The traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties of Paris L. (Liliaceae): A review.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Paris L. (Liliaceae) consisted of 33 species, of which the study focused on Paris polyphylla Smith, P. polyphylla var. chinensis (Franch.) Hara, and P. polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis (Franch.) Hand. -Mazz. Due of course to the good effects of analgesia and hemostasis, it was traditionally used to treat trauma by folk herbalists. AIM OF THIS REVIEW: This study summarized the traditional uses, distributions, phytochemical components, pharmacological properties, and toxicity evaluation of the genus Paris, and reviewed the economic value of cultivate P. polyphylla. This aim was that of providing a new and comprehensive recognition of these medicinal plants for the further utilization of Paris plants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The literature about traditional and folk uses of genus Paris was obtained from Duxiu Search, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). The other literature about genus Paris was searched online on Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, Scifinder database, and Springer research. The Scientific Database of China Plant Species (DCP) (http://db.kib.ac.cn/Default.aspx) databases were used to check the scientific names and provide species, varieties, and distribution of genus Paris. The botany studies information of genus Paris was available online from Plant Plus of China (www.iplant.cn). All the molecular structures of chemical compounds displayed in the text were produced by ChemBioDraw Ultra 14.0. RESULTS: The plants of genus Paris, containing about 33 species and 15 varieties, are mainly distributed in Southwest China (Yunnan, Sichuan, and Guizhou provinces). More than 320 chemical components have been isolated from genus Paris since 2020, including steroidal saponins, C-21 steroids, phytosterols, insect hormones, pentacyclic triterpenes, flavonoids, and other compounds. Arrays of pharmacological investigations revealed that compounds and extracts of Paris species possess a wide spectrum of pharmacological effects, such as antitumor, cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antifungal, hemostatic, and anti-inflammatory activities. The studies about toxicity evaluation suggested that Rhizome Paridis had slight liver toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: The dried rhizomes of P. polyphylla, P. polyphylla var. chinensis, and P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis were used to treat wound, bleeding, and stomachache, etc. in folk medicine. Phytochemistry researches showed that different species had pretty similarities especially in terms of chemical constituents. Pharmacological studies witnessed that Rhizome Paridis has various activities. Among these activities, steroidal saponins were the main active ingredients. Furthermore, an important aspect responsible for increasing interest in genus Paris is the use of antifertility-nonhormonal contraceptives by women. Also, the development of TCM (Traditional Chinese medicine) planting industry can improve the income of ethnic minorities and promote economic development.

Inhibitory Effect of Weichang'an Granule on Invasion and Metastasis of MKN45 Cells in Human Gastric Cancer by RUFY3 / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To explore the molecular mechanism of spleen-strengthening traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） Weichang'an granule in inhibiting the invasion and metastasis of human gastric cancer MKN45 cells. Method:MKN45 cells were cultured <italic>in vitro</italic> and incubated with different concentrations（600， 900， 1 200， 1 500 mg·L^-1）of Weichang'an granule for 24， 48， 72 h. Cell counting kit-8 （CCK-8） assay was used to detect its effect on the cell proliferation. Western blot was used to detect the expression of RUN and FYVE domain containing 3（RUFY3） in normal gastric mucosa cells and different gastric cancer cell lines. The expression of RUFY3 in the gastric cancer cells after Weichang'an granule intervention （600， 900， 1 200 mg·L^-1） was detected by Western blot. Lentivirus transfection technique was used to achieve the stable and silenced expression of RUFY3 in gastric cancer MKN45 cells. Transwell assay was used to evaluate the influence of Weichang'an granule and silenced RUFY3 on the metastasis and invasion ability of MKN45. E-cadherin，N-cadherin，Vimentin，Zinc-finger transcription factor （SNAIL1 and SNAIL2） protein expression levels were detected by Western blot. Result:RUFY3 expression in human gastric cancer cells was significantly higher than that in normal gastric mucosa．The protein expression of RUFY3 in MKN45 cells of silenced RUFY3 group was significantly lower than that in Lentivirus negative group （<italic>P</italic><0.01）． Weichang'an granule inhibited the expression of RUFY3 in human MKN45 gastric cancer cells （<italic>P</italic><0.05， <italic>P</italic><0.01） in a concentration-dependent manner. As compared with the blank group， both Weichang'an granule and silenced RUFY3 inhibited the metastasis and invasion ability of MKN45 （<italic>P</italic><0.01）. After Weichang'an granule and silenced RUFY3 treatment， the protein expression of epithelial marker gene E-cadherin was up-regulated （<italic>P</italic><0.01）， the protein expression of Vimentin and N-cadherin decreased， but with no statistical difference，while SNAIL1 and SNAIL2 were both significantly down-regulated （<italic>P</italic><0.01）. Conclusion:By targeting RUFY3 to regulate epithelial mesenchymal transformation， the spleen-strengthening TCM compound Weichang'an granule can inhibit the invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer.

