Lipidomics analysis unveils the dynamic alterations of lipid degradation in rice bran during storage.

Recent explorations into rice bran oil (RBO) have highlighted its potential, owing to an advantageous fatty acid profile in the context of health and nutrition. Despite this, the susceptibility of rice bran lipids to oxidative degradation during storage remains a critical concern. This study focuses on the evolution of lipid degradation in RBO during storage, examining the increase in free fatty acids (FFAs), the formation of oxylipids, and the generation of volatile secondary oxidation products. Our findings reveal a substantial rise in FFA levels, from 109.55 to 354.06 mg/g, after 14 days of storage, highlighting significant lipid deterioration. Notably, key oxylipids, including 9,10-EpOME, 12,13(9,10)-DiHOME, and 13-oxoODE, were identified, with a demonstrated positive correlation between total oxylipids and free polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), specifically linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA). Furthermore, the study provides a detailed analysis of primary volatile secondary oxidation products. The insights gained from this study not only sheds light on the underlying mechanisms of lipid rancidity in rice bran but also offers significant implications for extending the shelf life and preserving the nutritional quality of RBO, aligning with the increasing global interest in this high-quality oil.

Investigation of the molecular mechanism of Danggui Buxue tang in treating lung cancer using network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques.

This study used network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques to investigate the molecular targets and pathways of Danggui Buxue Tang (DBT) in treating lung cancer. The compound-target network was constructed using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database (TCMSP), and a lung cancer-specific network was created using the GEO database and Cytoscape software. GO and KEGG pathway analyses were performed to understand the biological processes associated with DBT. The key compounds from Astragalus, kaempferol, and quercetin, and the potential targets are IL-6, IL-1ß, FOS, ICAM1, and CCL2. GO enrichment analysis revealed numerous biological process-related entries, while KEGG pathway analysis highlighted the TNF and IL-17 signalling pathways. Molecular docking confirmed the stable binding activity between the main active compounds of DBT and the target proteins. Overall, these findings shed light on the molecular mechanism of DBT in treating lung cancer, providing insights into targets, pathways, and biological processes involved.

Berberine modulates the immunometabolism and differentiation of CD4+ T cells alleviating experimental arthritis by suppression of M1-exo-miR155.

BACKGROUND: The inflammatory cascade mediated by macrophages and T cells is considered to be an important factor in promoting the progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Our previous study found that berberine (BBR) can therapeutically impact adjuvant arthritis (AA) in rats through the regulation of macrophage polarization and the balance of Th17/Treg. However, whether BBR's effects on CD4+T cells response are related to its suppression of M1 macrophage still unclear. PURPOSE: The study aimed to estimate the mechanism of BBR in regulating the immunometabolism and differentiation of CD4+T cells are related to exosome derived from M1-macrophage (M1-exo). STUDY-DESIGN/METHODS: Mice model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) was established to investigate the antiarthritic effect of BBR was related with regulation of M1-exo to balance T cell subsets. Bioinformatics analysis using the GEO database and meta-analysis. In vitro, we established the co-culture system involving M1-exo and CD4+ T cells to examine whether BBR inhibits CD4+T cell activation and differentiation by influencing M1-exo-miR155. Exosome was characterized using transmission electron microscopy and western blot analysis, macrophage and CD4+T cell subpopulation were detected by flow cytometry. Further, the metabolic profiles of CD4+T cells were assessed by ECAR, OCR, and the level of glucose, lactate, intracellular ATP. RESULT: BBR reinstates CD4+ T cell homeostasis and reduces miR155 levels in both M1-exo and CD4+ T cells obtained from mice with CIA. In vitro, we found exosomes are indispensable for M1-CM on T lymphocyte activation and differentiation. BBR reversed M1-exo facilitating the activation and differentiation of CD4+T cells. Furthermore, BBR reversed glycolysis reprogramming of CD4+T cells induced by M1-exo, while these regulation effects were significantly weakened by miR155 mimic. CONCLUSION: The delivery of miR-155 by M1-exo contributes to CD4+ T cell immunometabolism dysfunction, a process implicated in the development of RA. The anti-arthritic effect of BBR is associated with the suppression of glycolysis and the disruption of CD4+ T cell subsets balance, achieved by reducing the transfer of M1-exo-miR155 into T cells.

