[Research on the origin and development of "Wu shan qi e"].

"Wu shan qi e"(five symptoms with good prognosis and seven with poor prognosis)is a theory used to determine the prognosis of external diseases in traditional Chinese medicine which have been mentioned in many ancient Chinese medicine books and have been valued by external doctors throughout history. However, it has been rarely discussed in modern literature. The theory were first seen in the Taiping Shenghui Fang, and the idea was originated from Ni Shun in Lingshu Yuban."Wu shan qi e"have evolved into many variants through the exertion of medical practitioners throughout history. By reviewing medical books of previous dynasties, it was found that there are two main versions: the Taiping Shenghui Fang version and its derivative versions, and the Waike Zhengzong version and its derivative versions.

[The Japanese emperors' view of epidemic and medical relief in the 8th-10th centuries].

At the end of the 7th century, Chinese medicine was widely spread in the upper class of Japanese society, and Japanese emperors developed a medical based view on epidemics. At the beginning of the 8th century, emperors determined to reform by imitated the Tang to build a state ruled by law.They determine the way of TCM to relieve the epidemic in the form of legislation, and used medical measures in outbreaks on many occasions.However, with the spread of smallpox and other epidemics during the Tenpei year, Japan's backward medical level and poor medical resources were unable to cope with the epidemic, and the emperors turned to the epidemic as calamity. From the late 8th century to the end of 10th century, Japanese emperors responded with Buddhist, Shinto, and Confucian measures. Medical relief gradually became obsolete at the national level. But at the individual level of the emperors, they attached great importance to the use of Chinese medicine for epidemic prevention and treatment, in the mid to late 9th century, medical prevention measures were established in the court through legal means.

[The definition of "Hu-Chang" in Chinese external medicine].

The Hu-Chang theory is widely used in Chinese external medicine diagnosis and treatment, and it has been documented in many archives and recordings. However, its provenance and connotation were still confusing and unclear. It was believed that The Covert Prescription for External Medicine (Mi Chuan Wai Ke Fang) by Zhao Yizhen in the late Yuan and early Ming Dynasty was the earliest work with the use of provenance from the existing records of Hu-Chang. In terms of its connotation, it was believed by many scholars that the part of speech of Hu-Chang was an adjective-noun phrase, which means "defensive barrier", ie, "local swelling area in surgical disease". However, based on the textual research and analysis of relevant ancient documents, Hu-Chang should be a verb-object phrase, which means "the vital Qi prevents the diseased area from being infected or deteriorated". In this sense, the characteristic of Hu-Chang, the local swelling range of surgical diseases, can be named as "supervising and monitoring the field barrier".

[A Japanese classic book on materia medica Ben Cao Quan].

Ben Cao Quan is an ancient classic book on materia medica compiled by Goku Yoshida, a Japanese scholar in the Edo period (1603-1867). A total of 568 materia medica in 53 categories in Ben Cao Quan came from Ben Cao Gang Mu compiled by Li Shizhen in the Ming Dynasty. These materia medica were introduced with some of his own interpretations of Goku Yoshida. The main characteristics of Ben Cao Quan reflected as follows. It attached importance to the comparison of translation from Chinese into Japanese and selected those materia medica commonly used in Japan, in particular, from 'spicific explanation' (Ji Jie) and 'smell' (Qi Wei) in Ben Cao Gang Mu.It focused on application and integrated local practice, and interpreted the personal insights of Goku Yoshida.Goku Yoshida's personal understanding and perception of these material medica were shown in terms of their origin and quality, analysis of their properties and collection, interpretation of their identification and selection, their local names, their Japanese names, and review of the changes when these materia medica were introduced into Japan.The purpose of Ban Cao Quan was to attempt to help Japanese identify materia medica and distinguish quality and interpret materia medica with Japanese characteristics. The book is valuable literature for the research of the impact of Ben Cao Gang Mu on the development of materia medica in Japan.

[Exploring Japanese Kampo medicine in fighting epidemics: discovering and popularising croton and satou as 'specific drugs' to treat cholera].

