Diverse ansamycin derivatives from the marine-derived Streptomyces sp. ZYX-F-97 and their antibacterial activities.

Four new ansamycin derivatives, named 1,19-epithio-geldanamycin A (1), 17-demethoxylherbimycin H (2), herbimycin M (3), and seco-geldanamycin B (4), together with eight known ansamycin analogues (5-12) were isolated from the solid fermentation of marine-derived actinomycete Streptomyces sp. ZYX-F-97. The structures of new compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis as well as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. All the compounds were assayed for their antibacterial activity. Among them, compounds 4, 8, and 12 exhibited remarkable inhibition against Listeria monocytogenes with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) values ranging from 8 µg·mL-1 to 64 µg·mL-1, and displayed moderate inhibition against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with MIC value of 64 µg·mL-1. Compounds 4, 8, 9, and 12 showed moderate inhibition activities against both Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis with MIC values ranging from 32 µg·mL-1 to 128 µg·mL-1.

Hydraulic conductivity of novel geosynthetic clay liner to bauxite liquor from China: Modified fluid loss test evaluation.

A modified sodium bentonite geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) designed for acid-and-alkaline resistance was evaluated for its potential application in the containment of bauxite residue leachate. A modified fluid loss test was employed to quickly evaluate the hydraulic conductivity (k) of the GCL using distilled water, tap water, and four bauxite liquors (BLs, leachate from bauxite residue reservoirs). The effects of swelling capacity of bentonite, prehydration, hydraulic gradient (i), ionic strength (I), and relative abundance of monovalent and multivalent cations (RMD) on the hydraulic conductivity of the GCL were analyzed. The results indicated that the BLs significantly decreased free swell index of the bentonite. As compared to increasing i, prehydration obviously enhanced hydraulic performance of the GCL. The four BLs increased k of the GCL by a factor of 4-12 relative to the tap water permeation condition, and the resultant k exceeded upper limit of 5.0 × 10-11 m/s for GCLs. The increase in k was attributed to compression in diffuse double layer of the bentonite and dissolution in clay minerals in ion-rich and hyperalkaline BLs, manifesting that further modification on the GCL is needed. The I was found a better indicator than the RMD on correlation with chemical compatibility of the GCL.

Phenethoxy Derivatives with Anti-inflammatory Activities from the Betelnut Endophytic Trichoderma asperellum G10.

Eight new phenethoxy derivatives, trichoasperellins A-H (1-8), were isolated from the endophytic fungus Trichoderma asperellum G10 isolated from the medicinal plant Areca catechu L. The structures of these compounds were elucidated from spectroscopic data, J-based configurational analysis, and Mosher's methods. Compounds 1-4 and 6-8 bear one or two multioxidized C7 moieties with the same carbon skeleton. The carbon skeletons of compounds 6-8 are new, all containing three moieties connected via two acetal carbons similar to those of disaccharide glycosides. Compound 4 inhibited nitric oxide production with an IC50 value of 48.3 µM, comparable to that of the positive control indomethacin (IC50, 42.3 µM).

[Study on chemical constituents from fruiting bodies of Ganoderma calidophilum].

Chemical constituents were isolated and purified from fruiting bodies of Ganoderma calidophilum by various column chromatographic techniques, and their chemical structures were identified through combined analysis of physicochemical properties and spectral data. As a result, 11 compounds were isolated and identified as(24E)-lanosta-8,24-dien-3,11-dione-26-al(1), ganoderone A(2), 3-oxo-15α-acetoxy-lanosta-7,9(11), 24-trien-26-oleic acid(3),(23E)-27-nor-lanosta-8,23-diene-3,7,25-trione(4), ganodecanone B(5), ganoderic aldehyde A(6), 11ß-hydroxy-lucidadiol(7), 3,4-dihydroxyacetophenone(8), methyl gentiate(9), ganoleucin C(10), ganotheaecolumol H(11). Among them, compound 1 is a new triterpenoid. The cytotoxic activities of all of the compounds against tumor cell lines were evaluated. The results showed that compounds 1, 3, 4 and 6 showed cytotoxic activity against BEL-7402, with IC_(50) values of 26.55, 11.35, 23.23, 18.66 µmol·L~(-1); compounds 1 and 3-6 showed cytotoxic activity against K562, with IC_(50) values of 5.79, 22.16, 12.16, 35.32, and 5.59 µmol·L~(-1), and compound 4 showed cytotoxic activity against A549, with IC_(50) value of 42.50 µmol·L~(-1).

