Ancient , Materia Medica , Chemistry , History , Meridians , Phytotherapy , HistoryABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To verify established the total quantum statistic moments model with astragaloside IV, paeoniflorin, tetramethylpyrazine in Buyanghuanwu injection, in order to establish a pharmacokinetic experimental method with multi-component traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) compound system.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The RP-HPLC was adopted, with the chromatographic column of C18, 4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm. As for astragaloside IV, the ELSD detector was adopted with acetonitrile-water (35: 65) as the mobile phase at 1 mL x min(-1); the pressure of column was (15.0 +/- 0.408) MPa, the column temperature was 30 degrees C. Regarding paeoniflorin and tetramethylpyrazine, the detection of wavelengths was 254 nm, with acetonitrile-water (35:65) as the mobile phase at 1 mL x min(-1), the column pressure of (15.17 +/- 0.41) MPa. The pharmacokinetic parameters for single component were dealt with DAS and the total quantum statistical moment (TQSM) parameters were calculated using formulations.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>All of the three components followed the two compartmental pharkacokinetic model (P < 0.01) in rats. Compared with the superimposed total concentration, each single component showed difference in parameters up to 10 000 times at most, whereas the RSD of TQSM parameters was 3.510%. The TQSM pharmacokinetic parameters of the three components in Buyanghuanwu injection showed that AUC(t), MRT(t), VRT(t), CL(t), V(t), were (119.8 +/- 27.20) g x min x L(-1), (210.0 +/- 54.49) min, (5.608 +/- 2.723) x 10(4) min2, (0.319 6 +/- 0.068 8) mL x min(-1) x kg(-1) and (64.12 +/- 8.243) mL x kg(-1), respectively, suggesting that the half-life time for the three components were (145.5 +/- 37.76) min and 95% of them were metabolized within 0-674. 2 min.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The TQSM can be used to study pharmacokinetic parameters of multi-component TCM compound, because the method can characterize the pharmacokinetic regularity of quantum-time change in a multi-component system.</p>