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BACKGROUND: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains at the forefront of new cancer cases, and there is an urgent need to find new treatments or improve the efficacy of existing therapies. In addition to the application in the field of cerebrovascular diseases, recent studies have revealed that tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) has anticancer activity in a variety of cancers. PURPOSE: To investigate the potential anticancer mechanism of Tan IIA and its impact on immunotherapy in NSCLC. METHODS: Cytotoxicity and colony formation assays were used to detect the Tan IIA inhibitory effect on NSCLC cells. This research clarified the mechanisms of Tan IIA in anti-tumor and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) regulation by using flow cytometry, transient transfection, western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC) methods. Besides, IHC was also used to analyze the nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFAT2) expression in NSCLC clinical samples. Two animal models including xenograft mouse model and Lewis lung cancer model were used for evaluating tumor suppressive efficacy of Tan IIA. We also tested the efficacy of Tan IIA combined with programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitors in Lewis lung cancer model. RESULTS: Tan IIA exhibited good NSCLC inhibitory effect which was accompanied by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response and increasing Ca2+ levels. Moreover, Tan IIA could suppress the NFAT2/ Myc proto oncogene protein (c-Myc) signaling, and it also was able to control the Jun Proto-Oncogene(c-Jun)/PD-L1 axis in NSCLC cells through the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway. High NFAT2 levels were potential factors for poor prognosis in NSCLC patients. Finally, animal experiments data showed a stronger immune activation phenotype, when we performed treatment of Tan IIA combined with PD-1 monoclonal antibody. CONCLUSION: The findings of our research suggested a novel mechanism for Tan IIA to inhibit NSCLC, which could exert anti-cancer effects through the JNK/NFAT2/c-Myc pathway. Furthermore, Tan IIA could regulate tumor PD-L1 levels and has the potential to improve the efficacy of PD-1 inhibitors.
Subject(s)
Abietanes , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung , Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress , Lung Neoplasms , NFATC Transcription Factors , Abietanes/pharmacology , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy , Animals , Humans , Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy , Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress/drug effects , Mice , NFATC Transcription Factors/metabolism , Cell Line, Tumor , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology , Proto-Oncogene Mas , B7-H1 Antigen/metabolism , Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays , Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor , Immunotherapy/methods , JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism , A549 Cells , Mice, Nude , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/metabolism , Male , FemaleABSTRACT
Molecularly imprinted polymers demonstrate outstanding performance in the research on trace ingredients because of their high selectivity. Stimuli-responsive molecularly imprinted polymers(STR-MIPs) with the introduction of different responsive groups on the basis of traditionally imprinted materials can undergo reversible transformations when exposed to external stimuli such as temperature, magnetism, pH or light. Such responsiveness, combined with the specific recognition, endows STR-MIPs with excellent perfor-mance in trace component studies. Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) contains complex components with trace content, and thus STR-MIPs have broad application prospects in the enrichment analysis of trace components in TCM. This paper elaborates on the application of STR-MIPs in the enrichment analysis of trace components in TCM from the perspectives of different stimuli, summarized relevant research achievements in the recent five years to broaden the application fields of molecular imprinting, and proposed a few opi-nions about their future development.
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The aquatic toxicity and ecological risks of naphthenic acids (NAs) in marine environments have attracted an increasing amount of attention. However, there remains a lack of methodologies for the long-term risk assessment of NAs on marine ecosystems after high acid crude oil spill accidents. In this study, using the model microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutum as the target object, the time-effect manner under NAs stress is investigated for a continuous 24-144 h. We found that: 1) NAs caused photosynthetic damage and persistent oxidative stress that slowed the growth rate and limited the maximum growth of P. tricornutum population within 24 h to 144 h of exposure, especially under the high concentration treatment; 2) Within 144 h, NAs can cause oxidative stress to P. tricornutum. The damage to cell membrane and radical oxidative species (ROS) accumulation of P. tricornutum were observed as obvious time-effect; 3) Under NAs stress, the two types of cell death (accidental cell death and regulated cell death) of P. tricornutum cell mediated by ROS played different roles in the population growth inhibition of P. tricornutum. Moreover, regulated cell death of the P. tricornutum cell was accompanied by PS externalization, DNA fragment and the G2/M phase stagnation acted as an adaptive regulatory mechanism under NAs stress. This explained the dose-time-effects of NAs on the population growth of P. tricornutum. Overall, the results suggested that NAs have a lasting effect on marine phytoplankton populations, and long-term risk assessments are required after high acid crude oil spill accidents. This is the first attempt to identify the different types of death at the cellular level to explain the time-effect toxicity at the population level of marine microalgae when exposed to NAs. This research will provide a new approach to facilitate further risk assessments for NAs and related contaminants in marine ecosystems.
