Four new phenolic constituents from the roots of Rumex dentatus L.

Four new phenolic compounds, including two naphthalenes, musizin-8-O-ß-D-(6'-O-malonyl-3''-methoxy)glucopyranoside (1) and 2-acetyl-3-methyl-1,4-naphtho-quinone-8-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (2), one chromone, (2'R)-7-hydroxy-2-(2'-hydroxypropyl)-5-methyl acetate chromone (3), and one xanthone, 2,8-dimethyl-3,6-dihydroxyxanthone (4) were isolated from the roots of Rumex dentatus L. (Polygonaceae). In addition, five known including four naphthalenes (5-8) and one chromone (9) were also obtained. Their structures were determined by means of extensive spectroscopic analysis and acidic hydrolysis. Compound 1 showed moderate antifungal activity against Epidermophyton floccosum, with inhibitory rate of 39.539 ± 0.412% at a concentration of 100 µM.

Discovery of nontriterpenoids from the rot roots of Panax notoginseng with cytotoxicity and their molecular docking study and experimental validation.

Panax notoginseng (PN) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine, with dammarane-type triterpenoid saponins characterized as major component and active ingredients, together with amino acids, flavonoids, polysaccharides, and polyacetylenes. The roots of PN are susceptible to root rot disease, which causes a huge loss and changes in the chemical components of this precious resource. In this study, sub-fractions of rot PN root extracts were preliminarily found to have admirable cytotoxicity on two human cancer cells. Further bioassay-guided isolation discovered nine new non-triterpenoids, including two novel N-methylacetamido-1-oxotetrahydropyrimidine alkaloids (1, 2), five 2H-furanones or 2H-pyranones (3-7), and two polyacetylenic alcohols (8, 9). Their structures were illuminated by extensive spectroscopic data, calculated ECD, and X-ray diffraction analysis. Among them, 3-7 were considered to be transformed from panaxatriol through the intermediates (8, 9). The new alkaloids (1, 2) displayed noteworthy cytotoxicity against five human cancer cells with IC50 values ranging from 14 to 24 µM. In silico target prediction and molecular docking studies showed that 1 and 2 may interact with EGFR, and were verified by the experimental inhibitory effect on EGFR tyrosine kinase.

The genus Rumex (Polygonaceae): an ethnobotanical, phytochemical and pharmacological review.

Rumex L., a genus in Polygonaceae family with about 200 species, is growing widely around the world. Some Rumex species, called "sorrel" or "dock", have been used as food application and treatment of skin diseases and hemostasis after trauma by the local people of its growing areas for centuries. To date, 29 Rumex species have been studied to contain about 268 substances, including anthraquinones, flavonoids, naphthalenes, stilbenes, diterpene alkaloids, terpenes, lignans, and tannins. Crude extract of Rumex spp. and the pure isolates displayed various bioactivities, such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antioxidant, cardiovascular protection and antiaging activities. Rumex species have important potential to become a clinical medicinal source in future. This review covers research articles from 1900 to 2022, fetched from SciFinder, Web of Science, ResearchGate, CNKI and Google Scholar, using "Rumex" as a search term ("all fields") with no specific time frame set for the search. Thirty-five Rumex species were selected and summarized on their geographical distribution, edible parts, traditional uses, chemical research and pharmacological properties.

New ent-Kaurane and cleistanthane diterpenoids with potential cytotoxicity from Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels.

Six diterpenoids including three ent-kauranes (1-2, 4) and three cleistanthanes (3, 5-6) were isolated from the roots and stems of Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels. Of them, (16S)-ent-16,17,18-tri-hydroxy-19-nor-kaur-4-en-3-one (1), phyllanthone A (2), and 6-hydroxycleistanthol (3) are new compounds, while the ent-kaurane diterpenoids were reported from the titled plant for the first time. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of the extensive spectroscopic analyses. Compounds 2 and 4-6 displayed cytotoxic potential with IC50 values ranging from 1.96 to 29.15 µM. They also showed moderate anti-inflammatory activities (IC50 = 6.30-12.05 µM). Particularly, the new ent-kaurane 2 displayed cytotoxic potential against HL-60 (IC50 = 2.00 µM) and MCF-7 (IC50 = 3.55 µM) cells, and anti-inflammatory activity (IC50 = 6.47 µM).