Electrophysiological characteristics of CM-pf in diagnosis and outcome of patients with disorders of consciousness.

BACKGROUND: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) in the centromedian-parafascicular complex (CM-pf) has been reported as a potential therapeutic option for disorders of consciousness (DoC). However, the lack of understanding of its electrophysiological characteristics limits the improvement of therapeutic effect. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the CM-pf electrophysiological characteristics underlying disorders of consciousness (DoC) and its recovery. METHODS: We collected the CM-pf electrophysiological signals from 23 DoC patients who underwent central thalamus DBS (CT-DBS) surgery. Five typical electrophysiological features were extracted, including neuronal firing properties, multiunit activity (MUA) properties, signal stability, spike-MUA synchronization strength (syncMUA), and the background noise level. Their correlations with the consciousness level, the outcome, and the primary clinical factors of DoC were analyzed. RESULTS: 11 out of 23 patients (0/2 chronic coma, 5/13 unresponsive wakefulness syndrome/vegetative state (UWS/VS), 6/8 minimally conscious state minus (MCS-)) exhibited an improvement in the level of consciousness after CT-DBS. In CM-pf, significantly stronger gamma band syncMUA strength and alpha band normalized MUA power were found in MCS- patients. In addition, higher firing rates, stronger high-gamma band MUA power and alpha band normalized power, and more stable theta oscillation were correlated with better outcomes. Besides, we also identified electrophysiological properties that are correlated with clinical factors, including etiologies, age, and duration of DoC. CONCLUSION: We provide comprehensive analyses of the electrophysiological characteristics of CM-pf in DoC patients. Our results support the 'mesocircuit' hypothesis, one proposed mechanism of DoC recovery, and reveal CM-pf electrophysiological features that are crucial for understanding the pathogenesis of DoC, predicting its recovery, and explaining the effect of clinical factors on DoC.

EEG microstate changes during hyperbaric oxygen therapy in patients with chronic disorders of consciousness.

Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy is an effective treatment for patients with disorders of consciousness (DOC). In this study, real-time electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings were obtained from patients with DOC during HBO therapy. EEG microstate indicators including mean microstate duration (MMD), ratio of total time covered (RTT), global explained variance (GEV), transition probability, mean occurrence, and mean global field power (GFP) were compared before and during HBO therapy. The results showed that the duration of microstate C in all patients with DOC increased after 20 min of HBO therapy (p < 0.05). Further statistical analysis found that the duration of microstate C was longer in the higher CRS-R group (≥8, 17 cases) than in the lower group (<8, 24 cases) during HBO treatment. In the higher CRS-R group, the transition probabilities from microstate A to microstate C and from microstate C to microstate A also increased significantly compared with the probability before treatment (p < 0.05). Microstate C is generally considered to be related to a salience network; an increase in the transition probability between microstate A and microstate C indicates increased information exchange between the auditory network and the salience network. The results of this study show that HBO therapy has a specific activating effect on attention and cognitive control in patients and causes increased activity in the primary sensory cortex (temporal lobe and occipital lobe). This study demonstrates that real-time EEG detection and analysis during HBO is a clinically feasible method for assessing brain function in patients with DOC. During HBO therapy, some EEG microstate indicators show significant changes related to the state of consciousness in patients with chronic DOC. This will be complementary to important electrophysiological indicators for assessing consciousness and may also provide an objective foundation for the precise treatment of patients with DOC.

[Meta-analysis of Simotang Oral Liquid in treatment of functional dyspepsia in adults].