Biphenyl metabolites from the patchouli endophytic fungus Alternaria sp. PfuH1.

Patchouli is a tropical medicinal and spice crop with high economic value, and the endophytic microorganism is also one of its important components and can provide new active compounds with medicinal use. In the present study, four new biphenyl compounds named 3-O-demethylaltenuisol (1), (-)-dialtenuisol (5) and (+)-dialtenuisol (6), and altertoxin VII (9), as well as six known related compounds, were isolated from the patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) endophytic fungus Alternaria sp. PfuH1. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated from spectroscopic data, ECD spectra analysis, and ECD calculations. Compounds 5 and 6 are a pair of dimeric axially chiral enantiomers. Compounds 2, 4, and 9 showed antibacterial activities against S. agalactiae with MIC values of 9.3, 85.3, and 17.3 µg/mL, respectively, and compound 4 also showed weak antibacterial activity against E. coli with MIC value of 128 µg/mL.

[Effects of Aerobic Carbon Sources on Biofilm with Simultaneous Phosphate Removal and Enrichment].

In a cyclic alternating O/A operation mode, phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAOs) can undertake phosphate removal and enrichment as the main process in wastewater treatment plants. The effects of the concentration of carbon sources during the aerobic stage on phosphate removal and enrichment performance of PAO biofilms, and the microbial population structure in the biofilms, were investigated. The results showed that the aerobic COD concentration decreased from 200 mg·L-1 to 0 mg·L-1, the phosphorus uptake rate improved by 1.29 times, the phosphorus concentration in effluent stabilized below 0.5 mg·L-1, the phosphorus release rate increased by 3.56 times, and the phosphate concentration in the circulating solution increased from 27.125 mg·L-1 to 55.91 mg·L-1. With respect to the change in microbial communities, the identification showed that the abundance of Proteobacteria increased by approximately two times, and the enrichment effects of Rhodocyclaceae and Anaerolineaceae increased by 2.28 and 5 times, respectively. Reducing the concentration of the carbon source in the aerobic section was beneficial to the screening and enrichment of PAOs, strengthening the removal of phosphate in the aerobic section and the release of phosphate in the anaerobic section. This resulted in an enriched phosphate solution. These observations provide a theoretical basis for future urban sewage treatment plants seeking to reduce their carbon demand.

[Study on chemical constituents from fruiting bodies of Ganoderma australe].

Chemical constituents were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma australe by various column chromatographic techniques and HPLC method, and their chemical structures were identified through the combined analysis of physicochemical properties and spectral data. Meanwhile, their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and anti-oxidative ability were evaluated. Seven compounds were isolated from G. australe and were identified as 6-methoxyl-cyclo-(Phe-Ile)(1), applanoxidic acid A methyl ester(2), ergosta-7,22 E-dien-3ß-ol(3), cinnamic acid(4), 5α,8α-epidioxy-(20S,22E,24R)-ergosta-6,22-diene-3ß-ol(5), 1-(3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl) ethanone(6), salicylic acid(7) and benzoic acid(8). Among the compounds, compound 1 was a new cyclic dipeptide. Compound 2 was a new lanosta natural product, and compounds 4, 6, 7 and 8 were obtained from G. australe for the first time. Moreover, compounds 4 and 8 exhibited α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with inhibition rates of 36.8% and 34.7%, and compounds 4, 7 and 8 had a certain activity in DPPH free radical scavenging activity with IC_(50) values of 0.168, 0.458 and 0.170 g·L~(-1), respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging rate of compound 1 was 41.1%.

