Effect of DHA-Enriched Phospholipids from Fish Roe on Rat Fecal Metabolites: Untargeted Metabolomic Analysis.

Lipid metabolism disorder has become an important hidden danger threatening human health, and various supplements to treat lipid metabolism disorder have been studied. Our previous studies have shown that DHA-enriched phospholipids from large yellow croaker (Larimichthys Crocea) roe (LYCRPLs) have lipid-regulating effects. To better explain the effect of LYCRPLs on lipid regulation in rats, the fecal metabolites of rats were analyzed from the level of metabolomics in this study, and GC/MS metabolomics measurements were performed to figure out the effect of LYCRPLs on fecal metabolites in rats. Compared with the control (K) group, 101 metabolites were identified in the model (M) group. There were 54, 47, and 57 metabolites in the low-dose (GA), medium-dose (GB), and high-dose (GC) groups that were significantly different from that of group M, respectively. Eighteen potential biomarkers closely related to lipid metabolism were screened after intervention with different doses of LYCRPLs on rats, which were classified into several metabolic pathways in rats, including pyrimidine metabolism, the citric acid cycle (TCA cycle), the metabolism of L-cysteine, carnitine synthesis, pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, glycolysis, and bile secretion. L-cysteine was speculated to be a useful biomarker of LYCRPLs acting on rat fecal metabolites. Our findings indicated that LYCRPLs may regulate lipid metabolism disorders in SD rats by activating these metabolic pathways.

Resistant starch from sweet potatoes: Recent advancements and applications in the food sector.

In tropical and subtropical areas, tuber and root crops are staple foods and a key source of energy. Sweet potato (SP) is currently regarded as one of the world's top ten foods because of its diverse sizes, shapes, color, and health benefits. The resistant starch (RS) content of SP is substantial. It is predicted to become the cheapest item in the food industry due to its extensive variety, food stability, emulsifier and fat substitution capabilities, and as filler. As a result, interest in SP-sourced RS has recently increased. Due to their unique nutritional and functional qualities, novelty has become a popular research focus in recent years. This review will summarize the current understanding of SP starch components and their impact on the technological and physicochemical properties of produced starch for commercial viability. The importance of sweet potato RS in addressing future RS demand sustainability is emphasized. SPs are a viable alternative to tubers as a sustainable raw material for RS production. It has an advantage over tubers because of its intrinsic nutritional value and climatic endurance. Thermal, chemical, and enzymatic treatments are effective RS manufacturing procedures. The adaptability of sweet potato RS allows for a wide range of food applications.

Porphyra haitanensis Polysaccharides Attenuates Blood Lipid via Gut-Liver Axis in Diet-Induced High-Fat Mesocricetus auratus through Multiple Integrated Omics.

SCOPE: Hyperlipidemia is currently a global public health problem severely affecting people's physical and mental health, as well as their quality of life. METHODS AND RESULTS: The present study is aimed at revealing the mechanism of Porphyra haitanensis polysaccharide (PHP) in decreasing blood lipids by acting through gut-liver axis in Mesocricetus auratus fed a high-fat diet. PHP significantly prevented increases in serum total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and alleviated damage to liver cells induced by a high-fat diet M. auratus, in a dose-dependent manner. PHP promotes proliferation of Muribaculaceae and Faecalibaculum, thereby enhancing the production of butyric acid both in the colon and liver, particularly high-dose PHP (HPHP). Low-dose PHP (LPHP) promotes the expression of phosphatidylcholine metabolites and fatty acid transport genes, and inhibits the expression of genes involved in fat degradation (Abhd5), adipogenesis (Me1), fatty acid synthesis (Fasn and Pnpla3), and fatty acid chain elongation (Elovl6) in the liver. However, HPHP inhibits the expression of triglyceride metabolites and promotes the expression of fatty acid transporter (CD36), fatty acid oxidation (Acacb), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARg) genes in the liver. CONCLUSION: PHP regulates lipid metabolism through the gut microbiota, and the gut-liver axis plays an important role in its hypolipidemic effects.