Comparable outcomes among unmanipulated haploidentical, matched unrelated, and matched sibling donors in BU-based myeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for intermediate and adverse risk acute myeloid leukemia in complete remission: a single-center study.

There are a limited number of studies comparing outcomes of busulfan (BU)-based myeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation using unmanipulated haploidentical donors (HIDs), HLA-matched unrelated donors (MUDs), and HLA-matched sibling related donors (MSDs) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients with complete remission (CR) status. With this background, we compared outcomes among 377 cases of CR following consecutive HID-HSCT for AML (CR) to 86 MUD and 92 MSD-HSCT cases. All patients received BU-based myeloablative conditioning and an unmanipulated graft within the same period. The median patient age was 23 years (range 1.1 to 65 years), and 230 patients (41.4%) were under age18. Among the 555 patients, 432 (77.8%) were of intermediate cytogenetic risk and 123 (22.2%) were of adverse risk. A total of 113 patients (20.5%) had FLT3-ITD+ AML, 425 patients (76.6%) were in first complete remission (CR1) post-transplant, and 130 (23.4%) patients were in second CR (CR2). GVHD prophylaxis included mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), cyclosporine-A (CSA) with short-term methotrexate (MTX) for HID, and MUD-HSCT. MMF is not used for MSD-HSCT. The median survival follow-up time was 42 months (range 18-91 months). The 3-year leukemia-free survival (LFS) among the HID, MUD, and MSD cohorts was 73.8% ± 4.8%, 66.4% ± 8.5%, 74.5% ± 2.4%, respectively (P = 0.637). Three-year overall survival (OS) was 74.9% ± 2.4%, 81.8% ± 4.3%, and 77.5% ± 4.5% among the HID, MUD, and MSD cohorts, respectively (P = 0.322). There were no difference among the relapse rate among the HID, MUD, and MSD donor cohorts (14.3% ± 4.0% vs 20.3% ± 6.4% vs 14.5% ± 2.2, respectively; P = 0.851) or the non-relapse mortality (NRM) (12.3% ± 3.5% vs 9.5% ± 3.2% vs 14.0% ± 1.8%, respectively; P = 0.441). Multivariate analyses showed that MRD-positive pre-HSCT was the only risk factor associated with a lower OS and LFS and higher risk of relapse among all 555 patients. Compared with the use of a MUD or MSD, an HID for HSCT had similar outcomes among AML patients with CR states who underwent an allo-HSCT with BU-based myeloablative conditioning. MFC-MRD-positive pre-HSCT was an independent negative factor impact on outcomes for AML patients in CR. We conclude that for AML patients who do not have a MSD or if an urgent transplant is required, HSCT from an HID is a valid option.

Berberine attenuates ischemia-reperfusion injury through inhibiting HMGB1 release and NF-κB nuclear translocation.

Inflammatory damage plays an important role in cerebral ischemic pathogenesis and represents a new target for treatment of stroke. Berberine is a natural medicine with multiple beneficial biological activities. In this study, we explored the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective action of berberine in mice subjected transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). Male mice were administered berberine (25, 50 mg/kg/d, intragastric; i.g.), glycyrrhizin (50 mg/kg/d, intraperitoneal), or berberine (50 mg/kg/d, i.g.) plus glycyrrhizin (50 mg/kg/d, intraperitoneal) for 14 consecutive days before tMCAO. The neurological deficit scores were evaluated at 24 h after tMCAO, and then the mice were killed to obtain the brain samples. We showed that pretreatment with berberine dose-dependently decreased the infarct size, neurological deficits, hispathological changes, brain edema, and inflammatory mediators in serum and ischemic cortical tissue. We revealed that pretreatment with berberine significantly enhanced uptake of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose of ischemic hemisphere comparing with the vehicle group at 24 h after stroke. Furthermore, pretreatment with berberine dose-dependently suppressed the nuclear-to cytosolic translocation of high-mobility group box1 (HMGB1) protein, the cytosolic-to nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and decreased the expression of TLR4 in ischemic cortical tissue. Moreover, co-administration of glycyrrhizin and berberine exerted more potent suppression on the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB pathway than berberine or glycyrrhizin administered alone. These results demonstrate that berberine protects the brain from ischemia-reperfusion injury and the mechanism may rely on its anti-inflammatory effects mediated by suppressing the activation of HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB signaling.