A Data Mining-Based Analysis of Medication Rules in Treating Bone Marrow Suppression by Kidney-Tonifying Method.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the rule of kidney-tonifying method in Chinese medicine for the treatment of bone marrow suppression (BMS), in order to provide evidence and references for the clinical application of herbs and formulae. DESIGN: Collecting and sorting the information about the treatment of BMS related to kidney-tonifying (Bushen) method in Chinese medicine literatures on databases including Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM), establishing a database of BMS treating formulae after radiotherapy and chemotherapy with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) kidney-tonifying method, and finally applying the relevant theories and techniques of data mining to analyze the medication rules of it. RESULTS: A total of 239 formulae and 202 herbs were included in this database, in which the herbs occurred 2,602 times in general. The high frequency herbs included Astragali Radix (Huangqi), Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma (Baizhu), and Ligustri Lucidi Fructus (Nvzhenzi). The main herb categories were deficiency-tonifying herbs, blood-activating herbs, dampness-draining diuretic herbs, heat-clearing herbs, and digestant herbs. Deficiency-tonifying herbs accounted for 64.60% of the total number. A total of 8 clustering formulae are summarized according to cluster analysis and 26 herb suits association rules are identified by Apriori algorithm. CONCLUSION: The treatment of BMS is mainly based on the method of invigorating the spleen and tonifying the kidney and liver to strengthen healthy qi, supplementing with blood-activating herbs, and dampness-draining diuretic herbs to eliminate pathogenic factors.

A phytochemical investigation of Stemona parviflora roots reveals several compounds with nematocidal activity.

Twelve undescribed compounds including six phenanthrene derivatives (parviphenanthrines A-F), two stilbene derivatives (parvistilbines A-B), three esters (parviesters A-C), and one sesquiterpenoid (parvidiol A) were isolated from the roots of Stemona parviflora, together with twenty-two known ones. The structures of the undescribed compounds were elucidated based on the analyses of their spectroscopic data. The absolute configuration of parviphenanthrine A was determined by the quantum ECD calculations. Parviphenanthrines A and E, stemanthrene A, stilbostenin E, 4-hydroxy-benzenepropanol-α-benzoate, and (E)-4-hydroxycinnamic acid methyl ester showed nematocidal activity against Meloidogyne incognita with IC50 values of 14.02 ±â€¯0.32, 2.51 ±â€¯0.13, 17.10 ±â€¯0.65, 2.05 ±â€¯0.07, 4.22 ±â€¯0.31, and 1.07 ±â€¯0.05 µM, respectively.

Six New Phragmalin Limonoids from the Stems of Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss.

Six new phragmalin limonoids, named moluccensin Z1 (1), moluccensin Z2 (2), carapanolide Y (3), tabulalin N (4), chukvelutilide A1 (5), and velutinasin J (6), as well as two known compounds, chukvelutilide A (7) and velutinasin D (8) were isolated from the stems of Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss. The structures of the new compounds 1⁻6 were confirmed by spectroscopic methods, including IR and HRESIMS, as well as 1D and 2D NMR, and by comparisons with the data of known analogues. All compounds were tested for α-glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities. However, none of the compounds was active against α-glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase in vitro.

Daphnauranins A and B, two new antifeedants Isolated from Daphne aurantiaca roots.

Daphnauranins A (1) and B (2), two sesquiterpenoids were isolated from the roots of Daphne aurantiaca Diels. One is an unprecedented 5/7 oxacycloheptane ring system, the other is a sesquiterpene-lignan complex. Their structures were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic methods including MS and NMR. Their absolute configurations were further confirmed by the quantum ECD calculations. Daphnauranins A and B showed anti-insect activities against male fruit fly with anti-feeding rate up to 46.2±7.1 and 44.7±5.4% at 1mM, respectively.

Chrodrimanins O-S from the fungus Penicillium sp. SCS-KFD09 isolated from a marine worm, Sipunculusnudus.

Five new meroterpenoids, chrodrimanins O-S (1-5), as well as a known one (6), were isolated from the fermentation broth of Penicillium sp. SCS-KFD09 isolated from a marine worm, Sipunculusnudus, from Haikou Bay, China. The structures including the absolute configurations of the new compounds were unambiguously elucidated by spectroscopic data and ECD spectra analysis along with quantum ECD calculations. Among them, compound 1 represents the first example of an unusual trichlorinated meroterpenoid with an unique dichlorine functionality. Compounds 1 and 4-6 displayed inhibitory activity of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) with IC50 values of 71.6, 62.5, 63.1, and 39.6µM, respectively, and showed no apparent activity against three tumor cell lines (A549, HepG2, and Hela) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) at 10µM.