Subject(s)
Diatoms , Microalgae , Petroleum , Water Pollutants, Chemical , Carboxylic Acids , Diatoms/metabolism , Ecosystem , Petroleum/metabolism , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolismABSTRACT
This study aims to explore the molecular mechanism of Ganoderma against gastric cancer based on network pharmacology, molecular docking, and cell experiment. The active components and targets of Ganoderma were retrieved from Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform(TCMSP), and gastric cancer-related targets from GeneCards and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man(OMIM). The protein-protein interaction(PPI) network of the common targets was constructed with STRING, followed by Gene Ontology(GO) term enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis of the common genes based on Bioconductor and R language. The medicinal-disease-component-target network and medicinal-disease-component-target-pathway network were established by Cytoscape. Molecular docking was performed between β-sitosterol(the key component in Ganoderma) and the top 15 targets in the PPI network. Cell experiment was performed to verify the findings. A total of 14 active components and 28 targets of Ganoderma were retrieved, and the medicinal and the disease shared 25 targets, including caspase-3(CASP3), caspase-8(CASP8), caspase-9(CASP9), and B-cell lymphoma-2(BCL2). The common targets involved 72 signaling pathways and apoptosis and p53 signaling pathway may play a crucial role in the effect of Ganoderma against gastric cancer. β-sitosterol had strong binding activity to the top 15 targets in the PPI network. The in vitro cell experiment demonstrated that β-sitosterol inhibited gastric cancer AGS cell proliferation by inducing cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in the S phase, which might be related to the regulation of the p53 pathway. This study shows the multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway characteristics of Ganoderma against gastric cancer, which lays a scientific basis for further research on the molecular mechanism.
Subject(s)
Humans , Ganoderma , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Molecular Docking Simulation , Network Pharmacology , Stomach Neoplasms/geneticsABSTRACT
Currently, conventional methods of treating non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have many disadvantages. An alternative effective therapy with minimal adverse reactions is urgently needed. Weijing decoction (WJD), which is a classic ancient Chinese herbal prescription, has been used successfully to treat pulmonary system diseases containing lung cancer in the clinic. However, the key active component and target of Weijing decoction are still unexplored. Therefore, for the first time, our study aims to investigate the pharmacological treatment mechanism of Weijing decoction in treating NSCLC via an integrated model of network pharmacology, metabolomics and biological methods. Network pharmacology results conjectured that Tricin is a main bioactive component in this formula which targets PRKCA to suppress cancer cell growth. Metabolomics analysis demonstrated that sphingosine-1-phosphate, which is regulated by sphingosine kinase 1 and sphingosine kinase 2, is a differential metabolite in plasma between the WJD-treated group and the control group, participating in the sphingolipid signaling. In vitro experiments demonstrated that Tricin had vital effects on the proliferation, pro-apoptosis, migration and colony formation of Lewis lung carcinoma cells. Through a series of validation assays, Tricin inhibited the tumor growth mainly by suppressing PRKCA/SPHK/S1P signaling and antiapoptotic signaling. On the other hand, Weijing formula could inhibit the tumor growth and prolong the survival time. A high dosage of Tricin was much more potent in animal experiments. In conclusion, we confirmed that Weijing formula and its primary active compound Tricin are promising alternative treatments for NSCLC patients.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic , Carcinoma, Lewis Lung , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung , Flavonoids , Lung Neoplasms , Animals , Female , Humans , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/therapeutic use , Apoptosis/drug effects , Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/drug therapy , Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/metabolism , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism , Cell Line, Tumor , Flavonoids/pharmacology , Flavonoids/therapeutic use , Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy , Lung Neoplasms/metabolism , Metabolomics , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Signal Transduction/drug effects , Sphingolipids/metabolismABSTRACT
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers and the leading causes of cancer death worldwide. Therefore, new therapeutic agents are urgently needed to improve patient outcomes. Plumbagin (PLB), a natural sesquiterpene present in many Chinese herbal medicines, has been reported for its anti-cancer activity in various cancer cells. In this study, the effects and underlying mechanisms of PLB on the tumorigenesis of NSCLC were investigated. PLB dose-dependently inhibited the growth of NSCLC cell lines. PLB promoted ROS production, activated the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway, and induced cell apoptosis, accompanied by the decreased expression level of ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (ARF1) in NSCLC cancer cells, and those effects of PLB could be reversed by the pretreatment with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). More importantly, the calcium chelator (BM) significantly reversed PLB-induced cell apoptosis. Furthermore, PLB significantly inhibited the growth of both H1975 xenograft and LLC1 tumors and exhibited antitumor activity by enhancing the number and the effector function of CD8+ T cells in KRASLA2 mice model and the LLC1 xenograft. Our findings suggest that PLB exerts potent antitumor activity against NSCLC in vitro and in vivo through ARF1 downregulation and induction of antitumor immune response, indicating that PLB is a new novel therapeutic candidate for the treatment of patients with NSCLC.