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Simotang Oral Liquid in the treatment of functional dyspepsia in adults. "Simotang Oral Liquid" "Simotang" "Si Mo Tang" "Si Mo Tang Oral Liquid" were used for retrieval of the relevant papers from CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, SinoMed, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Springer Link, and Web of Science from database inception to June 2021. Randomized controlled trial(RCT) of Simotang Oral Liquid in the treatment of functional dyspepsia in adults was screened out for Meta-analysis which was conducted in RevMan 5.3. A total of 16 RCTs were included. Meta-analysis showed that compared with the control group, Simotang Oral Liquid increased the total response rate and lowered the traditional Chinese medicine syndrome scores, serum cholecystokinin(CCK), serum nitric oxide(NO), and incidence of adverse reactions. However, the serum substance P(SP) had no statistical difference between the two groups. Simotang Oral Liquid is effective and safe in the treatment of functional dyspepsia in adults. However, this study has evidence and limitations, so the conclusions need to be further verified by large sample and multicenter clinical studies.

Monoacylglycerol lipase from marine Geobacillus sp. showing lysophospholipase activity and its application in efficient soybean oil degumming.

Enzymatic degumming is an essential refining process to improve oil quality. In this study, a monoacylglycerol lipase GMGL was derived from marine Geobacillus sp., and was found that not only took monoacylglycerol (MAG) as substrate, but also had activity toward lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) and glycerolphosphatidylcholine (GPC). Binding free energy showed LPC and LPE could bind with enzyme stably as MAG. It presented great potential in the field of enzymatic degumming. The phosphorus content in crude soybean oil decreased from 680.50 to 2.01 mg/kg and the yield of oil reached to 98.80 % after treating with phospholipase A1 (Lecitase Ultra) combined with lipase GMGL. An ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) was developed to identify 21 differential phospholipids between crude soybean oil and enzymatic treatment. This work might shed some light on understanding the catalytic mechanism of monoacylglycerol lipase and provide an effective strategy for enzymatic degumming.

Targeted quantitation of furan fatty acids in edible oils by gas chromatography/triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (GC-TQ/MS).

Furan fatty acids (FuFAs) have been recognized as beneficial food ingredients to human health. Herein, a targeted quantitation approach by gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (GC-TQ/MS) was developed for the identification of FuFAs in common marine and other edible oils in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode without any isolation and enrichment. The limit-of-quantitation (LOQ, 0.6 pg) was determined under the optimized parameters in MRM mode. Identification of FuFAs in common edible oils demonstrated that marine fish oils were concentrated sources of 9-(3-methyl-5-pentylfuran-2-yl)nonanoic acid (9M5), 11-(3,4-dimethyl-5-propylfuran-2-yl)undecanoic acid (11D3) and 11-(3,4-dimethyl-5-pentylfuran-2-yl)undecanoic acid (11D5). However, FuFAs were not identified in common plant oils. Additionally, 11D5 was identified in the lipids of Schizochytrium limacinum at a comparable level with that in marine fish oil. We believe that this protocol could facilitate the qualitative and quantitative analysis of FuFAs in food and biological samples.

Anti-inflammatory Mechanism of Action of Benzoylmesaconine in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW264.7 Cells.

Background: Benzoylmesaconine (BMA), the most abundant monoester alkaloid in Aconitum plants, has some biological activities and is a potential therapeutic agent for inflammation-related diseases. However, the potential anti-inflammatory mechanisms of BMA have not been clarified. Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory action of this compound using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW264.7 macrophages. Methods: The release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators were detected by nitric oxide (NO) assays, reactive oxygen species (ROS) assays, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) in LPS-activated RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to measure the gene expression of interleukin (IL)-1ß, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Cell viability was determined using a cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. The expression of iNOS, COX-2, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-related proteins were detected by western blot, and nuclear translocation of p65 was observed by immunofluorescence. Results: BMA significantly decreased the production of IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α, PGE2, NO, and ROS and inhibited the protein and mRNA levels of COX-2 and iNOS in LPS-activated RAW264.7 macrophages. Moreover, LPS-induced phosphorylation of IκBα, JNK, p38, and ERK; degradation of IκBα; and nuclear translocation of p65 were significantly suppressed by BMA treatment. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that the anti-inflammatory effect of BMA was through the suppression of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways and that it may be a therapeutic agent targeting specific signal transduction events required for inflammation-related diseases.