Japanese Kampo medicine (medicine with Han Fang) was found effective to treat some epidemic diseases.Historical records show that Namikawa Saimin, a Kampo medicine (Han Fang Medicine) practitioner during the cholera pandemic in the period of Ansei in Japan (1858-1860), discovered that the treatment effect of croton fruit against cholera was remarkable. Another physician in Naniwa also found that satou (Zhǎ Dá, visceral stones of animals and livestock) had the same effect in treating cholera. Subsequently, Wani Tadatane, an official physician in Komatsu Han of Iyo Province, learned about Namikawa Saimin and the use of croton fruit, and a medical officer in Kohofu, Masugi Fuminori, also heard of the story of the physician from Naniwa. Wani Tadatane and Masugi Fuminori verified the effect of croton fruit and satou on cholera treatment respectively. They regarded these two medical materials as the 'specific drugs' for cholera treatment by drawing on the interpretation and understanding of traditional Chinese medicine in terms of the efficacy of these two drugs. In this sense, croton fruit as a 'specific drug' for cholera treatment was widely accepted in the Kampo medical field (Han medicine area in Japan). The development of the use of satou by Masugi Fuminori could not be traced back because of the lack of historical records.

[The understanding of epidemic diseases in the Qin and Han Dynasties].

In the Qin and Han Dynasties, three views were argued as the main causes of epidemic diseases, the observation of climate, the interaction between nature and humans and 'witchcraft'. Specifically it was thought that abnormal climate, personnel and government decree, and 'gods' and 'ghosts' were responsible for epidemics. This perception led to corresponding countermeasures to deal with epidemic diseases. The abnormal climate in nature was believed to result in the occurrence of epidemic diseases. This was interpreted by traditional Chinese medicine in terms of exogenous diseases. For instance, Huang Di Nei Jing interpreted leprosy with the point of wind-pathogen attacking. Shang Han Lun treated epidemic diseases with the viewpoint of exogenous pathogen. The classic books of Chinese materia medica recorded many cases of preventing and treating epidemic diseases with materia medica. The personnel and government decree refers to the wrong decrees of Emperors and the poor implementation of officials. This was argued to lead to various disasters including epidemic diseases. It was interpreted by Dong Zhongshu, a famous Confucian in the Han Dynasty, as the punishment of gods upon their misconduct. This reminded emperors about reflecting on the epidemic diseases and correcting their mistakes politically. 'Gods' and 'ghosts' were also believed as the cause of epidemics. This idea drove people to deal with epidemic diseases through sacrifices and exorcism.

[The analysis of the medical books recorded in Chuugoku Isekikou].

Chuugoku Isekikou (, Catalogue of Chinese Medical Literature) has high value in the history of Chinese and Japanese medicine. Through the collation and statistics of the sources of medical books included in this book, this paper sums up the sources of medical books included by the famous Japanese doctors Tanba and his son, who compiled this book. We found nearly 60 percent medical books from Chinese bibliographies and Local Gazetteers. Based on the analysis of all kinds of relevant literature, we studied the rules and compilation ideas of the process of Tanba's collection medical books, and then discovered the contents of the medical books were mainly prescription treatment, not incloud the book of immortal,sexual skill or veterinarian. We also discovered the arrangement of Isekikou was mainly time, and other factors were considered comprehensively.

[Analysis on the value of Taki Mototate's Ruhanbunko].

Ruhanbunko() is an anthology of the famous Japanese doctor Taki Mototane(). The book has 94 articles written between 1895 and 1827.Its content involved more than 400 doctors and literati both in China and Japan, also more than 190 books. Taki Mototane explored many aspects of the medical field in Ruhanbunko. His essays characterized as plenty, conclusive and preciseness.Besides, Taki Mototane discussed both theory and practice problems.The book has very high value of literature, clinical diagnosis and treatment research. Meanwhile, the poems and essays of Taki Mototane in the book and the epitaphs written for the doctors are also valuable medical historical materials.

[A study of the Polish missionary Michel Boym's pharmacy books].

Michel Boym was a 17th-century missionary who came to China from Poland. He was the first man who introduce Chinese herbal medicine to Europe by writing Flora Sinensis (Chinese Flora) and Medicamenta Simplicia quae Chinensibus ad usum medicum adhibentur. This article reveals that which Chinese herbal medicine books may have been consulted in the Medicamenta Simplicia quae Chinensibus ad usum medicum adhibentur by analyzing its content and comparing it with the Chinese herbal medicine books. We believed that in order to write this book, he consulted many Chinese books, collected a variety of herbal samples and consulted Chinese people who knew about herbals, and added his own understanding. As a western pharmacology book, his book structure, content and characteristics are the closest to Chinese herbal medicine books. And which Chinese books he has consulted, may include, but is not limited to BenCao GangMu(Compendium of Materia Medica)《》, Lei Gong Pao Zhi Yao Xing Jie 《》, Ben Cao Meng Quan《》 and Xin Kan Lei Gong Pao Zhi Bian Lan 《》.