Phyllaciduloids E and F, two new cleistanthane diterpenoids from the leaves of Phyllanthus acidus.

Phyllaciduloids E (1) and F (2), two new cleistanthane diterpenoids, were isolated from the leaves of Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels (Phyllanthaceae). Their planar structures were established by spectroscopic analysis and comparison with literature values. The relative configurations of phyllaciduloids E and F were confirmed by DFT-NMR chemical shift calculations and subsequent CP3 probability methods. Phyllaciduloids E and F were evaluated for their cytotoxicity. However, no significant activities were detected at concentrations up to 40 µM.[Formula: see text].

New degradation mechanism of black tea pigment theaflavin involving condensation with epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate.

Theanaphthoquinone (TNQ) is the initial and main oxidation product of theaflavin, a representative black tea pigment. Nevertheless, TNQ is virtually undetected in the high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of black tea leaves using photodiode array detection. To elucidate the degradation mechanism of theaflavin in the black tea production process, this study investigated the reaction of TNQ with epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCg), which is the most abundant polyphenol in tea leaves. In citrate-phosphate buffer solution at pH 6 and room temperature, TNQ reacted nonenzymatically with EGCg to afford three products, whose structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic data. The results indicated that the double bond of the ortho-naphthoquinone moiety in TNQ reacted with the autoxidation product of EGCg. This study demonstrates novel reactions occurring in the process of theaflavin degradation, which might be involved in the formation of thearubigins, the major black tea pigments composing oligomeric catechin oxidation products.

New cytotoxic dichapetalins in the leaves of Phyllanthus acidus: Identification, quantitative analysis, and preliminary toxicity assessment.

The young leaves of Phyllanthus acidus (Euphorbiaceae) are commonly used as edible vegetables in Indonesia, Thailand, and India, and their water infusions as dieting aids for people trying to remain slim. However, it is regarded as a poisonous plant in Malaya, and current researches are insufficient to provide a conclusion on its toxicity and safety under large doses. In this study, we firstly found that the refined nonpolar extracts of P. acidus leaves showed significant cytotoxic effect against BEAS-2B and L02 normal cell lines with IC50 values of 2.15 and 1.64 mg/mL, respectively. Further bioactivity-guided isolation produced four new rare dichapetalins (pacidusins A-D) from the most active fraction. Their structures including absolute configurations were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic data and X-ray diffraction analysis. All the isolated dichapetalins exhibited moderate cytotoxicity against, BEAS-2B and L02 normal cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 12.44 to 22.55 µM, as well as five human cancer cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 3.38 to 22.38 µM. Furthermore, the content of the main dichapetalins in the leaves were determined by analytical HPLC, which showed that the leaves contained a very high amount of the four isolated dichapetalins with a total yield of 0.488 mg/g of dry plant material. These toxic dichapetalins may lead to adverse health effects in higher doses. Our findings indicate that the dichapetalin containing leaves may not be suitable for consumption in large quantities as food, but demonstrate their potency as anti-cancer agents for new drug discovery.

The chromosome-level reference genome of Coptis chinensis provides insights into genomic evolution and berberine biosynthesis.

Coptis chinensis Franch, a perennial herb, is mainly distributed in southeastern China. The rhizome of C. chinensis has been used as a traditional medicine for more than 2000 years in China and many other Asian countries. The pharmacological activities of C. chinensis have been validated by research. Here, we present a de novo high-quality genome of C. chinensis with a chromosome-level genome of ~958.20 Mb, a contig N50 of 1.58 Mb, and a scaffold N50 of 4.53 Mb. We found that the relatively large genome size of C. chinensis was caused by the amplification of long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons. In addition, a whole-genome duplication event in ancestral Ranunculales was discovered. Comparative genomic analysis revealed that the tyrosine decarboxylase (TYDC) and (S)-norcoclaurine synthase (NCS) genes were expanded and that the aspartate aminotransferase gene (ASP5) was positively selected in the berberine metabolic pathway. Expression level and HPLC analyses showed that the berberine content was highest in the roots of C. chinensis in the third and fourth years. The chromosome-level reference genome of C. chinensis provides important genomic data for molecular-assisted breeding and active ingredient biosynthesis.