Quantitative and Qualitative Characterization of Gentiana rigescens Franch (Gentianaceae) on Different Parts and Cultivations Years by HPLC and FTIR Spectroscopy.

Gentiana rigescens Franch (Gentianaceae) is a famous medicinal plant for treatments of rheumatism, convulsion, and jaundice. Comprehensive investigation of different parts and cultivation years of this plant has not yet been conducted. This study presents the quantitative and qualitative characterization of iridoid glycosides from G. rigescens performed by HPLC and FTIR spectroscopy techniques. The accumulations of loganic acid, swertiamarin, gentiopicroside, and sweroside were determined. Results indicated that their content and distribution in different parts and cultivation years exhibit great variations. Gentiopicroside was identified as the most abundant compound among iridoid glycosides and its highest level was observed in the root of 2-year-old plant. With respect to qualitative variation of metabolic profile, the 1800-800 cm-1 band of FTIR spectra successfully discriminated different parts and cultivation years with the aid of PLS-DA. In addition, combined with PLSR, the feasibility of FTIR spectroscopy for determination of gentiopicroside was investigated by selecting characteristic wavelengths (1800-800 cm-1), which presented a good performance with a residual predictive deviation (RPD) of 3.646. Our results suggested that HPLC and FTIR techniques can complement each other and could be simultaneously applied for comparing and analyzing different parts and cultivation years of G. rigescens.

Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of the Genus Swertia (Gentianaceae): A Review.

Swertia plants have been considered to be medicinal plants useful for the treatment of various ailments for thousands of years, especially in Asian countries. This is due to the broad variety of chemical compounds that provide multiple ligands for bonding to different endogenous biomacromolecules for patients. Chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Swertia plants are summarized in this paper. Approximately 419 metabolites and 40 bioactive compounds have been reported from 30 Swertia species, including xanthones, flavonoids, seco-iridiods, iridiods, triterpenoids, alkaloids, volatiles, and other secondary metabolites. The bioactivities of Swertia plants include anticarcinogenic, hepatoprotective, anti-oxidant, hypoglycemic, anthelmintic, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-diabetic, gut, and airways modulatory, metabolizing isozymes inhibitory, neuroprotective, HIV-I reverse transcriptases inhibitory, anticholinergic, and CNS-depressant activities, etc. In addition, biosynthetic pathways of xanthones, and seco-iridiods, two most important secondary metabolites for Swertia, are elucidated. The xanthones biosynthetic pathway is a mixed biosynthetic pathway involved the shikimate and the malonate routes, and the seco-iridoid pathway starts with geraniol derived from IPP which is produced either via the MEP or the MVA pathway. This review will offer a reference for future researches on the protection of natural resources, the investigation of therapeutic basis, new drug development, and so forth. Metabolic pathways of some crucial active compounds were also discussed in this review.

[Study on Different Parts of Wild and Cultivated Gentiana Rigescens with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy].