Lotus seed resistant starch ameliorates high-fat diet induced hyperlipidemia by fatty acid degradation and glycerolipid metabolism pathways in mouse liver.

We investigated the potential efficacy and underlying mechanisms of Lotus seed Resistant Starch (LRS) for regulating hyperlipidemia in mice fed a High-fat Diet (HFD). Mouse were fed a normal diet (Normal Control group, NC group), HFD alone (MC group), HFD plus lovastatin (PC group), or HFD with low/medium/high LRS (LLRS, MLRS, and HLRS groups, respectively) for 4 weeks. LRS supplementation significantly decreased body weight and significantly reduced serum levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipopro-tein cholesterol compared with the MC group. LRS also significantly alleviated hepatic steatosis, especially in the MLRS group, which also showed a significantly reduced visceral fat index. LLRS supplementation significantly regulated genes associated with glycerolipid metabolism and steroid hormone biosynthesis (Lpin1 and Ugt2b38), MLRS significantly regulated genes related to fatty acid degradation, fatty acid elongation, and glycerolipid metabolism (Lpin1, Hadha, Aldh3a2, and Acox1), whereas HLRS significantly regulated genes related to fatty acid elongation and glycerolipid metabolism (Lpin1, Elovl3, Elovol5, and Agpat3). The fatty acid-degradation pathway regulated by MLRS thus exerts better control of serum lipid levels, body weight, visceral fat index, and liver steatosis in mice compared with LLRS- and HLRS-regulated pathways.

Application of X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive spectroscopy in the isolation of sulfated polysaccharide from Porphyra haitanensis and its antioxidant capacity under in vitro digestion.

BACKGROUND: The separation and purification of Porphyra haitanensis polysaccharide (PHP), and the determination of changes in molecular weight (Mw) and antioxidant capacity after in vitro digestion, were undertaken. RESULTS: Analysis of two polysaccharide fractions (PHP0.5-1-UF and PHP1.0-1-UF) by various techniques showed that they were very pure sulfated polysaccharides without pigment or protein. PHP0.5-1-UF was filamentous or 'tape-like' sheets, whereas PHP1.0-1-UF had some filaments and large numbers of rounded aggregates. The Mw of PHP, PHP0.5-1-UF and PHP1.0-1-UF was 2.06 × 106 (±2.02%), 6.68 × 106 (±3.17%), and 1.14 × 106 (±3.44%) (g mol-1 ), respectively. After in vitro digestion, the Mw of PHP, PHP0.5-1-UF, and PHP1.0-1-UF decreased. Their antioxidant capacities were markedly higher than before digestion, especially PHP0.5-1-UF and its digestion products, which might be related to the reductions in Mw. CONCLUSION: These findings provide a greater understanding of the separation and purification of sulfated polysaccharides and the influence of digestion on biological activity. They also contribute to the practical application of sulfated polysaccharides in functional foods. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

DHA-enriched phospholipids from large yellow croaker roe regulate lipid metabolic disorders and gut microbiota imbalance in SD rats with a high-fat diet.

Large yellow croaker roe phospholipids (LYCRPLs) have great nutritional value because they are rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which is an n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA). In previous research, we studied the effect of LYCRPLs on the inhibition of triglyceride accumulation at the cellular level. However, its lipid regulation effect in rats on a high-fat diet and its influence on the gut microbiota has not yet been clarified. In this study, a high-fat diet was used to induce the lipid metabolism disorder in SD rats, and simvastatin, low-dose, medium-dose and high-dose LYCRPLs were given by intragastric administration for 8 weeks. The rats' body weight, food intake, organ index, blood biochemical indicators, epididymal fat tissue and liver histopathology were compared and analyzed. High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing technology and bioinformatics analysis technology were also used to analyze the diversity of gut microbiota in rats. We found that LYCRPLs can significantly regulate lipid metabolism, and improve the gut microbiota disorder induced in rats by a high-fat diet. These results can lay a foundation for the study of the regulation mechanism of LYCRPLs lipid metabolism, and also provide a theoretical basis for the development of LYCRPLs as functional food additives and excipients with hypolipidemic effects.