Multiple in vitro biological effects of phenolic compounds from Terminalia chebula var. tomentella.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Terminalia chebula (TC), a well-known Indian Ayurvedic medicine introduced into China in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, has been recorded and used medicinally as Fructus Chebulae, together with its variety tomentella (TCT) in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. They have been also used commonly for the treatment of diabetes mellitus by Tibetan medicine. AIM OF THE STUDY: To investigate the main bioactive and therapeutic principles in the fruits of TCT, based on the extensive evaluation of their anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The TCT fresh fruits were analyzed by HPLC and separated further by column chromatography and preparative HPLC. The isolated compounds were identified by extensive spectroscopic analyses, including 1D/2D NMR, MS, UV, IR and ECD. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by inhibition of NO production in RAW264.7 cells. The specific iNOS (PDB ID: 3E7G) structure was prepared by Discovery Studio 4.0, and the molecular docking simulation was performed on GOLD (version 5.2.2). Hypoglycemic activity was measured using the substrate solution of 4-nitrophenyl-α-d-glucopyranoside enzyme and buffer solution. RESULTS: The HPLC analysis method of polyphenols in the fruits of TCT was established, and 13 main chromatographic peaks were identified, including six hydrolyzable tannins (2, 4-7, 10-11), three simple phenols (12-14), and one oleanane pentacyclic triterpene, arjungenin. Extensive chromatographic separation of TCT fresh fruits yielded 14 compounds, including one new natural hydrolyzable tannin, 2,3-(S)-HHDP-6-O-galloyl-d-glucose (1). The known compounds were identified as 10 hydrolyzable tannins (2-11) and three simple phenols (12-14). Compounds 10 (IC50 = 36.43 ± 0.21 µM), 11 (IC50 = 42.28 ± 0.09 µM) displayed stronger NO inhibitory activity than the positive control L-NMMA (IC50 = 42.34 ± 0.66 µM), while 2, 4, and 9 showed moderate inhibitory activity against NO production. Further molecular docking simulation of specific iNOS on 10 and 11, as well as five previously isolated lignans 15-19 showed that there were no obvious rules between docking results and the in vitro NO inhibitory activity for hydrolyzable tannins (10 and 11), while the mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity for lignans was related to the substitution of conjugated aldehyde groups. Moreover, most of the hydrolyzable tannins (1-2, 4-5, 9-11) and simple phenol (12) displayed stronger inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase than the positive control, quercetin (IC50 = 6.118 ± 0.071 µM), with IC50 values ranging from 0.079 to 16.494 µM. Among these bioactive isolates, the hydrolyzable tannins 2, 4-5, and 9-11, and simple phenol 12 are major chemical components in TCT fruit. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that lignans and hydrolyzed tannins are the main active ingredients of TCT fruits, responsible for the traditional treatment of sore throat and cough. Moreover, hydrolyzed tannins and simple phenolic compounds with potential hypoglycemic activity are closely related to the ethno-pharmacological uses of TCT fruits on diabetes in Tibetan medicine.

Previously undescribed pyridyl-steroidal glycoalkaloids and 23S,26R-hydroxylated spirostanoid saponin from the fruits of Solanum violaceum ortega and their bioactivities.

