Lactobacillus plantarum FNCC 0137 fermented red Moringa oleifera exhibits protective effects in mice challenged with Salmonella typhi via TLR3/TLR4 inhibition and down-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines.

BACKGROUND: Salmonella typhi is a foodborne pathogenic bacterium that threatens health. S. typhi infection exacerbated the antibiotic resistance problem that needs alternative strategies. Moringa oleifera possesses anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects. However, there is a lack of information about the pharmacological value of red M. oleifera. The fermentation of red M. oleifera leaves extract (RMOL) is expected to add to its nutritional value. OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to evaluate non-fermented RMOL (NRMOL) and fermented RMOL (FRMOL) effects on S. typhi infection in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Female Balb/C mice were randomly divided into eight groups. The treatment groups were orally administered with NRMOL or FRMOL at doses 14, 42, and 84 mg/kg BW during the 28 days experimental period. Then S. typhi was introduced to mice through intraperitoneal injection except in the healthy groups. The NRMOL or FRMOL administration was continued for the next seven days. Cells that expressed CD11b+ TLR3+, CD11b+TLR4+, CD11b+IL-6+, CD11b+IL-17+, CD11b+TNF-a+, and CD4+CD25+CD62L+ were assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Our result suggested that NRMOL and FRMOL extracts significantly reduced (p <0.05) the expression of CD11b+TLR3+, CD11b+TLR4+, CD11b+IL-6+, CD11b+IL-17+, and CD11b+TNF-α+ subsets. In contrast, NRMOL and FRMOL extracts significantly increased (p <0.05) the expression of CD4+CD25+CD62L+ subsets. NRMOL at dose 14 and 42 mg/kg BW was more effective compared to FRMOL in reducing the expression of CD11b+TLR3+, CD11b+TLR4+, and CD11b+TNF-α+ subsets. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrated that NRMOL and FRMOL extracts could be promising agents for protection against S. typhi infection via modulation of TLR3/TLR4, regulatory T cells, and proinflammatory cytokines.

EMSA Eritin Drives Expansion of Regulatory T Cells and Promotes T Cells Differentiation in Irradiated Mice.

Sublethal irradiation therapy in cancer treatment causes generalized immunosuppression, which results in a range of DNA damage. We examined the significance of a polyherbal medicine called "EMSA Eritin" on immunological responses in sublethally irradiated mice focusing on the involvement of Treg, naïve T cell, and also the development and differentiation of T cells in thymus. Normal BALB/c mice were sublethally irradiated with dose of 600 rad. The irradiated mice were then orally administered by EMSA Eritin once a day at different doses: 1.04, 3.12, 9.37 mg/g body weight. The treatment was performed for 14 days. On day 15, immunological responses were observed by analyzing the status of Treg and differentiation of T cells in thymus. The administration of EMSA Eritin to irradiated mice resulted in a significant increase of pre T cells, Treg cells, and naïve T cells, which in general could maintain and normalize healthy condition in mice.