Subject(s)
ADP-Ribosylation Factor 1/metabolism , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/therapeutic use , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy , Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy , Naphthoquinones/therapeutic use , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology , Cell Line, Tumor , Down-Regulation/drug effects , Female , Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects , Mice, Nude , Naphthoquinones/pharmacology , Neoplasm TransplantationABSTRACT
BACKGROUNDS: The aim of the present study was to investigate the perioperative parameters associated with bladder neck contracture (BNC) after transurethral surgery of the prostate and to compare the incidence of BNC after transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) or Thulium vaporesection (resection group) versus Thulium vapoenucleation or enucleation of the prostate (enucleation group). METHODS: Between March 2008 and March 2020, 2363 patients received TURP and 1656 patients received transurethral surgery of the prostate with Thulium laser (ThuP) at Mackay Memorial Hospital. A total of 62 patients developed BNC. These BNC patients were age-and operation-matched to 124 randomly sampled TURP/ThuP controls without BNC. A 1:1 propensity score matching model was used to evaluate the difference in incidence of BNC. RESULTS: Our study demonstrated that a greater proportion of BNC patients had history of cerebrovascular accidents (11/62 vs. 7/124, p = 0.009), coronary artery disease (14/48 vs. 16/108, p = 0.03), chronic kidney disease (14/62 vs. 11/124, p = 0.01), and two or more comorbidities (29/62 vs. 27/124, p = 0.001) compared with NBNC patients. Multivariate analysis showed that smaller prostate volume (OR 0.96 (0.94-0.99), p = 0.008) and recatherization (OR 5.6 (1.02-30.6), p = 0.047) were significantly associated with BNC. A ROC curve predicted that a prostate volume < 42.9 cm3 was associated with a notably higher rate of BNC. The propensity score matching model reported there was no difference in incidence between resection and enucleation groups. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that incidence of BNC was the same in different surgical techniques and that low prostate volume, recatherization and ≥ 2 comorbidities were positively correlated with the development of BNC after TURP or ThuP.
Subject(s)
Contracture/etiology , Postoperative Complications/etiology , Prostatectomy/adverse effects , Prostatic Hyperplasia/surgery , Thulium/therapeutic use , Urinary Bladder Diseases/etiology , Aged , Contracture/epidemiology , Humans , Incidence , Male , Middle Aged , Postoperative Complications/epidemiology , Prostatectomy/methods , Retrospective Studies , Risk Assessment , Risk Factors , Transurethral Resection of Prostate , Urinary Bladder Diseases/epidemiology , VolatilizationABSTRACT
Objective:To observe the expression levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), β-tubulin Ⅲ and synaptophsin, and explore the role of tripartite synapse in the mechanism of central nervous system (CNS) injury and the neuroprotective effect of chondroitin sulfate (CS).Methods:One month old clean grade, 48 female Sparague-Dawley rats and 48 male Sparague-Dawley rats, were randomly divided into 8 groups according to body weight (90 - 120 g) by random number table method, with 12 rats in each group, half male and half female. These rats were fed with water containing different concentrations of sodium fluoride (NaF) [ < 0.5 mg/L (control, CN), 10.0 mg/L (low dose fluoride, LF) and 50.0 mg/L (high dose fluoride, HF)]. Some rats were fed directly for 185 days (CN, LF and HF groups). In addition, rats of CN + normal saline (NS), LF + NS, HF + NS groups and LF + CS, HF + CS groups, were intraperitoneally injected with NS or 0.66 mg/kg CS for 5 consecutive days after 180 days of feeding. After the experiment, the pathological changes of hippocampal CA4 of brain tissue in each group were observed by hematoxylin eosin staining under light microscope, and the expression and distribution of GFAP, β-tubulin Ⅲ and synaptophsin in hippocampal CA4 of rats were detected by immunohistochemistry, the expression of GFAP, β-tubulin Ⅲ and synaptophsin at protein level in hippocampus of rats were detected by Western blotting.Results:Under light microscope, eosinophilic change, loss and irregular arrangement of neuron in the hippocampal CA4 were observed in LF, HF, LF + NS and HF + NS groups. The morphology of LF + CS and HF + CS groups was not significantly changed compared with CN group, but was significant changed compared with LF, HF, LF + NS and HF + NS groups. Immunohistochemical results showed that the rates of positive area of GFAP, β-tubulin Ⅲ and synaptophsin in female and male rats in LF and HF groups were significantly decreased than those in CN group ( P < 0.05); the positive area rates of female and male rats in LF + CS and HF + CS groups were higher than those in LF and HF groups, respectively ( P < 0.05). Western blotting results showed that the proten expression levels of GFAP, β-tubulin Ⅲ and synaptophsin of female and male rats in LF and HF groups (LF group: 0.90 ± 0.09, 0.82 ± 0.08, 1.43 ± 0.14, 0.92 ± 0.02, 1.21 ± 0.15, 0.87 ± 0.02, HF group: 0.58 ± 0.14, 0.73 ± 0.03, 0.63 ± 0.06, 0.67 ± 0.03, 0.87 ± 0.04, 0.70 ± 0.05) were lower than those in CN group (1.24 ± 0.08, 1.09 ± 0.10, 2.64 ± 0.30, 1.54 ± 0.09, 1.72 ± 0.10, 1.13 ± 0.06, P < 0.05). Conclusions:The tripartite synapse and extracellular matrix may take part in pathogenesis of the damages of CNS results from chronic fluorosis; CS may reduce the injury to a certain extent.