[Co-amorphous technology to improve dissolution and physical stability of silybin].

The present study explored the effect of co-amorphous technology in improving the dissolution rate and stability of silybin based on the puerarin-silybin co-amorphous system prepared by the spray-drying method. Solid-state characterization was carried out by powder X-ray diffraction(PXRD), polarizing microscopy(PLM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry(DSC), etc. Saturated powder dissolution, intrinsic dissolution rate, moisture absorption, and stability were further investigated. The results showed that puerarin and silybin formed a co-amorphous system at a single glass transition temperature which was higher than that of any crude drug. The intrinsic dissolution rate and supersaturated powder dissolution of silybin in the co-amorphous system were higher than those of the crude drug and amorphous system. The co-amorphous system kept stable for as long as three months under the condition of 40 ℃, 75% relative humidity, which was longer than that of the single amorphous silybin. Therefore, the co-amorphous technology could significantly improve the dissolution and stability of silybin.

Effect of calcium and magnesium on inflammatory cytokines in accidentally multiple fracture adults: A short-term follow-up.

ABSTRACT: Calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), which play an important role in several cellular processes, is essential for normal development of the skeleton and maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Deficiency of these elements might delay bone fracture recovery or accelerates bone loss. We aimed to examine whether supplementation of trace element (TE) promotes fracture healing in accidentally fracturing adults by involvement of inflammatory mechanism.A short-term follow-up in clinic was performed. Totally, 117 subjects diagnosed with multiple fractures by traffic accidents were recruited in this study. Serum Ca and Mg levels were measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrophotometry. Short-term changes such as serum C-reactive protein, interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha in normal treatment and TE supplement groups were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Student t test and the Spearman correlation were performed to analyze the data.Significantly negative correlations between Ca (r = 0.7032; P < .001) and Mg (r = 0.2719; P < .05) and injury severity score were observed. Serum Ca and Mg were significantly increased at Day 5, 7, and 9 following TE supplements. After treatment, serum C-reactive protein, IL-1ß, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha were significantly reduced whereas cytokine levels of the TE supplement group were found to be lower than that of the normal treatment group after Day 3.These findings suggest that Ca and Mg levels are associated with the injury severity of multiple fractures, and the supplement could reduce the inflammation, which may be beneficial for the bone recovery and disease process.

HPLC-DAD Fingerprints Combined With Multivariate Analysis of Epimedii Folium From Major Producing Areas in Eastern Asia: Effect of Geographical Origin and Species.

The growth location and plant variety may influence the active components and biological activities of plants used in phytomedicine. In this study, nine sets of different Epimedii Folium, from different representative cultivation locations and Epimedium species, were collected for comparison, using HPLC-DAD combined with multivariate analysis. The objective was to investigate the influence of geographical origin and Epimedium species on the quality of Epimedii Folium, and provide applicable guidance for cultivation and quality control of Epimedii Folium. Several Epimedium spp. sets were used to establish the HPLC-DAD fingerprints and 91 peaks (compounds) were selected for the multivariate analysis. Major compounds were analyzed by HPLC-DAD combined with principal component analysis (PCA). HPLC quantitative analysis of known bioactive compounds was performed. Application of PCA to HPLC data showed that Epimedium samples sharing the same geographical origin or species clustered together, indicating that both species and geographical origin have impacts on the quality of Epimedii Folium. The major bioactive flavonoid compounds, epimedin C, icariin and baohuoside I, were identified and quantified. The concentration of bioactive compounds was significantly influenced both by species and geographical origin. E. sagittatum from Sichuan showed the highest content of bioactive compounds. The results showed that both Epimedium species and geographical origin have strong impact into quality of Epimedii Folium. HPLC data combined with multivariate analysis is a suitable approach to inform the selection of cultivation areas and choose Epimedium spp. most suitable for different geographical areas, resulting in improved quality of Epimedii Folium.

Paeoniflorin Improved Constipation in the Loperamide-Induced Rat Model via TGR5/TRPA1 Signaling-Mediated 5-Hydroxytryptamine Secretion.