Three previously undescribed pyridyl-steroidal glycoalkaloids, solanindiosides A‒C, one rare 23S,26R-hydroxylated spirostanoid saponin, and two steroidal alkaloid aglycones, solanindins A and B, derived from the acid hydrolysis of solanindiosides A‒C, were isolated from the fruits of Solanum violaceum, together with five known analogues, including two rare steroidal glycosides, two lignans and a diterpene. Structurally, they comprise a 16ß-methoxy-23-deoxy-22,26-epimino-cholest-type skeleton moiety, and a 16ß-methoxy-3,23-dideoxy-22,26-epimino-cholest-3,5-dien derivative. The hitherto undescribed structures were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses. Configurations of sugar moieties were resolved by chemical derivations. Solanindiosides A‒C, (22R,23S,25R,26R)-spirost-5-ene-3ß,23,26-triol3-O-ß-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)-ß-d-glucopyranoside, solanindins A and B, and (1S,2S)-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-[2-methoxy-4-[(2S,3R,4R)-tetrahydro-4-[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furanyl]phenoxy]-1,3-propanediol were evaluated for their cytotoxic and antibacterial activities. (1S,2S)-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-[2-methoxy-4-[(2S,3R,4R)-tetrahydro-4-[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furanyl]phenoxy]-1,3-propanediol showed the most potent cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 cells (IC50 = 4.386 ± 0.098 µM), while solanindin B displayed some inhibitory effects against Staphylococcus aureus Rosenbach with MIC50 value of 37.32 ± 0.793 µM. In addition, (1S,2S)-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-[2-methoxy-4-[(2S,3R,4R)-tetrahydro-4-[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furanyl]phenoxy]-1,3-propanediol induced dose dependent apoptosis effect in MCF-7 cells.

Phyllanthacidoid U: a new N-glycosyl norbisabolane sesquiterpene from Phyllanthus acidus (L.) skeels.

A novel highly oxygenated norbisabolane sesquiterpene, namely phyllanthacidoid U (1), along with nine known sesquiterpenes (2-10) was isolated from the roots and stems of Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels (Phyllanthaceae), collected from Xishuangbanna, Yunnan province, China. Their structures were elucidated by means of extensive spectroscopic analysis and by comparison of their data with reported values in literatures. Instead of the C-13 ester O-glycosyl found mostly in the titled plant growing in Thailand, compound 1 possessed a rare N-ß-glucosamine-2-N-acetate moiety linked directly to the carbonyl at C-13 through an amido bond. Moreover, the acyl group at C-10 in 1 was (Z)-2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-pent-2-enedioyl group, instead of benzoic or p-hydroxybenzoic moieties found commonly in the reported norbisabolane sesquiterpenes. The known sesquiterpene 5 displayed stronger anti hepatitis B virus (HBV) activity with IC50 values of 1.69 ± 0.22 and 2.79 ± 0.69 µM towards HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBV excreted antigen (HBeAg) secretion, respectively.

Phyllanacidins A-C, three new cleistanthane diterpenoids from Phyllanthus acidus and their cytotoxicities.

Phytochemical investigation on the nonpolar extracts of P. acidus leaves afforded three new cleistanthane diterpenoids, named phyllanacidins A-C (1-3), in addition to three known ones (4-6). Among them, compounds 2 and 3 represent the first examples of 17-nor cleistanthane diterpenoids. Their structures including absolute configurations were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic data and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. All the isolated cleistanthane diterpenoids were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against five human cancer cell lines. Compounds 4-6 exhibited moderate cytotoxicity with IC50 values ranging from 16.11 to 30.82 µM.

New Flavoalkaloids with Potent α-Glucosidase and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activities from Yunnan Black Tea 'Jin-Ya'.

As a subgroup of flavoalkaloids, N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinone substituted flavan-3-ols are reported to possess various biological activities that may play important roles in the beneficial healthcare functions of tea. The HPLC and LC-MS analyses showed the existence of N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinone substituted flavan-3-ols in 'Jin-Ya', which is a Yunnan black tea produced only from the buds of the tea plant Camellia sinensis var. assamica. Further phytochemical study on this precious black tea led to the identification of 8 flavoalkaloids, 1-8, along with 11 known flavan-3-ols (9-14) and flavonol glycosides (15-19). The new compounds, (-)-6-(5″S)-N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinone-epiafzelechin (1), (-)-8-(5″R)-N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinone-epiafzelechin-3-O-gallate (2a), and (-)-8-(5″S)-N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinone-epiafzelechin-3-O-gallate (2b), were identified based on extensive spectroscopic analysis. Flavoalkaloids 2-6 showed inhibitory activity on α-glucosidase with IC50 values ranging from 2.09 to 8.47 µM, compared to those of quercetin and acarbose (IC50 = 6.87 and 228.9 µM, respectively). Moreover, compounds 2, 3, and 6 displayed an inhibitory effect on acetyl-cholinesterase with IC50 values of 14.23, 33.79, and 34.82 µM, respectively, compared to tacrine (IC50 = 0.223 µM).