The impact of various exogenous type starch on the structural properties and dispersion stability of autoclaved lotus seed starch.

In order to investigate the effects of exogenous V-type starch on the structural properties and dispersion stability of lotus seed starch after autoclave treatment, the crystal structure, molecular structure, and dispersion stability were analyzed and discussed, as well as compared with exogenous A-type and B-type starches. Analysis of structural properties indicated that the addition of different crystal nuclei led the crystallization of disordered helices to a specific direction. The B- and V-type starch addition increased the crystallinities of starch and enhanced the ordered arrangement of disordered helices, whereas A-type starch had no significant positive influence on the stability of starch system. The microstructure observation showed that A- and B-type starch addition led to a rough and porous morphology of starch particles; the presence of V-type starch retarded the agglomeration and retrogradation of starch after autoclaving. Analysis of contact angle and dispersion stability revealed that the addition of various exogenous starch increased the contact angle of starch particles in different extent, suggesting the enhancement of hydrophobicity. But B-type starch addition resulted in the poor dispersion stability compared to A-type starch, instead V-type starch addition improved the dispersion stability of starch in aqueous solution, allowing the particles to stay dispersed for 141.12 ± 6.52 min. These results provided a theoretical basis for the effects of exogenous type starch on original starch properties, and revealed the potential of V-type starch as dispersion stabilizer.

Evaluation of the chemical qualities and microstructural changes of Lentinula edodes caused by airborne ultrasonic treatment combined with microwave vacuum drying.

This study analyzed a new drying method using airborne ultrasound combined with microwave vacuum to study its effect on the quality characteristics and microstructure of dehydrated L. edodes. Ultrasonic treatment resulted in many micropores in the product, forming the sponge effect caused by ultrasonic waves, which can promote the rapid evaporation of water in the product. Samples of Lentinula edodes individuals were dried using four methods: hot air drying (HAD), microwave vacuum drying (MVD), microwave vacuum drying after ultrasonic pretreatment (US+MVD) and airborne ultrasonic treatment combined with microwave vacuum drying (USMVD). The results showed that USMVD can reduced the loss of total sugar, total phenol, and total antioxidants in L. edodes, and increased the relative content of ergosterol, sulfur compounds, and free amino acids (p < 0.05). Scanning electron microscope observation revealed that USMVD resulted in a uniform reticular porous structure, which could better maintain desirable levels of nutrients. Therefore, USMVD can produce high quality products. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Airborne ultrasonic waves combined with MVD provides an innovative drying method for mushrooms, which has not been studied at present. The mixed drying method has great potential in maintaining product quality. It provides a theoretical basis for studying drying technology in the future.

Folium nelumbinis (Lotus leaf) volatile-rich fraction and its mechanisms of action against melanogenesis in B16 cells.

This study was aimed at determining the influence of Folium nelumbinis (Lotus leaf) extracts on melanogenesis in vitro models of melanoma cell line. The anticancer activity of four fractions, including petroleum ether (PEE), n-hexane (HE), ethanol (EE), and ethyl acetate (EAE) from F. nelumbinis on B16 cell lines (C57BL/6J melanoma cell), were evaluated after 24 and 48 h treatment. Results showed that PEE as well as volatile-rich fractions of linolenic acid and linolenic acid ethyl ester significantly (p < 0.05) reduced tyrosinase activity and melanin content in B16 melanoma cells model. Meanwhile, PEE and its primarily contained compound triggered apoptosis of B16 cells in a dose-dependent way. These results demonstrated that PEE possessed effective activities against melanin and tyrosinase generations through the induction of apoptosis. Moreover, a relation between the volatile-rich fractions of F. nelumbinis and the anticancer effects was demonstrated as well.

Physicochemical properties and in vitro digestibility of lotus seed starch-lecithin complexes prepared by dynamic high pressure homogenization.