The application of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and their preparations have a long history. With the deepening of the research, the market demand is increasing. However, wild resources are so limited that it can not meet the needs of the market. The development of wild and cultivated samples and research on accumulation dynamics of chemical component are of great significance. In order to compare composition difference of different parts (root, stem, and leaf) of wild and cultivated G. rigescens, Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and second derivative spectra were used to analyze and evaluate. The second derivative spectra of 60 samples and the rate of affinity (the match values) were measured automatically using the appropriate software (Omnic 8.0). The results showed that the various parts of wild and cultivated G. rigescens. were high similar the peaks at 1732, 1 643, 1 613, 1 510, 1 417, 1 366, 1 322, 1 070 cm(-1) were the characteristic peak of esters, terpenoids and saccharides, respectively. Moreover, the shape and peak intensity were more distinct in the second derivative spectrum of samples. In the second derivative spectrum range of 1 800-600 cm(-1), the fingerprint characteristic peak of samples and gentiopicroside standards were 1 679, 1 613, 1 466, 1 272, 1 204, 1 103, 1 074, 985, 935 cm(-1). The characteristic peak intensity of gentiopicroside of roots of wild and cultivated samples at 1 613 cm(-1) (C-C) was higher than stems and leaves which indicated the higher content of gentiopicroside in root than in stem and leaves. Stems of wild samples at 1 521, 1 462 and 1 452 cm(-1) are the skeletal vibration peak of benzene ring of lignin, and the stem of cultivated sample have stronger peak than other samples which showed that rich lignin in stems. The iInfrared spectrum of samples were similar with the average spectral of root of wild samples, and significant difference was found for the correlation between second derivative spectrum of samples and average spectral of wild samples root, and the sequence of similarity was root > stem > leaf. Therefore, FTIR combined with second derivative spectra was an express and comprehensive approach to analyze and evaluate in the imperceptible differences among different parts of wild and cultivated of G. rigescens.

[Analysis and Discrimination of the Medicinal Plants Swertia Davidi Franch Based on Infrared Spectroscopy].

Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy combined with partial least squares discriminate analysis (PLS-DA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were used to rapidly discriminate the Swertia davidi Franch which collected from different origins. The original infrared spectra data of different parts of all the 70 samples which collected from four different regions were preprocessed by automatic calibration, automatic smoothing, the first derivative and the,second derivative. Then the processed data were imported into OMNIC 8.2 and the absorption peaks were compared; PLS-DA was performed by SIMCA-P⁺ 10.0 and the effect of discrimination of different origins was compared by 3D score plot of the first three principal components; the infrared spectral data were imported into SPSS 19. 0 for HCA to compare classification results of different parts by the dendrogram. The results showed that: (1) There were differences among the spectra of the roots of different origins in the spectral peaks in 1,739, 1,647, 1,614, 1,503, 1,271, 1,243, 1,072 cm⁻¹. The spectra of the stems of different origins showed differentiation in the wavelength in 1 503, 1 270, 1 246 cm⁻¹; (2) The characteristic peaks of different parts of the same origin were different; (3) PLS-DA indicated that the data which were processed by automatic correction, automatic smoothing and second derivative have showed the best classification. In addition, the discrimination of roots which collected from different origins could be the best; (4) Tree diagram of HCA showed that the accuracy rate of cluster in roots, stems and leaves were 83%, 56%, and 70%, respectively. In conclusion: FTIR combined with PLS-DA and HCA can rapidly and accurately differentiate S. davidi that collected from different origins, the origin discrimination effect of different parts was clearly different that the classification of roots is the best, the second derivative could enhance the specificity of the samples, the classification in 3D score plot could be visualized and obvious.

[Study on Application of NIR Spectral Information Screening in Identification of Maca Origin].

Medicinal and edible plant Maca is rich in various nutrients and owns great medicinal value. Based on near infrared diffuse reflectance spectra, 139 Maca samples collected from Peru and Yunnan were used to identify their geographical origins. Multiplication signal correction (MSC) coupled with second derivative (SD) and Norris derivative filter (ND) was employed in spectral pretreatment. Spectrum range (7,500-4,061 cm⁻¹) was chosen by spectrum standard deviation. Combined with principal component analysis-mahalanobis distance (PCA-MD), the appropriate number of principal components was selected as 5. Based on the spectrum range and the number of principal components selected, two abnormal samples were eliminated by modular group iterative singular sample diagnosis method. Then, four methods were used to filter spectral variable information, competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS), monte carlo-uninformative variable elimination (MC-UVE), genetic algorithm (GA) and subwindow permutation analysis (SPA). The spectral variable information filtered was evaluated by model population analysis (MPA). The results showed that RMSECV(SPA) > RMSECV(CARS) > RMSECV(MC-UVE) > RMSECV(GA), were 2. 14, 2. 05, 2. 02, and 1. 98, and the spectral variables were 250, 240, 250 and 70, respectively. According to the spectral variable filtered, partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was used to build the model, with random selection of 97 samples as training set, and the other 40 samples as validation set. The results showed that, R²: GA > MC-UVE > CARS > SPA, RMSEC and RMSEP: GA < MC-UVE < CARS

Evaluation and quantitative analysis of different growth periods of herb-arbor intercropping systems using HPLC and UV-vis methods coupled with chemometrics.