Termitomenins A-E: Five new lignans from Terminalia chebula var. tomentella (Kurz) C. B. Clarke.

An elaborated phytochemical study on the fresh fruits of Terminalia chebula var. tomentella (Combretaceae) led to the isolation of five new lignans, including three tetrahydrofuran (1-3) and two furofuran (4 and 5) derivatives, namely termitomenins A-E (1-5), along with 10 known ones. All of them were obtained from the titled plant for the first time. Their structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis, including 1D/2D NMR, MS, UV, IR, electronic circular dichroism (ECD), time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculation of ECD spectra, and single crystal X-ray diffraction in case of 3. Compounds 1-15 exhibited certain anti-inflammatory activities. Interestingly, compounds 6 (IC50 = 18.17 ± 0.57  µM) and 7 (IC50 = 13.66 ± 0.38 µM) which contain an aldehyde group displayed stronger NO inhibitory activity than the positive control L-NMMA (IC50 = 42.34 ± 0.66 µM).

Triterpenoid saponins with hepatoprotective effects from the fresh leaves of Metapanax delavayi.

The fresh leaves of Metapanax delavayi (Araliaceae) have been used as a common wild vegetable for salad and soup, and also herbal tea by the local people living in its growing areas of Yunnan province, China. Detailed chemical investigation led to the identification of a new triterpenoid saponin, 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-28-O-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-O-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-3ß-hydroxyolean-12-ene-28,29-dioic acid (1) from the fresh leaves, together with 11 known compounds, including six triterpenoid saponins (2-7), two caffeoylquinic acid derivatives (8-9), and three flavonoid glycosides (10-12). Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and acidic hydrolysis. Compounds 3-5 and 8-12 were isolated from M. delavayi for the first time. Moreover, the known saponins 3-O-ß-D-xylopyranosyl-3ß-hydroxyolean-12-ene-28,29-dioic acid (3) and yiyeliangwanoside IV (5) exhibited protective effects on HepG2 cells damaged by the alcohol intakes, at a concentration of 1.0 µg/mL. The results indicated M. delavayi is an ideal dietary vegetable and herbal tea with potential hepatoprotective activity.[Formula: see text].

A new methylene bisflavan-3-ol from the branches and leaves of Potentilla fruticosa.

Dasiphora fruticosa L. (Rosaceae), also known as Potentilla fruticosa L. (syn.), is a hardy deciduous shrub widely distributed in the north temperate regions of the world. Three methylene bisflavan-3-ols (1-3), together with a procyanidin dimer, (-)-afzelechin-(4α→8)-(-)-afzelechin (4) were isolated for the first time from the branches and leaves of the titled plant, in addition to 11 known compounds (5-15). Their structures were elucidated by means of extensive spectroscopic analysis and by comparison with data reported in the literatures. Methylene 6,8-bis(7-O-glucosyl) catechin (1) was determined to be a new dimeric flavan-3-ol glycoside through a methylene linkage between C-8 and C-8 of two units. At a concentration of 128 µg/mL, the known compounds 9 - 13 exhibited antibacterial activities on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Compound 12 also showed certain glucose uptake stimulating activity.

Two new 23S,26R-hydroxylated spirostanoid saponins from the fruits of Solanum indicum var. recurvatum.