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Artemisia ordosica is a forerunner species of wind-break and sand-fixation in desert steppe in China, which plays an important role in ecosystem restoration and reconstruction. How-ever, it could influence human health. Based on 89 valid data of current distribution of A. ordosica in China and 19 typical climatic factors, the MaxEnt model was used to simulate the potential distribution of A. ordosica in China under current and two scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5; 2050s and 2070s). The SDM toolbox of ArcGIS software was used to analyze the potential distribution range of A. ordosica and its changes in China. The importance of key climatic factors was evaluated by comprehensive contribution rate, Jackknife method, and response curve of environmental variables. The accuracy of model was tested and evaluated by area under the curve (AUC) of the test subject working characteristic (ROC). The results showed that the MaxEnt model worked well (AUC=0.980). which predicted that A. ordosica was mainly concentrated in and around Mu Us Sandy Land, consistent with the current actual distribution range. The distribution area of A. ordosica of potential high fitness under the future two scenarios decreased by 5.2%-26.8%, which was negatively affected by future climate change. Seasonal variation of temperature, mean precipitation in the coldest season, and mean annual temperature had the greatest impact. The core area of future potential distribution of A. ordosica in China was located in Mu Us Sandy Land, with a tendency for spreading to northeast (Jilin, Heilongjiang, Liaoning and some parts of Hebei).
Subject(s)
Artemisia , Climate Change , China , Ecosystem , ForecastingABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Accumulating evidence showed that regulating tumor microenvironment plays a vital role in improving antitumor efficiency. Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) is expressed in many cancer cell types, while its binding partner Programmed Death 1 (PD1) is expressed in activated T cells and antigen-presenting cells. Whereas, its dysregulation in the microenvironment is poorly understood. In the present study, we confirmed that evodiamine downregulates MUC1-C, resulting in modulating PD-L1 expression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: Cell viability was measured by MTT assays. Apoptosis, cell cycle and surface PD-L1 expression on NSCLC cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. The expression of MUC1-C and PD-L1 mRNA was measured by real time RT-PCR methods. Protein expression was examined in evodiamine-treated NSCLC cells using immunoblotting or immunofluorescence assays. The effects of evodiamine treatment on NSCLC sensitivity towards T cells were investigated using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and Jurkat, apoptosis and IL-2 secretion assays. Female H1975 xenograft nude mice were used to assess the effect of evodiamine on tumorigenesis in vivo. Lewis lung carcinoma model was used to investigate the therapeutic effects of combination evodiamine and anti-PD-1 treatment. RESULTS: We showed that evodiamine significantly inhibited growth, induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2 phase of NSCLC cells. Evodiamine suppressed IFN-γ-induced PD-L1 expression in H1975 and H1650. MUC1-C mRNA and protein expression were decreased by evodiamine in NSCLC cells as well. Evodiamine could downregulate the PD-L1 expression and diminish the apoptosis of T cells. It inhibited MUC1-C expression and potentiated CD8+ T cell effector function. Meanwhile, evodiamine showed good anti-tumor activity in H1975 tumor xenograft, which reduced tumor size. Evodiamine exhibited anti-tumor activity by elevation of CD8+ T cells in vivo in Lewis lung carcinoma model. Combination evodiamine and anti-PD-1 mAb treatment enhanced tumor growth control and survival of mice. CONCLUSIONS: Evodiamine can suppress NSCLC by elevating of CD8+ T cells and downregulating of the MUC1-C/PD-L1 axis. Our findings uncover a novel mechanism of action of evodiamine and indicate that evodiamine represents a potential targeted agent suitable to be combined with immunotherapeutic approaches to treat NSCLC cancer patients. MUC1-C overexpression is common in female, non-smoker, patients with advanced-stage adenocarcinoma.