The objective of this study was to investigate the physicochemical properties and in vitro digestibility of lotus seed starch-lecithin inclusion complexes (ICs), prepared by dynamic high pressure homogenization. Raman spectrometry indicated that the IC formed between starch and lecithin, compared with the control mixture, could modify the helix rearrangement between different amylose conformations, to promote the formation of an ordered and stable V-type conformation. The content of amylose single helix appeared to be an important factor in the formation of starch-lipid complexes. Dispersion stability and solubility determinations indicated that the effect of mixing lecithin with starch mainly focused on the dispersion stability and not the solubility of starch emulsions. ICs with a V-type conformation, formed by homogenization of lecithin and amylose, achieved the same, or better emulsion stability as mixed lecithin, and the formation of ICs reduced the affinity of starch chains for water molecules, lowering their solubility. Digestion analysis suggested that the higher proportion of microcrystalline region in V6I complexes, resulted in a lower digestion rate and a higher resistant starch (RS) content.

Insight into the formation mechanism of lotus seed starch-lecithin complexes by dynamic high-pressure homogenization.

Our objective was to investigate the correlation between processing conditions and structural properties of lotus seed starch-lecithin complexes by dynamic high-pressure homogenization and explore the formation mechanism. The complexes formed with 5% lecithin at 90 MPa had the highest complex index among samples, thus protecting the integrity of the particles. The complexes inhibited the degradation of amylopectin and retrogradation of amylose, and displayed different V6II-, V6I- and A-type crystalline patterns. Additionally, the double helix structure was enhanced with increasing pressure, and the addition of lecithin contributed to the formation of single-helix amylose-lecithin complexes. These complexes prevented the single helix structure of starch to further form double helix structures, as demonstrated by visual correlation analysis. Moreover, a formation mechanism was established, and lotus seed starch-lecithin complexes with V6I-type crystalline were formed under appropriate conditions, but a homogenization pressure either too low or too high was not conducive to complex formation.

Hypolipidemic effect of polysaccharides from Fortunella margarita (Lour.) Swingle in hyperlipidemic rats.

The objective was to investigate the hypolipidemic effect of polysaccharides from Fortunellamargarita (Lour.) Swingle (FMPS) in hyperlipidemic rats and the comparative relationship between in vitro and in vivo. After FMPS feeding, the body weight, liver and spleen index of the hyperlipidemic rats decreased significantly, in a dose-dependent manner. The content of triglyceride, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein and serum non-esterified fatty acid decreased, and high density lipoprotein, and serum lipase significantly increased after FMPS feeding in hyperlipidemic rats. Notably, high-dose FMPS, exhibited effective hypolipidemic activity, as compared with that of simvastatin. Moreover, histopathological micrographs of hepatic tissue and blood vessel morphology indicated that the fat deposition in liver cells decreased, and the vascular endothelial cells were protected by FMPS. Furthermore, the activities of superoxide dismutase, total antioxidant capacity, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione-S-transferase were enhanced, and the content of malondialdehyde was decreased by FMPS feeding in the hyperlipidemic rats. A concentration-dependent response was observed. Similarly to the hypolipidemic effect observed in vitro, the hypolipidemic effect of FMPS in hyperlipidemic rats was achieved by decreasing the lipid content and enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Thus, FMPS had a major role in regulating the lipid metabolism disorder in hyperlipidemic rats.

Insight into the characterization and digestion of lotus seed starch-tea polyphenol complexes prepared under high hydrostatic pressure.

Complex starch is gaining research attention due to its unique physicochemical and functional properties. In this study, the effects of green tea polyphenols on the properties and digestion of lotus seed starch under high hydrostatic pressure were investigated. The particle size, swelling power, solubility, crystallization, morphology and thermal properties of lotus seed starch were affected by green tea polyphenols. These may be due to the formation of non-inclusive complexes between lotus seed starch and green tea polyphenols. The morphology and green tea polyphenols distribution of the complexes were determined by scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. In addition, slow digestion properties of starch were realized under a dynamic in vitro rat stomach-duodenum model and the erosion of granules by amylase gradually decreased by scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, green tea polyphenols were shown to be able to form V-type inclusion complex with amylose via high hydrostatic pressure.

Sonchus oleraceus Linn protects against LPS-induced sepsis and inhibits inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 cells.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Sonchus oleraceus Linn (SOL) belongs to family of Asteraceae, is a traditional medicinal plant, which has been used to treat tumor, inflammatory diseases, infection and so on in Chinese folk culture. AIM OF THE STUDY: This work investigated the influence of aqueous ethanol extract of whole plant of SOL and contribution of its main components on inflammation METHODS AND RESULTS: Oral administration of SOL (10 mg/kg) to mice reduced the expression of inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, IL-1ß, and TNF-α, in the LPS-induced sepsis mouse model. Major phenolics in SOL were isolated and determined by HPLC. Results indicate that SOL at the concentration range from 25 to 100 µg/mL and its main components, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid (25-100 µM) significantly reduced the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α, attenuated iNOS and COX-2 expression in LPS-stimulated Macrophages. In addition, western blot analysis showed SOL suppressed inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression and the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). CONCLUSION: The underlying mechanism of anti-inflammation might be in according with the inhibition of MAPKs activation as well as down regulation of iNOS and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2).

Effect of Hydrocolloids on the Retrogradation of Lotus Seed Starch Undergoing an Autoclaving-Cooling Treatment.

The retrogradation properties of lotus seed starch (LS) blended with the hydrocolloids arabic gum (AG), carrageenan (CG), guar gum (GG), and xanthan (XN) were investigated undergoing an autoclaving-cooling treatment, a model for starch retrogradation acceleration. Compared with LS alone, LS-AG showed the increases in syneresis, tan δ (more solid-like behavior), bound water content and immobile water content, molecular weight, the intensity at 480 cm-1 in Raman spectra and the ratio of absorbance 1047 cm-1 /1022 cm-1 (R1047/1022 ) in FT-IR spectra. The results suggested that the addition of AG tended to promote the starch retrogradation, which was related to the increased molecular migration of free water, interactions of molecular starch chains, and the formation of ordered structures. The addition of CG, GG, or XN significantly decreased the syneresis, tan δ, the intensity at 480 cm-1 , and R1047/1022 values of LS, indicating the prevention of LS retrogradation. The effects of CG and XN on starch retrogradation mainly resulted from competition for water and the increased viscosity, as well as the coating effect on starch. The dominant viscosity of GG was the main factor that influenced starch retrogradation. These results showed not all hydrocolloids would retard starch retrogradation under autoclaving-cooling treatment, for which fine structures altered by different hydrocolloids were the key factors. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Effects of hydrocolloids on the retrogradation of lotus seed starch were investigated undergoing an autoclaving-cooling treatment. The results will help guide the production and development of starchy foods having desirable properties by specific hydrocolloids during autoclaving-cooling process, especially to control starch retrogradation.

n-Butanol Extract of Lotus Seeds Exerts Antiobesity Effects in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes and High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice via Activating Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase.

In this study, the antiobesity effects of n-butanol extract of lotus seeds (LBE) were evaluated in cultured 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. LBE decreased lipid contents in mature 3T3-L1 cells without obvious cytotoxicity. Meanwhile, LBE supplementation also led to weight loss and improved plasma lipid profiles in HFD-fed mice. Furthermore, LBE could activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) accompanied by down-regulation of lipogenesis related genes (PPARγ, aP2, LPL, C/EBPα, FAS, SREBP-1c) and up-regulation of lipolysis genes (adiponectin and PPARα) in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, our data demonstrated LBE possesses antiadipogenic and antilipogenic activities which are, at least partially, mediated by the activation of AMPK signaling pathways.

Physicochemical properties and digestion of the lotus seed starch-green tea polyphenol complex under ultrasound-microwave synergistic interaction.

Complex starch is gaining research attention due to its unique physicochemical and functional properties. Lotus seed starch (LS) suspensions (6.7%, w/v) with added green tea polyphenols (GTPs) (10%, w/w) were subjected to ultrasound (200-1000 W)-microwave (150-225 W) (UM) treatment for 15 min. The effects of UM treatment on the physicochemical properties of the LS-GTP system were investigated and exceeded that of microwave or ultrasound alone. The properties (morphology, X-ray diffraction pattern and so on) were affected by GTPs to various extents, depending on ultrasonic power. These influences may be explained by the non-covalent interactions between GTPs and LS. V-type LS-GTP inclusion complex and non-inclusive complex formation were observed. Their morphology and the distribution of GTPs molecules within them were estimated using scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Furthermore, the digestion of LS-GTP complex was investigated by a dynamic in vitro rat stomach-duodenum (DIVRSD) model, lower digestion efficiency of LS has been achieved and the residues showed gradual improvement in morphology. These all experimental results do provide new insight into the complex starch production.

Lotus seed skin proanthocyanidin extract exhibits potent antioxidant property via activation of the Nrf2-ARE pathway.

Lotus seed is well known as traditional food and medicine, but its skin is usually discarded. Recent studies have shown that lotus seed skin contains a high concentration of proanthocyanidins that have multi-functions, such as antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and anti-cancer effects. In the present study, we aimed to isolate and purify the proanthocyanidins from lotus seed skin by acetone extraction and rotary evaporation, identify their chemical structures by HPLC-MS-MS and NMR, and further investigate the antioxidant properties of the extract purified by macroporous resin (PMR) from lotus seed skin both in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that PMR mainly contained oligomeric proanthocyanidins, especially dimeric procyanidin B1 (PB1), procyanidin B2 and procyanidin B4. Although it had limited ability to directly scavenge radicals in vitro, PMR could significantly enhance the expressions of antioxidant proteins via activation of nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway in HepG2 cells. Molecular data revealed that PB1, a major component in PMR, stabilized Nrf2 by inhibiting the ubiquitination of Nrf2, which led to subsequent activation of the Nrf2-ARE pathway, including the enhancements of Nrf2 nuclear translocation, Nrf2-ARE binding and ARE transcriptional activity. Moreover, the in vivo results in high fat diet-induced mice further verified the powerful antioxidant property of PMR. These results revealed that lotus seed skin is a promising resource for functional food development.

Effect of A Polyphenol-Rich Canarium album Extract on the Composition of the Gut Microbiota of Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet.

This study investigated the influence of Canarium album extract (CAext) on intestinal microbiota composition of mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Kun Ming (KM) mice were fed either a normal chow diet or a HFD for six weeks. At the seventh week, HFD-fed mice were gavaged daily with saline, or a different dose of CAext for four weeks, respectively. Then, the composition of the gut microbiota was analyzed by high-throughput sequencing technology. Analysis of fecal microbial populations, grouped by phyla, showed significant increases of Firmicutes and Verrucomicrobia, but a decrease of Bacteroidetes in all CAext-fed mice. Particularly, CAext gavage in a low dose or a medium dose caused a significant increase in the proportion of Akkermansia. These findings suggested that CAext can alter the gut microbiota composition of HFD-fed mice, and had a potential prebiotic effects on Akkermansia.

Genome-wide transcriptional changes in type 2 diabetic mice supplemented with lotus seed resistant starch.

Resistant starch has been studied extensively for its hypoglycemic activity, while its underlying molecular mechanism is not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the hypoglycemic effect of different doses of lotus seed resistant starch (LSRS) supplementation on type 2 diabetic mice and elucidated the molecular basis of its hypoglycemic effect. LSRS supplementation significantly reduced blood glucose level by 16.0%-33.6%, recovered serum insulin level by 25.0%-39.0% and improved lipid metabolism disorder in the diabetic mice. The genome-wide expression patterns in pancreatic tissue were analyzed, and 511 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. The analysis results of gene ontology (GO) functions and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways indicated that the protective effect of LSRS supplementation was most likely driven by modulating expression levels of various key factors involved in insulin secretion, insulin signal transmission, cell apoptosis, antioxidant activity and p53 signaling pathways.