As a result of the pressure from population explosion, agricultural land resources require further protecting and rationally utilizing. Intercropping technique has been widely applied for agricultural production to save cultivated area, improve crop quality, and promote agriculture economy. In this study, we employed high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis) combined with chemometrics for determination and qualitative evaluation of several kinds of intercropping system with Gentiana rigescens Franch. ex Hemsl. (GR), which is used as an hepatic protector in local communities in China. Results revealed that GR in a Camellia sinensis intercropping system contained most gentiopicroside, sweroside, and total active constituents (six chemical indicators), whose content reached 91.09 ± 3.54, 1.03 ± 0.06, and 104.05 ± 6.48 mg g(-1), respectively. The two applied quantitative and qualitative methods reciprocally verified that GR with 2 years of growth period performed better in terms of quality than 1 year, collectively.

Chemotaxonomic Studies of Nine Gentianaceae Species from Western China Based on Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy.

INTRODUCTION: Gentianaceae species which widely occur all over the world are used as folk medicine and raw food material with bitter properties. Although comparative analysis on metabolites in several Gentianaceae species has been reported, metabolic similarities used for chemotaxonomic studies are not yet clear. OBJECTIVE: To systematically characterise the variations of holistic metabolome and characteristic metabolites (iridoid glycosides and phenols) in nine Gentianaceae species from western China. METHODOLOGY: Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was applied to determine the variations of holistic metabolome. A targeted metabolic profiling using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was established for determination of seven characteristic metabolites and identification of their derivatives. Both FT-IR and LC-MS/MS data were subjected to chemometrics analysis for exploring variations in iridoid glycosides and phenols within these species. RESULTS: Holistic metabolome in genera Gentiana and Swertia was largely different. Diversity of the biosynthetic pathway of iridoid glycosides was also observed in these species. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed a clear separation according to infrageneric classifications of genus Gentiana. Some secondary metabolites, such as mangiferin, rhodenthoside A-C, isoorientin, isovitexin, amarogentin, and swertianolin would serve as potential chemotaxonomic markers to differentiate Gentianaceae species. Furthermore, the accumulation of the six major metabolites seems to depend on geographical regions in Sect. Monopodiae and Sect. Cruciata. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of LC-MS/MS and FT-IR would provide some potential evidence on chemotaxonomic studies of Gentianaceae. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

[Study on the Discrimination of FTIR Spectroscopy of Gentiana Rigescens with Different Harvest Time].

The harvest time of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a very essential part for the production and quality of TCM which is the prerequisite for safe and effective clinical use of TCM. It is of great importance to carry out the research of timely harvest time of TCM. With Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to study harvest time of Seventy-two Gentiana Rigescens samples. First derivative, second derivative, standard normal variate, multiplicative scatter correction and Savitaky-Golay(15,3) smoothing of all original spectra were pretreated with TQ8.0 software. Samples were divided into calibration set and prediction set at the ratio of 3∶1. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model were established. The result indicated that after removing noise spectrum, the spectra range was from 1 800 to 600 cm-1, the method SNV combined with SD and SG present the best result of spectra pretreatment. The contribution rates of first three principal components were 92.47% with PCA. Small differences were found for the samples harvested in May, September and October. Same spectrum range was chosen and PLS-DA was applied to establish the model. The R2 and RMSEE were 0.967 8, 0.086 0, respectively, and the prediction accuracy is 100%. The methods of PCA and PLS-DA have good ability to classify and identify different harvest time of Gentiana Rigescens. It provided a basis for the identification of different harvest time of TCM.

[Study on the Discrimination of Gentiana Rigescens with Different Processing Methods by Using FTIR Spectroscopy].