Subject(s)
Mucin-1/metabolism , Plant Extracts/therapeutic use , Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/metabolism , Quinazolines/therapeutic use , Animals , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology , Down-Regulation , Female , Humans , Lung Neoplasms/genetics , Lung Neoplasms/pathology , Mice , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Quinazolines/pharmacology , TransfectionABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of anti-osteoporosis therapies on mortality after hip fracture. METHODS: This retrospective study was carried out in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University and enrolled 690 patients 50 years of age and older who were admitted with hip fractures between 2010 and 2015. The patients were followed in 2017: 690 patients aged was from 50 to 103 years. There were 456 women and 234 men. There were 335 patients with fractures of the femoral neck and 355 patients with intertrochanteric fractures of the femur. There were 444 (64.35%) patients who also had internal diseases. The Charlson comorbidity index was 0-6. The anti-osteoporosis medications were classified into no anti-osteoporosis medication, calcium + vitamin D supplementations, non-bisphosphonate medication, and bisphosphonate medication. The physicians followed the patients or family members by personal visit and telephone. Multivariable Cox regression analyses were done with known risk factors for mortality of hip fracture, such as gender, age, number of combined internal diseases, fracture type, place of residence, and Charlson comorbidity index, to show which anti-osteoporosis medications had significant effects on mortality after adjustment for these variables. RESULTS: Out of 690 patients with hip fractures, 149 patients received no anti-osteoporosis medication, 63 patients received calcium +vitamin D supplementations, 398 patients received non-bisphosphonate medication, and 80 patients received bisphosphonate medication. The patients were followed between 7 months and 52 months, with the average of 28.53 ± 9.75 months. A total of 166 patients died during the follow-up period. Of 166 deaths, 43 occurred within 3 months, 65 within 6 months, and 99 within 1 year after the hip fracture. In this study, fracture type, place of residence, and Charlson comorbidity index were not associated with the mortality, and the male gender, age > 75 years, and ≥ 2 combined internal diseases were the independent factors for deaths post-hip fracture. The cumulative mortality was 36.24% in the patients receiving no anti-osteoporosis medication. The hazard ratio for mortality after hip fracture with bisphosphonate medication, non-bisphosphonate medication, and calcium/vitamin D supplementation was 0.355 (95% CI, 0.194-0.648), 0.492 (95% CI, 0.347-0.699) and 0.616 (95% CI, 0.341-1.114), respectively, as compared with no anti-osteoporosis group. Bisphosphonate and non-bisphosphonate medications for osteoporosis were significantly associated with the reduction of cumulative mortality post-hip fracture (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Bisphosphonate and non-bisphosphonate medications for osteoporosis were significantly associated with decreased mortality after fragility hip fracture.
Subject(s)
Bone Density Conservation Agents/therapeutic use , Hip Fractures/drug therapy , Hip Fractures/mortality , Osteoporosis/drug therapy , Osteoporotic Fractures/drug therapy , Osteoporotic Fractures/mortality , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
Objective To study the mechanism of central nervous system (CNS) injury in chronic fluorosis and the neuroprotective effect of chondroitin sulfate (CS).Methods Forty-eight female Sprague-Dawley rats weighting 90-120 g were divided into 8 groups according to body weight by random number table,6 rats in each group:control group,drinking tap water freely;low dose and high dose fluoride groups,freely drinking tap water with fluoride content of 10 and 50 mg/L,respectively;control + normal saline (NS),low dose fluoride + NS,and high dose fluoride + NS groups,each group was fed for 180 d,and treated with intraperitoneal injection of 0.66 mg/kg NS for 5 d (once a day);low dose fluoride + CS and high dose fluoride + CS groups,each group was fed for 180 d,0.66 mg/kg CS was injected intraperitoneally for 5 d (once a day).All groups were fed standard nutritive animal feed for 185 d and dissected for brain tissue.The pathologic change was observed after hematoxylin-eosin (HE)staining;the expression levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (phospho-Erk1/2)and glutamate receptors 1,2 (GluR1,GluR2) in the brain cortex were detected by immunohistochemistry;the protein levels of Erk1/2,phospho-Erk1/2,GluR1,and GluR2 in the brain cortex were detected by Western blotting.Results Brain cortex of all rats in the fluoride groups showed eosinophilic degeneration,loss and disordered arrangement of neurons,and the brain morphological changes in each fluoride + CS groups were significantly improved compared with those in the fluoride groups.Immunohistochemistry results showed that compared with the control group [(0.44 ± 0.09)%,(1.49 ± 0.05)%,(2.51 ± 0.54)%],the expression levels of phospho-Erk1/2 [(1.47 ±0.09)%,(1.03 ± 0.05)%],and GluR2 [(2.37 ± 0.06)%,(3.38 ± 0.12)%] in the low dose and high dose fluoride groups were increased,and the expression levels of GluR1 [(1.49 ± 0.02)%,(0.99 ± 0.19)%] were decreased (P < 0.05).Western blotting results showed that compared with the control group (1.00 ± 0.12,1.76 ± 0.33),the protein levels of Erk1/2 (3.10 ± 0.76,1.99 ± 0.01) and phospho-Erk1/2 (3.27 ± 0.25,2.67 ± 0.05) in low dose and high dose fluoride groups were significantly increased (P < 0.05);compared with low dose fluoride group,the protein levels of Erk1/2,and phospho-Erk1/2 (1.30 ± 0.31,2.20 ± 0.34) in low dose fluoride + CS group decreased significantly (P <0.05).Compared with control group (1.86 ± 0.47,1.17 ± 0.27),the protein levels of GluR1 (1.09 ± 0.26,0.61 ± 0.14) in low dose and high dose fluoride groups decreased significantly,while the protein level of GluR2 (1.99 ± 0.42,3.38 ±0.27) increased significantly (P < 0.05);compared with low dose and high dose fluoride groups,the protein levels of GluR2 in low dose fluoride + CS and high dose fluoride + CS groups (1.53 ± 0.41,2.65 ± 0.32) decreased significantly (P < 0.05).The protein level of phospho-Erk1/2 was negatively correlated with GluR1 protein level (r =-0.975,-0.991,P < 0.05) in low dose and high dose fluoride groups,and it was positively correlated with the protein level of GluR2 (r =0.986,0.993,P < 0.05).Conclusion The CNS injury caused by chronic fluorosis may be related to GluR1 and GluR2 activated Erk1/2 signaling pathway,and CS has certain protection to the injury.