Solanum indicum var. recurvatum, distributed mainly in Hekou, Simao and Menghai areas of Yunnan province, China, is characterized by stellate pubescent leaves with irregular lengths and oblong, short, and downwardly curved anthers. The original species, S. indicum, has been used as an anti-inflammatory, wound-healing agent, an analgesic, and for the treatment of rhinitis, cough, and breast cancer in Chinese folk medicine. The variety was chemically studied for the first time, leading to the isolation of two new rare 23S,26R-hydroxylated spirostanoid saponins, together with five known steroidal components, two of which the rare natural ketosteroids 6-hydroxyandrosta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione and rostadienedione have been isolated from the genus Solanum for the first time. Elucidation of the structures was accomplished by extensive 1D and 2D NMR, UV, and HRESIMS spectroscopic methods.

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of fractions and compound from Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill.).

Medicinal plants have been documented over the years to play vital role in promoting human health. The study evaluated the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities of different fractions and isolated compound from Ricinodendron heudelotii leaves. The leaves of Ricinodendron heudelotii were extracted with ethanol and further partitioned sequentially using petroleum ether, ethylacetate and butanol. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the ethylacetate fraction was done using repeated column chromatographic technique while the structural elucidation of pure compound was carried out using mass spectra, 13C and 1H NMR analyses. Antioxidant potential of the fractions and isolated compound were evaluated with 2,2-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assays and anti-inflammatory effect of fractions was measured by their inhibitory potency on nitric oxide (NO). Corilagin, an amorphous tannin was isolated and structurally elucidated. Corilagin showed scavenging effect against ABTS and DPPH radicals which vary in a dose dependent manner. It also showed an antioxidant potential with IC50 value of 0.003 mg/mL comparable to vitamin C 0.001 mg/mL) used as standard. The butanol and ethylacetate fractions exhibited significant (p < 0.05) NO inhibition of 60 and 69% respectively after treatment of RAW 264.7 macrophages with lipopolysaccharide. These results demonstrated the role of isolated corilagin as a promising potent antioxidant while the ethylacetate and butanol fractions suppressed the expression of an inflammation mediator by inhibiting nitric oxide.

The Genus Terminalia (Combretaceae): An Ethnopharmacological, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review.

Terminalia Linn, a genus of mostly medium or large trees in the family Combretaceae with about 250 species in the world, is distributed mainly in southern Asia, Himalayas, Madagascar, Australia, and the tropical and subtropical regions of Africa. Many species are used widely in many traditional medicinal systems, e.g., traditional Chinese medicine, Tibetan medicine, and Indian Ayurvedic medicine practices. So far, about 39 species have been phytochemically studied, which led to the identification of 368 compounds, including terpenoids, tannins, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, simple phenolics and so on. Some of the isolates showed various bioactivities, in vitro or in vivo, such as antitumor, anti HIV-1, antifungal, antimicrobial, antimalarial, antioxidant, diarrhea and analgesic. This review covers research articles from 1934 to 2018, retrieved from SciFinder, Wikipedia, Google Scholar, Chinese Knowledge Network and Baidu Scholar by using "Terminalia" as the search term ("all fields") with no specific time frame setting for the search. Thirty-nine important medicinal and edible Terminalia species were selected and summarized on their geographical distribution, traditional uses, phytochemistry and related pharmacological activities.

The Genus Solanum: An Ethnopharmacological, Phytochemical and Biological Properties Review.

Over the past 30 years, the genus Solanum has received considerable attention in chemical and biological studies. Solanum is the largest genus in the family Solanaceae, comprising of about 2000 species distributed in the subtropical and tropical regions of Africa, Australia, and parts of Asia, e.g., China, India and Japan. Many of them are economically significant species. Previous phytochemical investigations on Solanum species led to the identification of steroidal saponins, steroidal alkaloids, terpenes, flavonoids, lignans, sterols, phenolic comopunds, coumarins, amongst other compounds. Many species belonging to this genus present huge range of pharmacological activities such as cytotoxicity to different tumors as breast cancer (4T1 and EMT), colorectal cancer (HCT116, HT29, and SW480), and prostate cancer (DU145) cell lines. The biological activities have been attributed to a number of steroidal saponins, steroidal alkaloids and phenols. This review features 65 phytochemically studied species of Solanum between 1990 and 2018, fetched from SciFinder, Pubmed, ScienceDirect, Wikipedia and Baidu, using "Solanum" and the species' names as search terms ("all fields").