Nematicidal Stemona Alkaloids from Stemona parviflora.

Eight new alkaloids, 3ß-n-butylstemonamine (1), 8-oxo-3ß-n-butylstemonamine (2), 3-n-butylneostemonine (3), 10-epi-3-n-butylneostemonine (4), 8-oxo-oxymaistemonine (5) protostemonine N4-oxide (6), (19S)-hydroxy-21-methoxystemofoline (7), and parvistemonine A (8), were isolated from the roots of Stemona parviflora, together with 17 known alkaloids. The structures of the new alkaloids were elucidated based on a comprehensive spectroscopic data analysis. The absolute configurations of 1-4 were determined by the ECD exciton chirality method and quantum ECD calculations. Protostemonine (10) and stemofoline (12) showed strong nematicidal activity against Panagrellus redivevus, with IC50 values of 0.10 and 0.46 µM, respectively.

Volvalerine A, an unprecedented N-containing sesquiterpenoid dimer derivative from Valeriana officinalis var. latifolia.

Volvalerine A (1), a novel N-containing bisesquiterpenoid derivative with a dihydroisoxazole ring, and its possible biosynthetic precursor, 1-hydroxy-1,11,11-trimethyldecahydrocyclopropane azulene-10-one (2), were isolated from the roots of Valeriana officinalis var. latifolia. Their structures and relative configurations were identified using spectroscopic data and X-ray crystallography. A plausible biosynthetic pathway for 1 is also presented.

[Effect of Naoxintong capsule on endothelial progenitor cell mobilization and homing following bone marrow transplantation in a mouse hind limb ischemia model].

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are precursor cells of endothelial cells. Signal molecules produced by ischemia and hypoxia can promote mobilization of bone marrow EPCs to peripheral circulation and formation of novel blood vessels in tissues that are damaged during heart attack. Naoxintong capsule (NXT) has the functions of promoting blood circulation, removing blood stasis, promoting the circulation of qi and relieving pain. The various components in NXT have protective effects on blood vessels and can effectively improve the symptoms of ischemia. However, its effect on EPCs is not clear. To study the intervention effect of NXT on mobilization and homing of peripheral blood EPCs, green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic mice were used for bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and then unilateral hind limb ischemia model (UHLI) were constructed. For BMT, wild-type ICR mice were irradiated by CS137 and then injected with 4×106 bone marrow cells isolated from GFP mice. The bone marrow reconstitution of recipients was assessed by quantification of GFP bone marrow-derived cells (BMDC) from transplanted mice 4 weeks after BMT. The UHLI model was duplicated by ligating femoral artery and divided into three groups: the model group, the NXT group (model+NXT) and the positive control group (model+simvastatin). Flow cytometry was used to detect the proportion of GFP positive cells and the peripheral blood EPCs levels at 1, 3, 7, 14 days before and after surgery. Ischemic tissue of gastrocnemius muscle was excised at 3 and 7 days after operation for immunofluorescence staining to detect the number of GFP+ cells. The bone marrow chimerism was achieved at day 28 after BMT. There was no significant difference in the percentage of GFP positive cells between BMT mice and GFP transgenic mice. NXT and simvastatin could significantly increase the number of peripheral blood EPCs 1,3 days after surgery. Three and seven days after operation, the number of homing EPCs was significantly higher in NXT group and positive control group than that in model group (P<0.001). In conclusion, NXT can obviously promote the mobilization and homing of EPCs.

[Preliminary investigation on mechanism of Naoxintong capsule's preventive treatment of cardio-cerebrovascular disease based on serum proteomics].