Slow transit constipation (STC) is a common type of constipation with a high incidence rate and a large number of patients. We aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects and potential mechanism of paeoniflorin (PAE) on loperamide-induced Sprague Dawley (SD) rat constipation models. Rats with loperamide-induced constipation were orally administered different concentrations of PAE (10, 20, or 40 mg/kg). In vitro, enterochromaffin (EC)-like RIN-14B cells were treated with 20, 40, or 80 µg/ml PAE. We found that PAE treatment significantly improved the symptoms of constipation and increased the intestinal transit rate. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining showed that PAE alleviated colonic tissue pathological damage. Besides, our results implied that PAE concentration-dependently promoted the content of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) catalyzed by tryptophan hydroxylase (Tph)-1 in the serum of loperamide-induced rats and in RIN-14B cells. Western blot and immunofluorescence (IF) stain indicated that PAE also promoted the expression of G protein-coupled BA receptor 1 (TGR5), transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), phospholipase C (PLC)-γ1, and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) in vivo and in vitro. RIN-14B cells were cotreated with a TGR5 inhibitor (SBI-115) to explore the mechanism of PAE in regulating the 5-HT secretion. We observed inhibition of TGR5 reversed the increase of 5-HT secretion induced by PAE in RIN-14B cells. We provided evidence that PAE could promote 5-HT release from EC cells and improve constipation by activating the TRPA1 channel and PLC-γ1/PIP2 signaling. Thus, PAE may provide therapeutic effects for patients with STC.

Evaluation of chemical similarity among rhizome, pseudo stem and leaf of Musa basjoo by UPLC-ELSD fingerprint combined with chemo metrics methods.

Rhizoma Musa (the Rhizome of Musa basjoo Sied.et Zucc.) is used as a traditional medical herb of Miao nationality in Guizhou province, in China. It has the efficacy of clearing heat and detoxifying, quenching thirst, diuresis, etc. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that it has hypoglycemic, inhibition of α-glucosidase, and anti-inflammatory activity. However, when the rhizomes of Musa basjoo are dug up, the rhizomes are unable regenerate, and the pseudostem and leaf are discarded, which not only pollutes the environment, but also causes a huge waste of herb resources. In this study, a UPLC-ELSD fingerprint analysis with chemometric method was applied for the evaluation of chemical similarity among rhizome, pseudostem and leaf of Musa Basjoo. The results indicated that the combined method could efficiently analyze and compare the chemical similarity among rhizome, pseudostem, and leaf of Musa Basjoo. The proposed method provides the foundation for the resource substitution of the rhizome, pseudostem, and leaf of Musa Basjoo.

Pharmacological effects of Pugionium cornutum (L.) Gaertn. extracts on gastrointestinal motility are partially mediated by quercetin.

BACKGROUND: The majority of global population suffer from various functional gastrointestinal disorders. Pugionium cornutum (L.) Gaertn. (PCG) is used to relieve indigestive symptoms in traditional Chinese medicine. However, little is known about the effects of bioactive components from PCG extracts on gastrointestinal motility. METHODS: Crude ethanol extract of PCG (EEP) was prepared from Pugionium cornutum (L.) Gaertn. Different solvents were used to prepare fine extracts from EEP, including water extract of PCG (WEP), petroleum ether extract of PCG (PEEP), dichloromethane extract of PCG (DEP) and ethyl acetate extract of PCG (EAEP). Smooth muscle cell model and colonic smooth muscle stripe model were used to test the bioactive effects and mechanisms of different PCG extracts on contraction and relaxation. Diverse chromatographic methods were used to identify bioactive substances from PCG extracts. RESULTS: EEP was found to promote the relaxation of gastric smooth muscle cell and inhibit the contraction of colonic smooth muscle strip. Among the fractions of EEP, EAEP mainly mediated the relaxation effect by stimulating intracellular calcium influx. Further evidences revealed that EAEP was antagonistic to acetylcholine. In addition, COX and NO-GC-PKC pathways may be also involved in EAEP-mediated relaxation effect. Quercetin was identified as a bioactive compound from PCG extract for the relaxation effect. CONCLUSION: Our research supports the notion that PCG extracts promote relaxation and inhibits contraction of gastrointestinal smooth muscle at least partially through the effect from quercetin.