The Processing of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is the key to clinical application of TCM, and processing has functions such as enhancing the efficacy, attenuating the toxicity andmoderating medicine property. In order to the realizing safe, reasonable and effective use of medicine in clinical, research on identification of TCM processed products is of great significance. The Gentiana rigescens samples which processed with five different methods were discriminated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Baseline correction and normalization were used to pretreat all original spectra and the noise was cut off. The spectra range was from 3 400 to 600 cm-1. The effect of multiple scattering correction and standard normal variable on the model were observed and compared. Samples were divided into calibration set and prediction set at the ratio of 3∶1. The principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to reduce data dimensionality and discriminant analysis model was established. The result indicated that the main absorption peaks of samples were 3 378, 2 922, 1 732, 1 610, 1 417, 1 366, 1 316, 1 271, 1 068, 1 048 cm- 1 which 1 738, 1 643, 1 613, 1 420, 1 051 cm-1 as to gentiopicrin; 1 068, 1 048, 935 cm-1 as to carbohydrate. The accumulation contribution rate of first three principal components is 94.05%. Most of the information reflected the original data. There were differences among different samples. The result of discriminant analysis showed that the recognition rate of G. rigescens samples could achieve to 100% based on baseline correction and normalization treatment combined with MSC with the precondition of principal component scores being 10. In conclusion, FTIR is a feasible, rapid and non-destructive method to discriminate G. rigescens samples wtih different processing methods. It also provided reference for discrimination of processed products of medicine materials.

[Discrimination of Panax Notoginseng from Different Regions by UV Spectra Characteristics Combined with Chemometric Method].

The Panax notoginseng is an important Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) and the quality is affected by growing environment. UV spectra approach was used to study the relationships between UV spectra of P. notoginseng and locations, rapidly. The UV spectra of fifty P. notoginseng samples which collected from ten regions were obtained and processed by using mean value, smoothing and derivative. The numbers of common peaks of chloroform, ethanol and water extractions were compared, respectively and the best extraction solvent was confirmed. The differences and relationships of P. notoginseng samples from different locations were investigated by comparing the characteristics of UV spectra combined with partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The results showed that the extract ratio was the best in chloroform and the RSD% of precision, repeatability and stability in 30 h were 0.00～0.42, 0.00～0.54 and 0.00～0.60, respectively. The spectra of samples collected from different areas were similar except the absorbance. It could display the fingerprint characteristics. The common peaks of UV spectra were 194, 200, 204, 210 and 218 nm and the peaks absorption value ranged from 0.00 to 4.00. It showed that the main constituent had low correlation with collection regions while the content may be affected by the collection areas. The PLS-DA score plots could show the relationships among the P. notoginseng from different locations. In conclusion, this qualitative method could evaluate P. notoginseng samples from different locations rapidly and exactly. Moreover, it could provide the reference for source discrimination of CHM.

[Study on Gentiana Rigescens with Silvomedicinal and Agriosivomedicinal Systems with FTIR Spectroscopy].

Multiple cropping systems are the way to cope with the shortage of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) resources and enhance the utilization ratio of land. The aim of this study was to investigate seventy Gentiana rigescens Franch samples which were planted in slope and in multiple cropping system mixed with Juglans regia, Alnus nepalensis, Eucalyptus robusta, Alnus nepalensis, Camellia sinensis, Chaenomeles sinensis using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The pretreatments such as baseline correction, normalization and second derivative of all the original spectra were performed with Omnic 8.0 software. Moreover, second derivative spectra of samples and gentiopicroside standard were analyzed. In addition, two spectral databases were set up based on the average spectra of every variety with Omnic 8.0 software. The first library (Lib1) which included the spectra region from 1 800 to 600 cm-1 had the algorithm of expert retrieve while the correlation retrieve and square differential retrieve were dealt with the second library (Lib2) in the full spectral range. The results indicated that it is difficult to identify the infrared spectra of samples directly because they had high similarities. There were multiple common peaks between spectra of samples and gentiopicroside standards. The absorption peaks of 1 611 and 1 076 cm-1 of gentiopicroside were the two main characteristic peaks in the second derivative spectra. The difference of peak shape of every sample in the wave number of 1 076 cm-1 was small. By comparing peak area at 1 611 cm-1, the samples planted with J. regia contained highest content of gentiopicroside while the content of this effective constituent was the lowest in the samples which were planted in the slope and in the multiple cropping systems mixed with C sinensis. The differences of effective components in the samples with different planting patterns were represented by the variances of spectral matching values. The difference of matching values of samples planted with J. regia, A. nepalensis, E. Robusta and A. nepalensis were lower than that with slope and C. Sinensis. The number of misjudgment of expert retrieval, correlation retrieve and square differential retrieve were 11, 4 and 9, respectively. The discrimination result of correlation retrieve was the best in the full spectral range and the correct recognition rate was 94.29%. Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy combined with second derivative and retrieval had good ability to discriminate G. rigescens with different cropping systems. It could provide a basis for the discrimination of different planting patterns of TCM