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The purpose of this paper was to study the pre-mixed materials of emulsion gel. Accessories were screened and formula was designed with the most common use, low cost and simple process as the standards. Experiments were designed by central composite design-response surface methodology (ccd-rsm). 8.0.6 Trial Design-Expert was used for data processing and analysis, and subjective scores were used as the index to draw the three-dimensional effect surface and 2D contour maps. It was determined that the optimal ranges were A (carbomer 940)ï¼ 0.05-0.065 g; B (castor oil)ï¼ 1.00-1.12 mL; C (poly polysorbate-80)ï¼ 0.15 mL. The optimal formula was as followsï¼ carbopol 0.057 5 g, castor oil 1.1 mL, polysorbate-80 0.15 mL. The formulated substrate was studied on its preliminary stability and rheology characteristics, such as viscosity and thixotropy. Then with the optimal formula as substrate, emulsion type gel was prepared respectively with 98% rutin, 98% berberine hydrochloride, and 98% berbamine hydrochloride as the main component. With 0.9% normal saline as the absorption solution, the results showed that the ransdermal flux of the three formulations of 1 h was all less than 1%. The results indicated that this substrate had the potential to be developed into a premixed material. The emulsion type gel matrix made from this formula had a good appearance, stability to certain extent, appropriate viscosity and thixotropy, and showed no skin irritation in 1 h.
Subject(s)
Emulsions/chemistry , Gels , Acrylic Resins , Castor Oil , Polysorbates , Rheology , ViscosityABSTRACT
AIM: To investigate the effect of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C)-triggered intracellular innate immunity against hepatitis C virus (HCV) in hepatocytes. METHODS: A cell culture model of HCV infection was generated by infecting a hepatoma cell line, Huh7, with HCV JFH-1 strain (JFH-1-Huh7). Poly I:C with a high molecular weight and EGCG were used to stimulate the JFH-1-Huh7 cells. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the expression levels of intracellular mRNAs and of intracellular and extracellular HCV RNA. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to evaluate the interferon (IFN)-λ1 protein level in the cell culture supernatant. Immunostaining was used to examine HCV core protein expression in Huh7 cells. RESULTS: Our recent study showed that HCV replication could impair poly I:C-triggered intracellular innate immune responses in hepatocytes. In the current study, we showed that EGCG treatment significantly increased the poly I:C-induced expression of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), retinoic acid-inducible gene I, and IFN-λ1 in JFH-1-Huh7 cells. In addition, supplementation with EGCG increased the poly I:C-mediated antiviral activity in JFH-1-Huh7 cells at the intracellular and extracellular HCV RNA and protein levels. Further investigation of the mechanisms showed that EGCG treatment significantly enhanced the poly I:C-induced expression of IFN-regulatory factor 9 and several antiviral IFN-stimulated genes, including ISG15, ISG56, myxovirus resistance A, and 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1, which encode the key antiviral elements in the IFN signaling pathway. CONCLUSION: Our observations provide experimental evidence that EGCG has the ability to enhance poly I:C-induced intracellular antiviral innate immunity against HCV replication in hepatocytes.
Subject(s)
Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Catechin/analogs & derivatives , Hepacivirus/physiology , Hepatitis C/immunology , Immunity, Innate/drug effects , Interferon-gamma/immunology , Poly I-C/immunology , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Catechin/pharmacology , Catechin/therapeutic use , Cell Line, Tumor , DEAD Box Protein 58/immunology , DEAD Box Protein 58/metabolism , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Hepatitis C/drug therapy , Hepatitis C/virology , Hepatocytes , Humans , Interferon-Stimulated Gene Factor 3, gamma Subunit/immunology , Interferon-Stimulated Gene Factor 3, gamma Subunit/metabolism , Interferon-gamma/metabolism , RNA, Viral/isolation & purification , Receptors, Immunologic , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Signal Transduction/immunology , Toll-Like Receptor 3/metabolism , Viral Core Proteins/metabolism , Virus Replication/drug effects , Virus Replication/immunologyABSTRACT
Lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) mediated systemic inflammation plays a critical role in neurodegenerative diseases. The present study was conducted to evaluate the protective effects of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the major component in green tea, on LPS-mediated inflammation and neurotoxicity. LPS treatment of macrophages induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6). However, EGCG pretreatment of macrophages significantly inhibited LPS-mediated induction of these cytokines. In addition, EGCG significantly diminished LPS-induced inflammatory cytokines in the peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PBMCs). Supernatant from EGCG-pretreated and LPS-activated macrophage cultures was found to be less cytotoxic to neurons than that from non-EGCG-pretreated and LPS-activated macrophage cultures. Furthermore, EGCG treatment of neurons could inhibit LPS-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Thus EGCG represents a potent and useful neuroprotective agent for inflammation-mediated neurological disorders.
