ABSTRACT
Phytochemical studies led to the isolation of a new phenylpropanoid glucoside, named purpuroside (1), along with eight known compounds (2-9) from the bark of Bauhinia purpurea. The structure of the new compound was elucidated on the basis of its spectroscopic data. The absolute configuration of compound 2 was verified by X-ray diffraction analysis. Compounds 1, 2, 7, 8, and 9 inhibited NO production in mouse peritoneal macrophages with IC50 values from 35.5 to 63.0 µM.
Subject(s)
Bauhinia/chemistry , Nitric Oxide/antagonists & inhibitors , Plant Bark/chemistry , Animals , Cells, Cultured , Glycosides/isolation & purification , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism , Mice , Molecular Conformation , Molecular Structure , Nitric Oxide/biosynthesis , Plant Extracts/chemistryABSTRACT
Spinal cord injury (SCI) remains the most common cause of paralysis, and there are no effective therapies for SCI patients. Neural stem cell (NSC)-derived exosomes can attenuate apoptosis and neuroinflammation after traumatic spinal cord injury, but the mechanisms underlying these effects remain unclear. Here, we examined the efficacy of miRNAs isolated from exosomes as treatments for SCI and characterized their mechanisms of action. Furthermore, we evaluated the effects of exosomes formed in the presence of insulin growth factor-1 (IFG-1, IGF-Exo), which promotes neural proliferation and regeneration, as well as normal exosomes (Nor-Exo) and compared control and H2O2-treated groups both invitro and invivo. Using microRNA sequencing and qRT-PCR, we identified miR-219a-2-3p, levels of which were higher in the IGF-Exo than Nor-Exo group and played crucial anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis roles. Additional experiments revealed that IGF-Exo inhibits YY1 expression through up-regulation of miR-219a-2-3p. This in turn inhibits the NF-κB pathway, partly inhibiting neuroinflammation and promoting the neuroprotective effects after SCI.
Subject(s)
Exosomes/metabolism , Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/pharmacology , MicroRNAs/metabolism , Neural Stem Cells/drug effects , Stem Cell Transplantation , YY1 Transcription Factor/metabolism , Animals , Apoptosis , Cell Survival , Embryonic Stem Cells , Exosomes/drug effects , Female , Hindlimb , MicroRNAs/genetics , Motor Activity , Neural Stem Cells/physiology , PC12 Cells , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Spinal Cord Injuries , YY1 Transcription Factor/geneticsABSTRACT
Pleione (Orchidaceae) is not only famous for the ornamental value in Europe because of its special color, but also endemic in Southern Asia for its use in traditional medicine. A great deal of research about its secondary metabolites and biological activities has been done on only three of 30 species of Pleione. Up to now, 183 chemical compounds, such as phenanthrenes, bibenzyls, glucosyloxybenzyl succinate derivatives, flavonoids, lignans, terpenoids, etc., have been obtained from Pleione. These compounds have been demonstrated to play a significant role in anti-tumor, anti-neurodegenerative and anti-inflammatory biological activities and improve immunity. In order to further develop the drugs and utilize the plants, the chemical structural analysis and biological activities of Pleione are summarized in this review.