Naoxintong capsule has beneficial effects for activating blood circulation, dispersing blood stasis and dredging collateral. It is widely used in the treatment of coronary heart disease, angina pectoris, stroke and cardiovascular disease. However, the pharmacodynamic basis and possible mechanism of its preventive effects are not clear. In this study, 10 male and 10 female C57BL/6 mice were used, and were randomly divided into the control group (saline) and Naoxintong group. Adaptively fed for 7 days in common conditions, mice were given Naoxintong capsule or saline for 3 days via intragastric administration. Serum was collected from 6 mice in each group 1 h after the last administration. Serum proteins were prepared to do two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Then image analysis and mass spectrometry detection were carried out to screen and identify the differentially expressed proteins and make bioinformatics analysis. It was found that 24 differentially expressed proteins between Naoxintong group and control group. Compared with the control group, 12 proteins were increased, and 12 were decreased. The proteins were involved in apoptosis signal pathway and vascular endothelial growth factor signal transduction pathway, in which vasohibin-1 is a negative feedback regulation factor in angiogenesis. Western blot showed that the expression of vasohibin-1 in Naoxintong group was reduced, which is consistent with the result in two-dimensional electrophoresis. Serum proteins expression is different between Naoxintong and control groups. The targets of these differentially expressed proteins include endothelial cells, inflammatory cells and platelets. The changes on proteins showed that Naoxintong capsule may ameliorate coronary heart disease and ischemic cerebrovascular disease, and provide potential biological markers to prevent ischemic disease.

Two new guaiane sesquiterpenoids from Daphne holosericea (Diels) Hamaya.

Two new sesquiterpenoids with guaiane skeletons-holosericin A (1) and holosericin B (2)-were isolated from the medicinal plant Daphne holosericea (Diels) Hamawa (Thymelaeceae). Their structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D-NMR spectroscopy, as well as HR-ESI-MS data. Compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated for inhibitory activities against acetylcholinesterase and compound 2 showed a moderate activity with 31% inhibition.

Chemical constituents from the stems of Excoecaria acertiflia.

Six new compounds, including two diterpenoids excocarinols F and G (1 and 2, resp.), two carotane (daucane) sesquiterpenoids excoecafolinols A and B (3 and 4, resp.), one lignanoid compound, excoecanol A (5), and one simple phenol, excoecanol B (6), together with 17 known compounds, were isolated from the BuOH extract of Excoecaria acerifolia Didr. stems. Their structures were elucidated through the analysis of the spectroscopic data. The AChE-inhibitory activities of 17 compounds were evaluated and revealed that four of them possessed moderate inhibitory activities against AChE.

Terpenoids and their anti-feedant activity from Cipadessa cinerascens.

Eight tetranortriterpenoids (1-8) and two sesquiterpenoids (9 and 10) including two new compounds, cineracipadesin G (1) and 1ß-hydroperoxy-6α-hydroxy-eudesm-4(15)-ene (9), were isolated from the EtOAc extract of branches of Cipadessa cinerascens. The structures of two new compounds were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR and MS spectroscopic analyses. The anti-feedant activity of two tetranortriterpenoids (1 and 7) was tested and obvious anti-feedant effects were detected.

[Chemical constituents from Ganoderma philippii].

The chemical investigation on Ganoderma philippii led to the isolation of sixteen compounds by silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. On the basis of spectroscopic data analyses, their structures were elucidated as 2, 5-dihydroxyacetophenone (1), methyl gentisate (2), (S) -dimethyl malate (3), muurola-4, 10 (14) -dien-11beta-ol (4), dihydroepicubenol (5), 5-hydroxymethylfuran carboxaldehyde (6), ergosta-7, 22E-dien-3beta-ol (7), ergosta-7, 22E-dien-3-one (8), ergosta-7, 22E-diene-2beta, 3alpha, 9alpha-triol (9), 6/beta-methoxyergo-sta-7, 22E-dien-3beta, 5alpha-diol (10), ergosta-4, 6, 8(14), 22E-tetraen-3-one (11), ergosta4, 6, 8-(14), 22E-etetraen-3beta-ol (12), 5alpha, 8alpha-epidioxy-ergosta-6, 22E-dien-3beta-ol (13), 7alpha-methoxy-5alpha, 6alpha-epoxyergosta-8-(14), 22E-dien-3beta-ol (14), ergosta-8, 22E-diene-3beta, 5alpha, 6beta, 7alpha-tetraol (15), and ergosta-5, 23-dien-3beta-ol, acetate (16). All the compounds were obtained from this fungus for the first time, and compounds 4 and 5 were isolated from the Ganoderma genus for the first time.