Subject(s)
Catechin/analogs & derivatives , Inflammation/prevention & control , Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology , Lipopolysaccharides/immunology , Macrophages/immunology , Neurons/physiology , Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology , Animals , Catechin/chemistry , Catechin/pharmacology , Cell Survival , Cells, Cultured , Culture Media/chemistry , Humans , Inflammation/therapy , Inflammation Mediators/immunology , Interleukin-1beta/genetics , Interleukin-6/genetics , Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects , Lipopolysaccharides/administration & dosage , Macrophage Activation , Macrophages/drug effects , Neurons/drug effects , Neurons/immunology , Neuroprotective Agents/chemistry , Rats , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Tea/chemistry , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/geneticsABSTRACT
Buckwheat (BF) and millet (MF) are recommended as healthy foods due to their unique chemical composition and health benefits. This study investigated the thermal and rheological properties of BF-WF (wheat flour) and MF-WF flour blends at various ratios (0:100 to 100:0). Increasing BF or MF concentration led to higher cold paste viscosity and setback viscosity of pasting properties gel adhesiveness, storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (Gâ³) of dynamic oscillatory rheology, and yield stress (σ0 ) of flow curve of WF. BF and MF addition decreased peak viscosity and breakdown of pasting, gel hardness, swelling volume, and consistency coefficient (K) of flow curve of WF. Thermal properties of the blends appeared additive of that of individual flour. Nonadditive effects were observed for some property changes in the mixtures, and indicated interactions between flour components. This may provide a physicochemical basis for using BF and MF in formulating novel healthy products.
Subject(s)
Fagopyrum , Flour/analysis , Food Handling/methods , Millets , Plant Preparations , Triticum , Edible Grain , Gels , Humans , Rheology , Temperature , ViscosityABSTRACT
CLINICAL INTRODUCTION: An 88-year-old man, admitted to the emergency room (ER) after three episodes of syncope within 1â day, reported a precursory of syndrome of light-headedness with rapid palpitations that led to an abrupt loss of consciousness. After undergoing percutaneous and surgical revascularisation, he started complaining of chest and back discomfort for the past 20â years and searching for help from Chinese medicine, Fuzi. He had history of chronic renal failure and heart failure, but denied neither taking digitalis nor having family history related to sudden death.On arrival, heart rate was 150â bpm and blood pressure (BP) by cuff was 91/81â mmâ Hg (non-invasive BP could not be accurately obtained during tachycardia) plus oedema on both lower extremities. There were diffuse crackles and indistinct heart sounds on auscultation.The admission ECG was performed in the ER (figure 1). His serum creatinine was 139.7â mmol/L, serum K(+) was 4.7â mmol/L, N-terminal of the prohormone brain natriuretic peptide was highly elevated (12â 000â pg/mL) and troponin I was negative. QUESTION: What is the most likely diagnosis suggested based on the patient's ECG and history? Aconite poisoningDigitalis toxicityCatecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT)Andersen-Tawil syndrome (ATS).
Subject(s)
Aconitum/poisoning , Diterpenes/poisoning , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/poisoning , Heart Conduction System/drug effects , Syncope/chemically induced , Tachycardia/chemically induced , Action Potentials/drug effects , Aged, 80 and over , Electrocardiography , Heart Conduction System/physiopathology , Heart Rate/drug effects , Humans , Male , Syncope/diagnosis , Syncope/physiopathology , Tachycardia/diagnosis , Tachycardia/physiopathologyABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was supplemented in a single-site, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial designed to slow vision loss associated with X-linked retinitis pigmentosa (XLRP); the DHAX Trial. We previously reported no significant differences between supplemented and placebo groups in intent-to-treat analysis of primary ERG outcomes. Assessed herein are hypothesis-generating measures of ancillary visual function outcomes in participants fully adhering to trial protocol. METHODS: Male participants with XLRP (range, 7-31 years) received 30 mg DHA/kg/d (n = 29) or placebo (n = 22) for 4 years. Visual outcomes were measured annually and red blood cell (RBC) DHA determined every 6 months. RESULTS: Oral DHA supplementation increased mean RBC-DHA levels by 4-fold (P < 0.0001) over placebo. No group differences in progression were found for visual acuity (P = 0.11), shape discrimination (P = 0.18), or fundus appearance (P = 0.70). Optical coherence tomography (OCT) became available during year 2 of the trial; no group differences were seen in ellipsoid zone constriction (P = 0.87) over 2 years. Yearly rates of progression were reduced for dark-adapted thresholds (P = 0.06) and visual field sensitivity for foveal, macular, peripheral, total, and ellipsoid zone regions by DHA supplementation (P = 0.039, P = 0.031, P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001, and P = 0.033). Rates of visual field sensitivity decline were dependent on RBC-DHA (P = 0.046 to <0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Supplementation of DHA significantly elevated blood DHA levels and reduced the rate of progression in final dark-adapted thresholds and visual field sensitivity. From the relationship between RBC-DHA and the rate of field sensitivity loss, we can extrapolate that an RBC-DHA level of 17% could minimize the decline in field sensitivity. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00100230.)