[Distinguish and Quality Estimation of the Leaves of Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. from Different Harvest Time Based on the UV-Vis·FP and HPLC·FP].

UV-Vis and HPLC fingerprint of different harvest time of the leaves of Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. were establish the for identification and quality evaluation to promote the development of Dai Medicine modernization. The optimal extraction condition was used to obtain UV - vis data of different harvest time which were deducted background and eight spot smooth, were collected to make the principal component analysis in SIMCA-P(+)11.5, identifying the samples quickly with the first three principal component three-dimensional diagram. The HPLC fingerprint were obtained with Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse XDB C18 (250×4.6 mm, 5 µm) chromatographic column with the mobile phase of acetonitrile (B) - water (contain 0.1% formic acid) (A) for gradient elution (0～5 min, 5% B; 5～35 min, 5% B→26% B; 35～40 min, 26% B→56% B). The wavelength was set at 287 nm and the column temperature was maintained at 30 ℃. The flow rate was 1.0 mL·min-1 and the injection volume was 7 µL. The HPLC fingerprint of different harvest time of the leaves of Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. was analysised by cluster analysis to quality evaluation. Research findings showing: (1) The UV-Vis spectrogram of different harvest time of the leaves of Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. were divided into three parts according to the absorption peak position and amplitude of variation. The first was 235 to 400 nm, the second was 400 to 500 nm, and the third was 500 to 800 nm. In the first part, absorption peak were focused on 270, 287 and 325 nm, which can reflect the fingerprint character for the high absorbance and amplitude of variation. Absorption peak were distributed in 410 and 464 nm in the second part, absorbance and amplitude of variation were lower than the first part. There was a bigger absorption peak at 665 nm in the third part, but the absorbance had no difference. The UV-Vis data of different harvest time were gathered to make the principal component analysis, the result was that the samples of same month were concentrated distribution, but different month samples were dispersed distribution. (2) HPLC fingerprint were divided into three categories through hierarchical cluster analysis, 3, 4, 5 and 7 month were the first category, 6, 8, 9 month samples were second category, the others were third category. Chemical composition and content of the same category samples were similar, but the different category samples had a obvious difference, more important is that the third category samples content was the highest. Combining UV-Vis FP and HPLC FP can identify and evaluate quickly the samples of different harvest time of the leaves of Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. The optimal harvest time of Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. was from October to next February, which was the coldest season in the Dai calendar.

Investigation of chemical diversity in different parts and origins of ethnomedicine Gentiana rigescens Franch using targeted metabolite profiling and multivariate statistical analysis.

Gentiana rigescens, an ethnomedicine, is widely cultivated in Yunnan province of China. Although a wide range of metabolites including iridoid glycosides, flavonoids and triterpenoids have been reported in this ethnomedicine, the data on accumulation and distribution of metabolites in certain parts are limited. In this study, targeted metabolic fingerprinting of iridoid glycosides based on liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-UV-MS/MS) was developed to investigate the metabolic similarities and differences in different parts and origins. Thirty-one compounds, including iridoid glycosides and flavonoids, were detected from targeted metabolite profiling and plausibly assigned to the different parts of G. rigescens. Multivariate statistical analysis was designed to reveal close chemical similarities between all the selected samples and to identify key metabolites characteristic of the standard. The results suggested that accumulation and distribution of metabolites in aerial and underground parts were different. Moreover, root samples tended to be grouped on the basis of the geographical closeness of region. Five metabolites can be considered as potential markers for the classification of underground parts from different regions. These results provided chemical information on the potential pharmaceutical value for further research, making G. rigescens ideal for the rational usage of different parts and exploitation of the source.