CeO2 QDs anchored on MnO2 nanoflowers with multiple synergistic effects for amplified tumour therapy.

Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) is an emerging tumour-specific therapeutic technology. However, the relatively insufficient catalytic activity of CDT agents in the tumour microenvironment (TME) limits their biomedical application. In addition, severe hypoxia and glutathione (GSH) overexpression in the TME greatly limit the antitumour efficiency of monotherapy. Herein, a cancer cell membrane-camouflaged and ultrasmall CeO2-decorated MnO2 (mMC) composite is developed for amplified CDT, photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT). Due to the homotypic targeting ability of cancer cell membranes, mMC nanoparticles preferentially accumulate in tumour tissue. In the TME, CeO2 acts as a highly efficient CDT agent to convert endogenous H2O2 to toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) for killing cancer cells. Meanwhile, MnO2 irradiated with near-infrared (NIR) light displays prominent hyperthermia and ROS generation performance to perform PTT and PDT. Moreover, MnO2 can produce oxygen to ameliorate hypoxia and deplete GSH to relieve the antioxidant capability of tumours, which is beneficial to the simultaneous augmentation of PDT and CDT. Most importantly, the catalytic activity of CeO2 was greatly improved by hyperthermia. Consequently, a significantly enhanced therapeutic efficiency was obtained by the above multiple synergistic effects. This work provides a proof of concept for amplified tumour therapy by synchronously self-supplying oxygen, consuming GSH, and enhancing catalytic activity.

Sharing and Helping: Regularity and Characteristics of Pathogenesis of a Widely Used Transgene Initiated Murine Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Model.

A transgenic acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) murine model established by Michael Bishop by cloning a human PML-RARα cDNA into the hMRP8 expression cassette has been widely used in the all-trans retinoid acid and arsenic preparations for the research of APL. However, in the existing literature, the data of regularity and characteristics of the pathogenesis of this model were still missing, which hinder the development of many studies, especially application of new technologies such as single-cell sequencing. Therefore, in this article, we have made up this part of the missing data using an improved APL murine model. We clarified the effects of different inoculation doses on the onset time, latency, morbidity, life span, and proportion of APL cells in peripheral blood (PB), spleen, bone marrow, and so on. The relationship between the proportion of APL cells in the bone marrow, spleen, and PB and organ histological changes was also revealed. These results were a supplement and refinement of this APL model. It would add to the knowledge base of the field and aid in ensuring that accurate models are used for directed interventions. It also provides a great convenience for the researchers who will carry out similar research.

Differences in the Hemolytic Behavior of Two Isomers in Ophiopogon japonicus In Vitro and In Vivo and Their Risk Warnings.

Ophiopogonin D (OPD) and Ophiopogonin D' (OPD') are two bioactive ingredients in Ophiopogon japonicus. Previously published studies have often focused on the therapeutic effects related to OPD's antioxidant capacity but underestimated the cytotoxicity-related side effects of OPD', which may result in unpredictable risks. In this study, we reported another side effect of OPD', hemolysis, and what was unexpected was that this side effect also appeared with OPD. Although hemolysis effects for saponins are familiar to researchers, the hemolytic behavior of OPD or OPD' and the interactions between these two isomers are unique. Therefore, we investigated the effects of OPD and OPD' alone or in combination on the hemolytic behavior in vitro and in vivo and adopted chemical compatibility and proteomics methods to explain the potential mechanism. Meanwhile, to explain the drug-drug interactions (DDIs), molecular modeling was applied to explore the possible common targets. In this study, we reported that OPD' caused hemolysis both in vitro and in vivo, while OPD only caused hemolysis in vivo. We clarified the differences and DDIs in the hemolytic behavior of the two isomers. An analysis of the underlying mechanism governing this phenomenon showed that hemolysis caused by OPD or OPD' was related to the destruction of the redox balance of erythrocytes. In vivo, in addition to the redox imbalance, the proteomics data demonstrated that lipid metabolic disorders and mitochondrial energy metabolism are extensively involved by hemolysis. We provided a comprehensive description of the hemolysis of two isomers in Ophiopogon japonicus, and risk warnings related to hemolysis were presented. Our research also provided a positive reference for the development and further research of such bioactive components.

[Preparation and in vitro quality evaluation of curcumin supersaturated self-nanoemulsion].

In order to improve the supersaturation and maintenance time of drug dispersion in curcumin self-nanoemulsion(CUR-SNEDDS), precipitation inhibitors(PPIs) were introduced to prepare curcumin supersaturated self-emulsion(CUR-SSNEDDS). The composition of CUR-SNEDDS prescriptions was selected through the solubility test, the compatibility of oil phase and surfactant, the investigation of the emulsifying ability of the surfactant and the drawing of the pseudo-ternary phase diagram. Analytic hierarchy process was used in combination with central composite design-response surface method to optimize the prescription. The type and dosage of precipitation inhibitors(PPIs) were selected to maintain the supersaturated concentration and duration of CUR in artificial gastrointestinal fluids. At the same time, polarizing microscope was used to evaluate the crystallization inhibition effect and the quality and in vitro release behavior of CUR-SSNEDDS. The prepared CUR-SSNEDDS prescription was capryol 90-kolliphor RH40-transcutol HP-Soluplus(7.93∶66.71∶25.36∶5), with the drug loading of(65.12±1.25) mg·g~(-1). CUR-SSNEDDS was transparent yellow, and the nanoemulsion droplets were spherical with uniform distribution. The emulsification time was(21.02±0.13) s, the average particle size was(57.03±0.35) nm, the polydispersity index(PDI) was(0.23 ± 0.01), and the Zeta potential was(-18.10±1.30) mV. CUR-SSNEDDS significantly inhibited the generation and growth of crystals after in vitro dilution. The supersaturation could be maintained above 10 within 2 h, and the dissolution rate and degree of CUR in artificial gastrointestinal fluid were significantly increased. Soluplus could effectively maintain the supersaturated state of CUR and enhance CUR dissolution in vitro.

Nonsurgical treatment of chronic subdural hematoma with Chinese herbal medicine: A STROBE-compliant retrospective study.

The aim of the study was to observe the efficacy of nonsurgical treatment with Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) for chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH). This study includes clinical results of a STROBE-compliant retrospective study.Forty patients diagnosed with CSDH were recruited from outpatient. Different CHM prescriptions were dispensed for each patient based on syndrome differentiation until the patient had a stable neurologic condition for 2 weeks and/or CSDH completely resolved according to the computed tomography scan. Markwalder grading scale for neurologic symptoms and head computed tomography scan for hematoma volumes were performed before and after CHM treatment to evaluate efficacy.Patients received uninterrupted CHM treatment for 2.81 ±â€Š1.45 months (0.75-6 months). The hematoma volume significantly reduced from 73.49 ±â€Š35.43 mL to 14.72 ±â€Š15.94 mL (P < .001). The Markwalder grading scale scores of patients at the end of CHM treatment decreased significantly, from 1.3 ±â€Š0.69 to 0.15 ±â€Š0.36 (P < .001). Ninety percent of the patients showed >50% decrease in the hematoma volume and complete improvement in neurologic symptoms. The linear regression analysis suggested that change in hematoma was significantly related to the duration of CHM treatment (R = 0.334; P < .001; Y = 25.03 + 11.91X). Leonurus heterophyllus Sweet (Yi-Mu-Cao, 90.5%), Semen persicae (Tao-Ren, 88.8%), and Acorus tatarinowii Schott (Shi-Chang-Pu, 86.2%) were the top 3 single Chinese herbs prescribed in CHM treatment.The CHM treatment for CSDH based on syndrome differentiation with appropriate duration relieved neurologic symptoms quickly and promoted hematoma absorption effectively. It could be an effective nonsurgical therapy for CSDH.