Subject(s)
Docosahexaenoic Acids/therapeutic use , Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/drug therapy , Retinitis Pigmentosa/drug therapy , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Disease Progression , Form Perception/drug effects , Fundus Oculi , Humans , Male , Retinitis Pigmentosa/genetics , Visual Fields/drug effects , Young AdultABSTRACT
Berberine, which is a wellknown drug used in traditional medicine, has been demonstrated to exert diverse pharmacological effects, including antiinflammatory effects. However, whether berberine can affect the production of inflammatory molecules in vascular endothelial cells remains to be elucidated. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the effects of berberine, and the underlying molecular mechanisms of these effects. The effect of berberine on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)αinduced inflammatory molecule expression was examined in cultured human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). The HAECs were stimulated with TNFα and incubated with or without berberine. The activation of nuclear factor (NF)κB and adenosine monophosphateactivated protein kinase (AMPK) were analyzed using western blotting, and the protein secretion of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)1 was measured using ELISA kits. The mRNA expression levels of ICAM1 and MCP1 were analyzed using reverse transcriptionquantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results of the present study demonstrated that berberine significantly inhibited the TNFαinduced expression of ICAM1 and MCP1, as well as the activation of NFκB in the HAECs. These effects were attenuated following cotreatment with AMPK inhibitor compound C, or specific small interfering RNAs. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicated that berberine inhibits the TNFαinduced expression of ICAM1 and MCP1, and the activation of NFκB in HAECs in vitro, possibly through the AMPKdependent pathway.
Subject(s)
AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/genetics , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology , Berberine/pharmacology , Endothelial Cells/drug effects , NF-kappa B/genetics , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology , AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism , Cell Line , Chemokine CCL2/agonists , Chemokine CCL2/antagonists & inhibitors , Chemokine CCL2/genetics , Chemokine CCL2/metabolism , Endothelial Cells/cytology , Endothelial Cells/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation , Humans , Inflammation , Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/genetics , Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism , NF-kappa B/agonists , NF-kappa B/antagonists & inhibitors , NF-kappa B/metabolism , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , RNA, Messenger/agonists , RNA, Messenger/antagonists & inhibitors , RNA, Messenger/genetics , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , RNA, Small Interfering/genetics , RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism , Signal Transduction , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitorsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of Inonotus obliquus polysaccharides on testicular injury induced by exposure to high power microwave (HPM) in rats. METHODS: A total of 30 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups, i.e., the normal control group, the microwave radiation model group, the treatment group, the new microwave radiation model group, and the prevention group, 6 in each group. All rats, except those in the normal control group, were exposed to microwave at an average power density of 200 mW/cm2 for 6 min. Rats in the control group and the model group were administered with normal saline by gastrogavage, once a day. Rats in the treatment group and the prevention group were given with Inonotus obliquus polysaccharides by gastrogavage, 2 mL each time (400 mg/kg body weight), once a day. All rats were sacrificed on the 11th day.The sperm density and the rate of sperm deformity were determined. Pathological changes of testis were observed by light microscope and transmission electron microscope. RESULTS: Short-term HPM irradiation could significantly reduce the sperm density and increase the sperm deformity rate (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, obvious pathological changes of testes occurred. Compared with the two model groups, the sperm density increased and the sperm deformity rate decreased in the treatment group and the prevention group (P < 0.05). Under the light microscope, injuries of spermatogenic cells and stromal cells, as well as vascular dilatation and congestion were obviously alleviated in the treatment group and the prevention group. Mitochondrial swelling and endoplasmic reticulum expansion shown by ultrastructural observation were also significantly alleviated. Of them, injuries of spermatogenic cells and inflammation response were milder in the treatment group than in the prevention group. CONCLUSIONS: Inonotus obliquus polysaccharides had significant protective effect on microwave radiation induced testicular injury. Better effect was obtained by therapeutic medication than preventive medication.