Simultaneous determination of six index constituents and comparative analysis of four ethnomedicines from genus Gentiana using a UPLC-UV-MS method.

Many species from genus Gentiana (Gentianaceae) have a long history of applications as folk medicines in the world. A simple rapid UPLC-UV-MS/MS method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of six index constituents (gentiopicroside, swertiamarin, loganic acid, sweroside, mangiferin and ferulic acid) from the four ethnomedicines (G. rigescens Franch. ex Hemsl., G. rhodantha Franch. ex Hemsl., G. scabra Bunge and G. farreri Balf. f.). The UPLC analysis was performed on Shim-Pack XR-ODS III (150 × 2.0 mm, 2.2 µm). The mobile phase was consisted of acetonitrile-0.1% formic acid water using gradient elution. The wavelength 242 nm was chose for the four iridoids as well as mangiferin and 320 nm was set for ferulic acid. Mass spectrometry was applied for identification and quantification for analytes with low concentration. All the regression equations revealed a good linear relationship (R(2) > 0.9993). Accuracy and precision were all within the required limits. The chromatogram fingerprints analysis combined with principal component analysis showed the similarity values of the four species were <0.788 while the similarity values of G. scabra Bunge and G. rigescens Franch. ex Hemsl. were >0.993, which provided reasonable foundation for utilization and clinical application of the four ethnomedicines. This developed method appears to be a useful tool for quality control of the four ethnomedicines.

Investigation of metabolites accumulation in medical plant Gentiana rigescens during different growing stage using LC-MS/MS and FT-IR.

BACKGROUND: Gentiana rigescens, an important medicinal plant in China, has been widely cultivated in Yunnan province, China. Previous studies were focused on analysis and determination of the metabolites isolated from this species, the accumulation of these metabolites during growth period are not yet clear. In this study, samples for the experiments were obtained by tissue culture. FT-IR and LC-MS/MS method were performed to distinguish the variation on the major metabolites in G. rigescens during growing stage when combined with chemometrics. RESULTS: Methodology validations were all within the required limits. The metabolites were visually different in tissue culture samples and mature plants. The diversity of metabolites increased proportionally with plant growth. The quantitative analysis showed the content of gentiopicroside was significantly vary during different growing stage. The highest content of gentiopicroside (122.93 ± 7.01 mg/g) was detected in leaf of regenerated plantlet, whereas its content in root significantly increased along with underground parts growth. Moreover, flavonoids mainly distributed in aerial parts showed potential competitive relationship during plant growth. CONCLUSION: The distribution and accumulation of metabolites are associated with different parts and plant growth, which provide potential evidences for the rational application and exploitation of G. rigescens.

[Study on rapid identification of medicinal plants of Paris polyphylla from different origin areas by NIR spectroscopy].

Based on near infrared spectroscopy, seventy samples of wild medicinal plants of paris polyphylla from Guizhou, Guangxi and Yunnan Provinces were collected to identify their geographical origins. Multiplication signal correction (MSC), standard normal variate (SNV), first derivative (FD), second derivative (SD), savitzky-Golay filter (SG), and Norris derivative filter (ND) were conducted to optimize the original spectra of fifty samples of training set. The results showed that the method MSC combined with SD and ND presented the best results of spectra pretreatment. According to spectrum standard deviation, spectrum range (7 450-4 050 cm(-1)) was chosen and principal component analysis-mahalanobis distance (PCA-MD) method was used to build the model. Its first three principal components, i. e. cumulative contribution, determination coefficient (R2), root-mean-square error of calibration (RMSEC) and root-mean-square error of prediction (RMSEP) were 89.44%, 97.58%, 0.179 6 and 0.266 4, respectively, and the prediction accuracy is 90%. Furthermore, according to variable importance plot (VIP), spectrum range (7 135.33-4 007.35 cm(-1)) was chosen and partial least square discrimination analysis (PLS-DA) was applied to establish the model. Its first three principal components cumulative contribution, R2, RMSEC and RMSEP were 89.28%, 95.88%, 0.234 8 and 0.348 2, respectively, and the prediction accuracy is 100%. Comparing the two methods, we found that spectrum range chosen by VIP and model built by PLS-DA could provide greater accuracy in identifying paris polyphylla from different origin areas. The method supplied foundation for authenticity and quality evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine.