[Wu Shou and his work Shang Han Yun Yao Quan Shu published in the Ming Dynasty].

Wu Shou was a doctor in a medical family in Qiantang, Zhejiang in the Ming Dynasty. He was promoted as a medical officer in the local government and the Imperial Academy of Medicine. His work, considered a masterpiece Shang Han Yun Yao Quan Shu was published around 1505. The series consisted of four volumes. The main content of the book focused on the taxonomy study to the Treatise on Febrile Diseases (Shang Han Lun). Wu Shou was politically accused of being a person who pursued fame and fortune but lacked medical skills because of the conflicts and contradiction between medical officials and the political service system in the period of the Chenghua and Hongzhi in the Ming Dynasty. However, his medical and academic thinking and skills for typhoid treatment shown in the book demonstrated that they were not as awful as what was described at that time.

[The sources and spread of Zhong Jing Quan Shu related to Zhang Qingzi].

The original version and title of Zhong Jing Quan Shu referred to the collection of four books - Shang Han Lun, Zhu Jie Shang Han Lun, Shang Han Lei Zheng and Jin Gui Yao Lue Fang Lun, published by Zhao Kaimei in the Ming Dynasty. Then, Zhang Qingzi Shang Han Lun was written by Zhang Qingzi. After that, a Japanese scholar compiled a new collection based on Zhong Jing Quan Shu held in the Cabinet Library in Japan consisting of three books - Shang Han Lei Zheng, JinGui Yao Lue Fang Lun and Zhang Qingzi Shang Han Lun. The preface and content in this collection was adjusted for some practical purposes and was published in the second year of Manji in Japan (1659). This book, Zhang Qingzi Shang Han Lun was based on Shang Han Lun from the early and mid-Edo period of Japan. It was then returned to China in the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty. It was soon republished by Deng in Chengdu, with Yun Qi Zhang Jue Lu and Shang Han Ming Li Lun, added as a collection of five books with the same name Zhang Zi Qing Shang Han Lun, being popular in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China. This book was understood to be from Zhong Jing Quan Shu published by Zhao Kaimei during this period. These two books were distinguished from each other when Shang Han Lun published in the Song Dynasty, drew people's attention. However, Zhang Qingzi Shang Han Lun was still believed valuable for both clinical and literature studies.

[Yi Wan She--Huzhou medical association in the late Ming Dynasty].

Yi Wan She, as a medical association in the Huzhou area, was organised by Lu Mingquan, Lu Shilong, Jin Desheng and other doctors in the late Ming Dynasty, developing daily medical theoretical discussions. It built up a hospital named Tian, paid deference to ancient medical doctors, and participated in activities to fight epidemics, organised by Hui Min Pharmacy, such as drug delivery, as an association of local affairs. This was recorded in Yi Wan She Cao and Lu Shi San Shi Yi Yan.

[Clinical application of LASEREO endoscopic system in early gastric cancer].

Objective: To evaluate the clinical application of LASEREO endoscopic system in early gastric cancer (EGC). Methods: A total of 68 patients diagnosed with EGC were retrospectively analyzed between August 2017 to December 2020 in Fuding Hospital Affiliated to Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. There were 50 males and 18 females finally enrolled with a median age of 64 years. EGCs were analyzed from subjective and objective aspect, as well as from magnification and non-magnification status. Six endoscopists evaluated the visibility of the EGC (RSC) and calculated the color difference (ΔEC) between EGC and the surrounding mucosa in white light imaging (WLI), blue light imaging-bright (BLI-Bri) and linked color imaging (LCI) modes. In the case of magnification (×80), the visibility of the microstructures and microvessels (RSV) was analyzed and the color difference (ΔEV) between microvessels and non-vessels areas were calculated in WLI, BLI and LCI modes. The visibility was evaluated using visibility ranking scale(RS) and the color difference (ΔE) was calculated using L*a*b* color space. Results: In WLI, BLI-Bri, and LCI modes, the mean (±SD) RSC were 2.56±0.68, 2.63±0.59 and 3.17±0.50, and the mean(±SD) ΔEC were 15.71±5.58, 12.04±3.73, and 22.84±8.46, respectively, which in LCI were higher than those in WLI and BLI-Bri modes (P<0.001).Regarding the data evaluated by senior endoscopists, the RSC was higher in BLI-Bri than that in WLI mode (2.98±0.58 vs. 2.79±0.73, P<0.001), but as to those evaluated by junior endoscopists, there were no significant differences between the WLI and BLI-Bri modes(2.29±0.72 vs. 2.23±0.72,P =0.218).In magnifying endoscopy with WLI, BLI, and LCI modes, the mean(±SD) RSV were 2.95±0.28, 3.46±0.40, and 3.38±0.33, and the mean (±SD) ΔEV were 21.68±7.52, 44.29±10.94, and 45.38±14.29, respectively.The RSV and ΔEV in LCI and BLI were higher than that in WLI mode (P<0.001). Conclusions: LCI improves the visibility of EGC by increasing ΔEC, especially in junior endoscopists. Both BLI and LCI improve the visibility of microstructures and microvessels under magnification.

[The quotations of Yijing Dazhi from the Danxi Yi An].

The Yijing Dazhi (, Great Illustrated Directions on Medical Classics) was written by Haiyan He Yue in the Ming Dynasty. This book cited some sections from the Danxi Yi An ( , Danxi's Medical Cases), and some cases in this book were new discoveries. Using the method of philology, this paper compared the cited sections from the Danxi Yi An () in The Yijing Dazhi with the medical records in Danxi Yi An (), Gezhi Yu Lun (, Further Discourses on the Properties of Things), Danxi Zuanyao (, Collected Essentials of Master Danxi's Medical Book), and Danxi Zhifa Xinyao (, Heart and Essentials of Danxi's Treatment Methods). It found that Danxi Yi An() and Danxi Yi An () are actually two individual books. In addition, the contents of Yijing Dazhi cited from Danxi Yi An () are well preserved and have important reference value for collating the medical records of Zhu Danxi in other relevant medical archives.

[The relationship between Ruishou Ben'i Zenkushuu and the medical writings of the Zhu Zhengheng].

Ruishou Ben'i Zenkushuu(,The Nine Tenths of the the Differnetiation of Similar Syndromes) was compiled by Doctor Yuehu, a Japanese monk, in 1452. This book had important implications for the spread to Japan of Chinese medical ideas and theories by Li Dongyuan and Zhu Danxi. This paper analyzed the citation of Chinese medical books in Ruishou Ben'i Zenkushuu and found that the name of Zhu Danxi appeared frequently in this book.Based on the data from the sources of Danxi's medical ideas and theories cited in the book, this paper illuminates the close connection with the medicine ideas and theories of Danxi, and clarifies the story that Yuehu once studied Chinese medicine from Yu Tuan. Research on the sources of the ideas in Ruishou Ben'i Zenkushuu is helpful tracing back historically the spread of the ideas and theories of Danxi in Japan.

[A case of decompression sickness complicated with multiple organ failure treated by hyperbaric oxygen therapy sequential with continuous renal replacement therapy and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation].

Objective: To discuss the new idea of on-the-spot recompression treatment and multidisciplinary treatment (MDT) for patients with unstable vital signs of type II decompression sickness. To provide reference for the nearby treatment of patients with critical decompression sickness. Methods: The clinical data of a case of a multi-disciplinary collaborative treatment of type II decompression sickness complicated with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) admitted to a third-class A hospital in January 2020 were analyzed and summarized. Results: The patient suffered from consciousness disturbance and shock after 3 min of diver's blow-up out of the water. CT examination showed gas accumulation in the systemic multi-organ venous system, and laboratory examination suggested MODS. The oxygen inhalation regimen was given in the session of recompression treatmen by 0.12-0.18 MPa. Intravenous fluid was the total of 8900 ml in the session, and the total recompression treatment time was 9 h 45 min. The patient was still in unconscious when he finished the session. CT re-examination confirmed the elimination of venous bubbles, and laboratory examination indicated multiple organ failure (MOF) . The patient was given comprehensive supporting treatment by mechanical assisted breathing and following by continuons renal replacement therapy (CRRT) and extrocorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in the intensive care unit, and was discharged after 32 d of hospitalization. Conclusion: Critical decompression sickness patients with unstable vital signs are taken to a local general hospital with hyperbaric oxygen chamber and intensive care unit. The successful treatment can be achieved by organizing diving medicine, hyperbaric oxygen medicine and critical medical personnel for MDT.

[Insights into Hangzhou patent medicine industry business characteristics in Qing dynasty from drug indexes of three large pharmacies].

Drug Indexes are of significance for investigation on ancient patent medicine industry. Herein, we compared Zhang Tongtai Wan San Gao Dan Quanlu (10th year of Jiaqing Reign, 1805), Ye Zhongde Tang Dan Wan Quanlu (4th year of Xianfeng Reign, 1854 and 5th year of Tongzhi Reign, 1866) and Hu Qingyu Tang Wan San Gao Dan Quanji(3th year of Guangxu Reign, 1877) to illustrate the business features of Hangzhou patent medicine industry in Qing Dynasty.The three pharmacies, Zhang Tongtai Tang, Ye Zhongde Tang and Hu Qingyu Tang, were all adept in utilizing ancient prescriptions that contained various preparations, emphasized commercial ethics and product qualities, distributed their products in flexible pattern and focused on distillation formula. Moreover, each of the three pharmacies exhibited their own characteristics in product types and commercialization.

Local dermal application of a compound lidocaine cream in pain management of cancer wounds.

The aim of this study was to explore the analgesic effect of local application of compound lidocaine/prilocaine cream on cancer wounds during wound care in order to reduce the amount of morphine intake or completely replace the systemic morphine administration and optimize the protocol for cancer wound pain management. All patients were enrolled with a visual analog scale (VAS) pain score ≥4. Before wound care, 60 patients were randomly divided into 2 groups of 30 each: morphine group (10 mg tablet); topical 5% compound lidocaine cream group (0.2 g/cm2). VAS scores, heart rate, and Kolcaba comfort level were recorded for the two groups 10 min before and 10, 15, 20, and 25 min after wound care and data were analyzed statistically. The means for the pain score and heart rate of the topical lidocaine/prilocaine cream group were lower than those of the morphine group (P<0.01) and the Kolcaba comfort level was higher (P<0.01). Local dermal application of the compound lidocaine cream can be used as an alternative to the systemic morphine administration in cancer wound care for its safety and effectiveness. In addition, it can improve the patients' comfort and quality of life.

[Analysis of the way of thinking on pharmacology in Lu Zhiyi's Bencao Chengya Banji].

More than 410 kinds of prescriptions of medicines were presented, some of which were collected in Shennong Bencao Jing(, Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica) and other herbal works, are included in Lu Zhiyi's Bencao Chengya Banji(). He introduced the indications of these medicines by focusing on the name of the herbs, or the species of them, and the features and growth morphology of the herbs. He abstracted the efficacy of drugs on the human body. Therefore, he noted the indications of all the medicines list in the book.

Local dermal application of a compound lidocaine cream in pain management of cancer wounds

The aim of this study was to explore the analgesic effect of local application of compound lidocaine/prilocaine cream on cancer wounds during wound care in order to reduce the amount of morphine intake or completely replace the systemic morphine administration and optimize the protocol for cancer wound pain management. All patients were enrolled with a visual analog scale (VAS) pain score ≥4. Before wound care, 60 patients were randomly divided into 2 groups of 30 each: morphine group (10 mg tablet); topical 5% compound lidocaine cream group (0.2 g/cm2). VAS scores, heart rate, and Kolcaba comfort level were recorded for the two groups 10 min before and 10, 15, 20, and 25 min after wound care and data were analyzed statistically. The means for the pain score and heart rate of the topical lidocaine/prilocaine cream group were lower than those of the morphine group (P<0.01) and the Kolcaba comfort level was higher (P<0.01). Local dermal application of the compound lidocaine cream can be used as an alternative to the systemic morphine administration in cancer wound care for its safety and effectiveness. In addition, it can improve the patients' comfort and quality of life.

[Study on the career of Qu Yongqiu, a western medicine doctor in late Qing dynasty and the Republican Period].

Qu Yongqiu() was one of the first-generation western medicine doctors in China's recent history. He had ever been in charge of the affairs of Beiyang Medical School and Tianjin Health Bureau, which had made significant contributions to medical enterprise, medical education and epidemic prevention, etc. He had also treated several important politicians, and witnessed the death of Guangxu() Emperor and Yuan Shikai(), and other historical events. Through making some research, the author analyzed the differences aspects of his career recorded in different literatures.

Randomised clinical trial: Tong-Xie-Yao-Fang granules versus placebo for patients with diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Tong-Xie-Yao-Fang (TXYF) is a Chinese herbal formula for treating chronic diarrhoea accompanied by abdominal pain. The results were inconsistent in previous trials examining its effect. AIM: To study the efficacy of TXYF granules for treating diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D). METHODS: We performed a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised trial and enrolled 160 participants with IBS-D. The participants had VAS scores ≥3 cm in IBS-D global symptoms and ≥2 days in a week with abdominal pain and loose stools (Bristol score 5, 6 or 7). They were randomly assigned to received TXYF or placebo during a treatment period of 4 weeks, and they were followed up for 8 weeks after treatment. The primary outcome was adequate relief of IBS-D global symptoms for at least 2 of 4 weeks during weeks 1-4. Secondary outcomes included mean weekly VAS scores of IBS-D major symptoms, mean weekly stool frequency, mean weekly Bristol score, and adverse events. RESULTS: 155 of 160 patients completed the trial. We found a significantly higher rate of adequate relief of global symptoms in TXFY group during weeks 1 to 4 (57.5% vs 37.5%, χ2 = 5.6391, P = 0.017); logistic regression analysis showed a similar result (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.2-4.4, P = 0.016). Most of the secondary outcomes showed superiority of TXYF over placebo in weekly assessment from week 3 to week 7. The adverse event rate was low in both groups (3.8% vs 3.8%, P = 1.000). CONCLUSION: During a 4 week trial, TXFY granules were superior to placebo in controlling symptoms of IBS-D.

Electroacupuncture for patients with refractory functional dyspepsia: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: To test the efficacy of electroacupuncture for patients with refractory functional dyspepsia (FD). METHODS: A 24-week, 2-arm, single-blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted at three hospitals in China. Patients with refractory FD were randomly assigned to receive 20 sessions of authentic or sham electroacupuncture in a treatment duration of 4 weeks. The primary outcome was complete absence of dyspeptic symptoms at 16 weeks after initiation of acupuncture (week 16). The secondary outcomes included adequate relief of dyspeptic symptoms, Leeds Dyspepsia Questionnaire (LDQ), Nepean Dyspepsia Index (NDI), and adverse events. Intention-to-treat analysis was performed. KEY RESULTS: Two hundred patients were included, of which 196 (98%) completed follow-up data at week 24. At week 16, 17 (17%) patients in the authentic electroacupuncture group vs 6 (6%) patients in the sham group achieved the primary outcome (P = .014). Sixty-two (62%) patients had adequate relief in the authentic electroacupuncture group, as compared to 22 (22%) in the sham group (P = .001). The scores of LDQ and NDI were significantly improved in both groups at week 16, and patients in the authentic electroacupuncture group have more improvements (LDQ, mean difference, -2.2, 95% confidence interval, -2.3 to -2.1, P < .001; NDI, -7.3, -10.5 to -4.2, P < .001). Results were similar for all the outcomes assessed at week 24. No serious adverse events were reported in both groups. CONCLUSION: Acupuncture efficaciously improves dyspeptic symptoms in patients with refractory FD.

Acupuncture for patients with chronic functional constipation: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Acupuncture is used to treat chronic functional constipation (CFC) in China, despite limited evidence. We aim to assess the effectiveness and safety of acupuncture in managing CFC. METHODS: A multicenter randomized controlled trial was performed involving 684 patients with CFC; the patients were randomly allocated to receive He acupuncture (n = 172), Shu-mu acupuncture (n = 171), He-shu-mu acupuncture (n = 171), or oral administration of mosapride (n = 170). Sixteen sessions of acupuncture were given in the treatment duration of 4 weeks. The primary outcome was the change in spontaneous bowel movements (SBMs) at week 4 (at the end of treatment) compared to baseline. The secondary outcomes included stool consistency (Bristol scale), the degree of straining during defecation, and adverse events. KEY RESULTS: The SBMs increased in all the four groups at week 4, and the magnitude of increase was equivalent in the four groups (He acupuncture, 2.7 [95% CI, 2.3-3.1]; Shu-mu acupuncture, 2.7 [95% CI, 2.3-3.0]; He-shu-mu acupuncture, 2.2 [95% CI, 1.9-2.5]; and mosapride, 2.4 [95% CI, 2.0-2.9]; P = .226). However, the change in SBMs at week 8 was significantly smaller in mosapride group (1.4 [95% CI, 1.0-1.8]) than the three acupuncture groups (2.4 [95% CI, 2.1-2.7], 2.3 [95% CI, 1.9-2.7], 2.1 [95% CI, 1.7-2.5] in He, Shu-mu, and He-shu-mu group, respectively, P = .005). CONCLUSIONS & INTERFERENCES: The three acupuncture treatments were as effective as mosapride in improving stool frequency and stool consistency in CFC, but the magnitude of the treatment effect is unknown due to the lack of sham acupuncture control.

Genetic analysis of a hybrid sterility gene that causes both pollen and embryo sac sterility in hybrids between Oryza sativa L. and Oryza longistaminata.

Oryza longistaminata originates from African wild rice and contains valuable traits conferring tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress. However, interspecific crosses between O. longistaminata and Oryza sativa cultivars are hindered by reproductive barriers. To dissect the mechanism of interspecific hybrid sterility, we developed a near-isogenic line (NIL) using indica variety RD23 as the recipient parent and O. longistaminata as the donor parent. Both pollen and embryo sac semi-sterility were observed in F1 hybrids between RD23 and NIL. Cytological analysis demonstrated that pollen abortion in F1 hybrids occurred at the early bi-nucleate stage due to a failure of the first mitosis in microspores. Partial embryo sacs in the F1 hybrids were defective during the functional megaspore formation stage. Most notably, nearly half of the male or female gametes were aborted in heterozygotes S40iS40l, regardless of their genotypes. Thus, S40 was indicated as a one-locus sporophytic sterility gene controlling both male and female fertility in hybrids between RD23 and O. longistaminata. A population of 16 802 plants derived from the hybrid RD23/NIL-S40 was developed to fine-map S40. Finally, the S40 locus was delimited to an 80-kb region on the short arm of chromosome 1 in terms with reference sequences of cv. 93-11. Eight open reading frames (ORFs) were localized in this region. On the basis of gene expression and genomic sequence analysis, ORF5 and ORF8 were identified as candidate genes for the S40 locus. These results are helpful in cloning the S40 gene and marker-assisted transferring of the corresponding neutral allele in rice breeding programs.

[Changes of the Guangdong Professional School of Traditional Chinese Medicine in early new China].

As the only extant school of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) at the founding of New China, the Guangdong Professional School of TCM was ordered to shut down, thus arousing the contention on whether such schools should be held or not. After the First Congress on Health, the School was existed for the time being, and was incorporated into the Guangdong Training School of TCM due to the reformation of educational system. Actually, the goal of the latter School was to "reform" TCM rather than to cultivate and protect TCM. By 1954, there was a substantial adjustment of the TCM policy, and thus TCM was running into the right path. The original staffs and material resources became the basis for the higher education of TCM in Guangdong Province. The changes of the schools reflect the vicissitudes of TCM education in early New China.

[ZHENG Wenzhuo's Yi gu (Medical Original Events) and ZHANG Binglin's Yi gu mei pi qi ze (Seven Pieces of Headnotes for Yi gu)].

Yi gu (Medical Original Events) is a rare documentation science book for textual research in traditional Chinese medicine, which makes the textual research on ancient books before the Tang Dynasty by probing its provenance and development, judging the right from wrong, citing extensively with relatively reliable evidences. Actually, many items in this work were written to refute the Confucian master Yu Yue's Fei yi lun (On Abolishment of Chinese Medicine), and, to some extent, makes contributions to defend the status of traditional Chinese medicine. ZHANG Binglin, a disciple of Yu Yue, sharply accused Yi gu of textual misconducts by commenting in his Seven Pieces of Headnotes for Yi gu. It is beneficial by mutual reference and citations.